Increase In FFA Research Articles

Quality of Lipids During Frozen Storage of Polychaete (Alitta virens) - a Low Trophic Marine Resource Relevant for Aquaculture Feed

ABSTRACT Lipid quality during frozen storage of the low trophic marine resource polychaete (Alitta virens) was evaluated after blanching, vacuum packing, and different storage temperatures (−23°C vs −27°C). In non-blanched samples, free fatty acid (FAA) reached a level of 15–20% after 12-months of frozen storage. 1H and31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses showed that the increase in FFA could be attributed to both hydrolysis of phospholipids and triacylglycerols. Vacuum packing prevented lipid oxidation. Blanching hindered lipid hydrolysis and is thereby recommended to preserve valuable phospholipids during long-term frozen storage of polychaete, a resource that has attracted growing interest for use in aquaculture.

Clinical and laboratory assessment of hormonal and metabolic disorders in experimental animals with alloxan, streptozotocin and dithizone diabetes

The basic place in experimental diabetology is engaged by chemical models of diabetes. In these patterns, β-cells in pancreatic islet tissue are selectively targeted by diverse agents. Pathogenetic mechanisms of hormonal and metabolic disorders in animals were studied on models of alloxan, streptozotocin and dithizone diabetes. The experiment was carried out on male Wistar rats. Three models of experimental diabetes were created. The groups were equal in terms of observation time (6, 12, 24 months) and number. A complex of laboratory-biochemical methods of lipid and protein metabolism was consumed. Serum enzymes were also determined. The level of glycemia in the studied animals after the introduction of alloxan and streptozotocin ranged from 13.4 to 18.6 mmol/l, glucosuria, polydipsia, polyphagia were observed. A significant (p<0.01) increase in glycemia by 3.10 times, glycated hemoglobin - by 3.16 times, a decrease (p<0.01) of IRI - by 3.76 times and C-peptide - by 2.05 times in animals with streptozotocin diabetes compared with intact animals. Serious lipid metabolism disorders were discovered in alloxan, streptozotocin, and especially dithizone diabetes (24 months of follow-up). This was manifested in a significant (p<0.01) increase in the level of triglycerides - by 1.66 times, atherogenic index (p<0.01) - by 4.43 times and a decrease (p<0.05) in the level of HDL - by 1 43 times compared with the intact CI3 group, as well as an increase in FFA, TCH, LDL, VLDL. In animals with alloxan and dithizone diabetes, the functional activity of the pituitary gland was lessened (the level of growth hormone and CTH (p<0.01), the adrenal cortex and pancreatic α-cells (p<0.01), the activity of the sympathoadrenal system was enlarged, which was reaffirmed by a significant (p<0.01) by an increase in the level of adrenaline, noradrenaline - by 1.42 times. An above pronounced suppression of the endocrine glands was observed in animals with streptozotocin diabetes.

Lipid profile, volatile compounds and oxidative stability during the storage of Moroccan Opuntia ficus-indica seed oil

The fatty acids, sterol, tocopherol and volatile compositions of Moroccan cold-pressed cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) seed oil were studied. The most abundant fatty acid, tocopherol and sterol were linoleic acid (60.6%), γ-tocopherol (533 mg/kg) and β-sitosterol (6075 mg/kg), respectively. In this study, 23 volatile compounds were identified with perceivable odor attributes for 14 compounds. The oxidative quality of cactus seed oil was monitored over 4 weeks at 50 °C. Increases in PV, K232 and FFA were detected during the first two weeks as well as a decrease in the induction time; whereas no change was reported for the K270 values. The amount of total phenolic content increased until it reached 0.3 mg/kg and then decreased by the end of the storage period; while tocopherols started to decrease after the first week. The fat-free residue extracts showed a very strong effect to reduce the oxidation of linoleic acid. Consequently, the extracts were significantly more effective to bleach β-carotene in the β-carotene-linoleic acid assay in comparison with the control.

Oxidative and Frying Stabilities of Monodora myristica (Gaertn.) Du-nal Seed Oil of Nigerian Origin

Background: The demand for vegetable oils is on the increase. Deep frying is the commonest method by which vegetable oils are consumed. The aim of this study was to extract oil from an underutilized oil seed and compare its physicochemical properties, frying, and oxidative stability with those of commercial refined palm oil.
 Methods: Oil was extracted from Monodora myristica seeds using a soxhlet fat extractor and the percentage oil yield was determined. The physicochemical, oxidative, and frying stabilities of the extracted M. myristica Seed Oil (MMSO) were evaluated based on the standard procedure of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists and official methods and recommended practices of the American Oil Chemists Society and compared with those of commercial refined palm oil- Kings Vegetable Oil (KVO). Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 20.
 Results: The oil yield of M. myristica seed was 37.64%. The refractive index, specific gravity, moisture content (%), and peroxide value (mEq/kg) were respectively 1.470, 1.468, 0.923, and 0.917 for MMSO; and 0.220, 0.253, 1.05, and 3.50 for KVO. MMSO had better oxidative stability and showed 80% lesser peroxide formation than KVO. The frying stability of MMSO was better as it showed a lower increase in FFA (28.4%) and peroxide value (9.54 mEq/kg) than KVO (45.99% and 26.19 mEq/kg, respectively) after frying.
 Conclusion: Deteriorative effect of oxidation and polymerization was lower in MMSO than in KVO indicating MMSO to be superior frying oil suitable for repeated frying.

GLUT4 degradation by GLUTFOURINH® in mice resembles moderate-obese diabetes of human with hyperglycemia and low lipid accumulation

Backgrounds and aimsType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a chronic disease characterized by insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. To investigate T2D, genetic and chemical induced hyper-obese rodent models have been experimentally developed. However, establishment of moderate-obese diabetes model will confer diverse opportunities for translational studies. In this study, we found the chemical, GLUTFOURINH® (GFI), induces post-translational degradation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4). We aimed to establish novel diabetic model by using GFI. Methods and resultsLow plasma membrane GLUT4 (pmGLUT4) levels by GFI resulted in reduction of intracellular glucose uptake and TG, and increase of intracellular FFA in A204 cells. Likewise, GFI treatment decreased intracellular TG and increased intracellular FFA levels in Hep3B and 3T3-L1 cells. Mice were administered with GFI (16 mg/kg) for short-term (3-day) and long-term (28- and 31-day) to compared with vehicle injection, HFD model, and T2D model, respectively. Short-term and long-term GFI treatments induced hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia with low pmGLUT4 levels. Compared to HFD model, long-term GFI with HFD reduced adipose weight and intracellular TG accumulation, but increased plasma FFA. GFI treatment resulted in insulin resistance by showing low QUICKI and high HOMA-IR values, and low insulin response during insulin tolerance test. Additionally, low pmGLUT4 by GFI heightened hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance compared to T2D model. ConclusionsIn summary, we report GLUT4 degradation by novel chemical (GFI) induces moderate-obese diabetes representing hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and low intracellular lipid accumulation. The GLUT4 degradation by GFI has translational value for studying diseases related to moderate-obese diabetes.

Role of sortilin 1 (SORT1) on fatty acid-mediated cholesterol metabolism in primary calf hepatocytes.

Ketosis is a common metabolic disorder in peripartal dairy cows that is caused by excessive mobilization of fat and incomplete hepatic metabolism of fatty acids (FFA). Recent data in nonruminant models revealed that sortilin 1 (SORT1) is involved in a variety of lipid metabolism-related diseases. It plays important roles in the regulation of triglyceride (TAG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels. In this study, we first used liver biopsies from healthy cows (serum β-hydroxybutyrate concentration <0.6 mM) and cows diagnosed with clinical ketosis (serum β-hydroxybutyrate concentration >3.0 mM) to assess alterations in cholesterol synthesis, transport, and excretion. Then, to assess mechanistic links between SORT1 and fatty acid-mediated cholesterol metabolism, hepatocytes isolated from 4 healthy female calves (1 d old, 35-45 kg) were challenged with or without a mixture of free fatty acids (FFA; 1.2 mM) to induce metabolic stress. Hepatocytes were then treated with empty adenovirus vectors (with green fluorescent protein; Ad-GFP) or with SORT1-overexpressing adenovirus (Ad-SORT1) for 6 h or with SORT1 inhibitor (SORT1i) for 2 h, followed by a challenge with (Ad-GFP+FFA, Ad-SORT1+FFA, or SORT1i+FFA) or without (Ad-GFP, Ad-SORT1, or SORT1i) 1.2 mM FFA mixture for 12 h. Data analysis of calf hepatocyte treatment comparisons were assessed by 2-way ANOVA, and multiplicity for each experiment was adjusted using the Bonferroni procedure. Expression levels of factors related to cholesterol synthesis, transport, and excretion in liver tissue of cows with ketosis was lower. Hepatocytes challenged with FFA had lower concentrations of TC and mRNA and protein abundances of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBF2), acetyl acyl coenzyme A-cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2), ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), ABC subfamily G member 5 (ABCG5), and ABC subfamily G member 8 (ABCG8). Compared with FFA challenge alone, SORT1i + FFA led to greater protein abundance of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), ACAT2, and ABCG5, and greater mRNA abundance of ABCG5. Compared with FFA challenge alone, SORT1 overexpression led to lower protein abundance of SREBF2. In contrast, protein abundance of ABCA1 was greater. Overall, our data suggested that exogenous FFA induced abnormal cholesterol metabolism in hepatocytes, whereas a high abundance of SORT1 affected cholesterol esterification and potentially influx into bile. Thus, downregulation of hepatic SORT1 might be a cholesterol-regulated protective mechanism in the presence of a marked increase in FFA.

Development of Ready to Cook Dehydrated Chicken Cutlet Mix and its Quality Changes During Storage at Ambient Temperature

Background: The rising preference for convenience food among the new age consumers has led to the development of time saving, shelf stable ready-to-cook food products. Considering this, the aim of the study was to develop a nutritious, convenience and shelf stable Ready to Cook chicken cutlet mix (RTCCCM) and check its storage stability in terms of quality changes at ambient temperature storage for a period of 3 months. Methods: Formulation of RTCCCM was standardized using fermented milk powder as a binder and was extended with dehydrated vegetable mix. The mix after processing was packaged in Aluminium foil- LDPE laminates (ALP) and stored at ambient temperature for 3 months. Result: RTCCCM was rich in minerals, nutrients and energy. With progression in storage significant (p less than 0.05) increase in PV, TBARS and FFA were recorded while the pH followed a decreasing trend. The aw of the mix was well within the limits of dehydrated products. The mix was microbiologically stable upto 90 days of storage. Sensory analysis of cutlets prepared from 90 day stored mix was found to be organoleptically acceptable, with no marked changes in flavor and quality suggesting that RTCCCM could be used safely as a convenience product under aerobic conditions with minor losses of physico-chemical properties, colour, textural, microbiological and sensory quality.

Effect of storage temperature on quality characteristics of iron fortified milkchocolate

This study aimed to evaluate the storage stability of iron fortified milk chocolate at two different temperatures viz., ambient (25±2°C) and refrigeration (4±1°C). The developed product was packed in aluminium foil (0.2 mm thick) and change in quality attributes in terms of sensory, physico-chemical, instrumental textural and microbiological investigation were performed at an interval of 7 days. The keeping quality decreased with the progress of storage at both temperatures, however, the product stored at ambient temperature became unacceptable after 21 days of storage. An increase in HMF, TBA, peroxide, aw, FFA, hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, SPC and YM was observed in both the samples, whereas, the changes were more pronounced at ambient temperature. Henceforth, samples stored at refrigeration temperature were acceptable till 91 days of storage and exhibited significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher sensory scores from day 7. The study indicated that iron fortified chocolates could be successfully stored for longer period at refrigeration temperature and is a potential substitute for conventional chocolate.

123-LB: Extended Fasting Reveals Effect of Canagliflozin to Mobilize Ketones in Canines

SGLT2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) improve glycemic control by inhibiting renal proximal tubular glucose reabsorption. SGLT2i may also elevate ketones. Fasting is expected to increase endogenous ketones, and SGLT2i may enhance ketosis. We asked if SGLT2i alters circulating ketones (β-hydroxybutyrate; BOHB) and disrupts glycemia during prolonged fasting. Dogs (n=7) were studied with a crossover design. Dogs received either canagliflozin (CANA; 300 mg) or placebo (PL) once/day for 7 d, after which a 48 h fast was performed while treatment was continued. To begin the fast, after morning feeding (9 am to noon) , remaining food was removed (“t=0”) . Blood was sampled at regular intervals over a 48 h period of total fasting (urine collected over final 3 h) . After the fast, dogs were fed over 3 h. Treatment was then discontinued for 2 wk washout, and dogs were then assigned to the alternate treatment (CANA or PL) for 7 d, after which fasting experiment was repeated. Glycemia was sustained in both treatment groups during initial 22 h of fasting, presumably due to reduction of insulin (↓50.7±13.1% and ↓49.5±21.5% for CANA and PL, respectively; p&amp;lt;0.035 for both) . But marked effects of CANA alone were revealed after 22 h of fasting, when glucose declined markedly in CANA (52.9±3.4 mg/dl at t=48 h) , but not PL (86.6±2.5 mg/dl at 48 h; p=0.0002 vs. CANA) , due to drug-induced glycosuria (13948±543 vs. 19.6±1.5 mg/dl; p&amp;lt;0.0001) . After 22 h of fasting, CANA induced ∼5-fold increase in FFA (p&amp;lt;0.03) and marked increase in plasma BOHB that persisted for duration of fast (CANA: 0.560±0.065 mM, PL: 0.048±0.006 mM; p&amp;lt;0.0001) . After refeeding, glucose and BOHB normalized, although BOHB remained higher in CANA (p&amp;lt;0.0007) . In conclusion, effect of SGLT2i on ketones is manifest after 24 h of total food restriction. CANA treatment induces glycosuria, after which reduction in carbohydrate stores switches animals to fat-based metabolism, characterized by increased FFA and ketosis. CANA appears to induce ketosis when carbohydrate stores are depleted. Disclosure M. Ader: None. R. Sedighi: None. M. Kabir: None. R. N. Bergman: Consultant; Fractyl Health, Inc., Novo Nordisk, Research Support; AstraZeneca, Janssen Research &amp; Development, LLC. Funding Janssen Pharmaceutica, Inc.; NIH (DK29867, DK27619)

54-LB: Distinct Mechanisms Are Responsible for the Increase in Endogenous Glucose Production and Ketone Formation following Empagliflozin in T2DM Patients

Aim: To examine the mechanisms responsible for the increase in glucose and ketone production caused by SGLT2 inhibition with empagliflozin in T2DM patients. Research Design and Methods: 12 T2DM subjects (Age = 53; BMI = 31.7; HbA1c = 7.4%) participated in two studies performed in random order. At 0700h following an overnight fast subjects received an 8-hour infusion of 6,6D2-glucose to measure endogenous (hepatic) glucose production. At 0900 h an infusion of 3H-norepinephrine was started. At 1000h subjects ingested 25 mg of empagliflozin (n=8) or matching placebo (n=4) and were followed for 5 hours (1500 h) . Within 1 week subjects returned for a repeat study with pancreatic clamp to maintain plasma insulin and glucagon concentrations constant at the basal level. As per study one, subjects ingested empagliflozin 25 mg or placebo prior to the pancreatic clamp. Results: When empagliflozin was ingested under fasting conditions, EGP increased by 31% in association with a decrease in plasma glucose (-34 mg/dl) and insulin (-52%) concentrations and increases in plasma glucagon (+19%) , FFA (+29%) and β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB) (+48%) concentrations. When empagliflozin was ingested under pancreatic clamp conditions, plasma insulin and glucagon concentrations remained unchanged, and the increase in plasma FFA and ketone concentrations was completely blocked, while the increase in EGP persisted. Total-body NE turnover rate increased significantly in subjects receiving empagliflozin (+67%) compared to placebo under both fasting and pancreatic clamp conditions. No difference in plasma norepinephrine concentration was observed in either study. Conclusion: The decrease in plasma insulin and increase in plasma glucagon concentration caused by empagliflozin is responsible for the increase in plasma FFA concentration and ketone production. The increase in EGP caused by empagliflozin is independent of the change in plasma insulin or glucagon concentrations and is explained by the increase in total-body NE turnover. Disclosure S. Abdelgani: None. J. M. Adams: None. G. Daniele: n/a. F. Almulla: None. R. A. Defronzo: Advisory Panel; AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Intarcia Therapeutics, Inc., Novo Nordisk, Research Support; AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Merck &amp; Co., Inc., Speaker’s Bureau; AstraZeneca. M. Abdul-ghani: None. M. Abu-farha: None. S. Del prato: Advisory Panel; Applied Therapeutics, Eli Lilly and Company, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Novo Nordisk A/S, Sanofi, Consultant; Menarini Group, Research Support; AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Speaker’s Bureau; AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Eli Lilly and Company, Merck &amp; Co., Inc., Sanofi, Stock/Shareholder; Novo Nordisk A/S. Funding National Institute of Health, Boehringer Ingelheim provided empagliflozin and placebo

Farnesol-Loaded Nanoliposomes Inhibit Inflammatory Gene Expression in Primary Human Skeletal Myoblasts.

Simple SummaryObesity leads to the accumulation of free fatty acids (FFAs) and inflammation in skeletal muscle, which results in the loss of muscle mass and function. Farnesol is a natural hydrophobic compound from plants with poor bioavailability. We used a liposomal delivery system to direct farnesol into muscle cells and examined its possible beneficial effects on restraining inflammation. Our data strongly suggest that farnesol acts as a potent inhibitor of inflammatory gene expression in human myoblasts.There is a substantial unmet need for the treatment of skeletal muscle mass loss that is associated with aging and obesity-related increases in FFA. Unsaturated FFAs stimulate the inflammatory gene expression in human skeletal myoblasts (SkMs). Farnesol is a hydrophobic acyclic sesquiterpene alcohol with potential anti-inflammatory effects. Here, we created farnesol-loaded small unilamellar (SUVs) or multilamellar lipid-based vesicles (MLVs), and investigated their effects on inflammatory gene expression in primary human skeletal myoblasts. The attachment of SUVs or MLVs to SkMs was tracked using BODIPY, a fluorescent lipid dye. The data showed that farnesol-loaded SUVs reduced FFA-induced IL6 and LIF expression by 77% and 70% in SkMs, respectively. Farnesol-loaded MLVs were less potent in inhibiting FFA-induced IL6 and LIF expression. In all experiments, equal concentrations of free farnesol did not exert significant effects on SkMs. This report suggests that farnesol, if efficiently directed into myoblasts through liposomes, may curb FFA-induced inflammation in human skeletal muscle.

The effect of addition mangrove leaves powder to lipid oxidation of chocolate bar during the shelf life

Mangrove leaves consist of antioxidants to covert the nutritional value during storage, to the handling of radical scavenging and lipid oxidation. Many kinds of mangrove species such as Avicennia officinalis (AO), Avicennia marina (AM), and Rhizophora apiculata (RA) with contains an antioxidant such as flavonoids, tannins, and saponin. The study was aimed to determine FFA Value, Peroxide Value (PV), vitamin C, and antioxidant activity of chocolate by adding mangrove leaves powder (A. officinalis, A. marina, and R. apiculata) during storage 14 days at ambient temperature. The design used in this research was Randomized Block Design (RBD) using three different treatments for variety mangrove leaves powder. The test method used in this study are testing FFA Value, Peroxide Value (PV), vitamin C, and antioxidant activity. The statistical analysis used in this study is the analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a confidence level of 95. %. The addition of mangrove leaf powder affects biochemical changes in chocolate products during 14 days of storage. The addition of R. apiculata leaf powder can slow the increase in FFA and PV levels and decrease antioxidant activity in chocolate bar products during the shelf life. In addition, the addition of Avicennia marina leaf powder can slow down the decrease in vitamin C levels due to the storage process. The results of Vitamin C test from chocolate with the addition of Avicennia marina leaf powder during storage for 14 days decreased by 0.18%, Avicennia officinalis 0.19%, and Rhizophora apiculata 0.35%.

Circulating CTRP7 Is a Potential Predictor for Metabolic Syndrome.

BackgroundPrevious animal studies have revealed that CTRP7 is related to energy metabolism. However, little is known regarding the relationship between CTRP7 and metabolic diseases in humans. Hence, this study was designed to explore the association between CTRP7 and MetS through a cross-sectional study and multiple intervention studies.MethodsA total of 624 individuals were enrolled in this study. The levels of CTRP7 and APN were determined by ELISA kit. HEC, OGTT and lipid infusion were performed in heathy individuals to investigate the association of CTRP7 and glucose, insulin and FFA. Bioinformatics analysis was then undertaken to identify genes and signaling pathways associated with CTRP7. The relationship between CTRP7 with MetS components was also evaluated.ResultsIn MetS patients, serum CTRP7 concentrations were significantly higher than in healthy controls, and was positively correlated with WC, BP, FBG, 2h-BG and TG, but negatively correlated with HDL-C and APN. Multivariate logistic regression analysis uncovered that CTRP7 was strongly correlated with the occurrence of MetS. In addition, circulating levels of CTRP7 in patients with two or more MetS components were higher than those with one MetS component. In the intervention studies, OGTTs resulted in a significant reduction in serum CTRP7 concentration. However, the increase in insulin levels caused by EHC and the increase of FFA caused by lipid-infusion led to the significant increase of serum CTRP7 concentration. Meanwhile, bioinformatics analysis revealed that CTRP7 was strongly associated with metabolism-related genes and signal pathways, which further illustrate the association of CTRP7 with whole-body metabolism.ConclusionsSerum CTRP7 is increased in MetS patients, which may be a biomarker related to metabolic diseases.Clinical Trial Registration NumberChiCTR2000032878

Manufacturing edible bio-films (EBF) from chicken feather keratin and study their effect on antioxidant status of cold storage broiler yields

This study aimed to investigate using 2.5 and 5 g of purified feather keratin protein (PFKP) in edible bio-films (EBF) as package material to broiler yields with different cold storage condition periods (0, 7 and 14 days) at 4° C on the meat antioxidant status of these yields. 3×3 factorial treatments; un package, 2.5 and 5 g PFKP, as a first main factor, by 3 cold storage condition periods (0, 7 and 14 days) as a second main factor, with their interactions on meat antioxidant status (TBA test, Peroxide values, (PV) and free fatty acids concentration, (FFA) of broiler yields (breast, thigh and drumsticks). The results of this experiment revealed that increasing cold storage period to 14 days will significantly increase MDA concentration (TBA test), FFA concentrations and PV in all yields, whereas, packaging these yields with EBFs by two of PFKP will significantly decrease MDA, FFA concentrations and PV in all yields. The interactions between packaging and storage had the same effect, since, un package yields and stored for 14 days had the significant increase in MDA, FFA and PV values in comparison with packaging yields and stored for 14 days, in spite of, packaging yields store and without store in cold had no significant differences, and this revealed the ability of using packaging to extend shelf life of broiler yields without an effect on oxidant status of broiler yield meats store for 7 days.

Prospective evaluation of a novel enteral feeding guideline based on individual gastric emptying times: an improvement project in a pediatric intensive care unit.

On a 20-bed, mixed cardiac and general, UK pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), we aimed to determine if a physiologically based enteral feeding guideline for critically ill children, using feed frequency tailored to individual gastric emptying times, resulted in earlier establishment of full feeds (when 100% of fluid allowance (FA) available to be given as intravenous maintenance fluid or feed, defined as free FA [FFA], is given as enteral nutrition [EN]) and an increase in FFA given as EN. Four prospective audits (totaling 331 patients and 19,771 hours) were conducted at 1 year before guideline introduction and 1, 5, and 10 years after. Patient feeding data were collected from admission until day 4 or discharge, including reasons why feed was withheld. The median time from admission to establishing full feeds decreased from 18 to 10 hours preguideline and postguideline and was sustained over 10 years. After adjustment for 5 confounders, this represented a reduction in the geometric mean time to full feeds of 30% (2009), 29% (2013), and 48% (2019) compared with 2007 (all P < .01). Nil-per-oral (NPO) hours were categorized as due to modifiable and nonmodifiable factors. Preguideline and postguideline NPO hours from modifiable factors decreased from 21 (2007) to 10 (2009) per 100 audit hours, which was sustained across 10 years (all P < .01). Conversely, NPO hours from nonmodifiable factors ranged from 27 to 36 per 100 audit hours throughout the audits, with no consistent trend over time. Similar inconsistency was shown in the proportion of FFA given as EN: 48% (2007), 71% (2009), 51% (2013), and 64% (2019). Continuous nasogastric and hourly bolus feeds decreased over time; they comprised 66% of feeds in 2007 but only 4%-11% in subsequent periods, being replaced with more 2-6 hour bolus, on-demand, or continuous nasojejunal feeds. The guideline was associated with sustained reduction in the time to establishing full feeds and NPO hours due to modifiable factors and more or no less FFA being given as EN.

Protective effect of (Xenical+GSF) against I/R-induced blood brain barrier disruption, ionic edema, lipid deregulation and neuroinflammation

Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of mortality worldwide that occurs following the reduction or interruption of blood brain supply, characterized by a cascade of early events as oxidative stress and ensuing neuro-inflammation, energy failure and the burst of intracellular Ca++ resulting in activation of phospholipases and large increase in FFA including arachidonic acid, ultimately leading to nervous cell death. Grape Seed Flour (GSF) is a complex polyphenolic mixture harboring antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. Orlistat (Xenical ™,Xe) is a gastro-intestinal lipase inhibitor and an anti-obesity agent. In an earlier study we reported the higher efficiency in neuroprotection against HFD-induced brain lipotoxicity when combining the two drugs (GSF + Xe). As a result repurposing Xe as an adjunct to GSF therapy against stroke appeared relevant and worthy of investigation. I/R insult disrupted the blood brain barrier (BBB) as assessed by EB dye extravasation, increased water and Na+ within the brain. Ultrastructurally I/R altered the brain blood capillaries at the vicinity of hippocampus dentate gyrus area as assessed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. I/R altered lipid metabolism as revealed by LDL/HDL ratio, lipase activity, and FFA profiles. Moreover, I/R induced neuro-inflammation as assessed by down-regulation of anti-inflammatory CD 56 and up-regulation of pro-inflammatory CD 68 antigen. Importantly almost all I/R-induced disturbances were retrieved partially upon Xe or GSF on their own, and optimally when combining the two drugs. Xe per se is protective against I/R injury and the best neuroprotection was obtained when associating low dosage Xe with high dosage GSF, enabling neuroprevention and cell survival within hippocampus dentate gyrus area as revealed by increased staining of Ki 67 proliferation biomarker.

Wheat germ oil nanoemulsion for oil stability of the cooked fish fillets stored at 4°C.

Production of wheat germ oil nanoemulsions (WGO), having 114.7nm average zeta size, 0.144 PD index, 14.76mV zeta potential value, were successfully carried out. TBARS, FFA, PV, CD, and CT tests, lipid nutritional quality indexes (AI, HH, PI, TI, EPA/DHA, PUFA/SFA, and n3/n6), color measurements, and the changes in sensory quality were studied in cooked mackerel fillets stored at 4°C for 11days. WGO nanoemulsion has delayed the increase in TBARS, FFA, PV, CD, and CT values of cooked fish fillets by 36.1%, 20.5%, 32.2%, 37.7%, and 68.4%, respectively. The changes in lipid nutritional quality indexes, b* value and sensory quality of cooked fish fillets treated with WGO nanoemulsions were found to be more stable. The oil quality of the cooked fish fillets treated with WGO nanoemulsions was successfully protected because of WGO loaded nanoemulsions provided a larger contact area on the surface of the fish fillets.

PROFIL SENYAWA POLAR TIGA JENIS MINYAK GORENG SELAMA PENGGORENGAN TAHU DAN TEMPE

The quality of repeatedly used frying oil can be seen from its total polar material (TPM) content. This study aims to determine the influence of different types of oil with different degrees of unsaturation (coco-nut, palm, soybean oil) and foodstuffs with different characteristics (tofu and tempe) to the formation of the polar compounds in repeatedly used frying oil, based on the content of TPM, FFA, BI, FTIR and UV-Vis spectra. Chemical characterization of materials used was done in the first research stage. The second stage was the analysis of the polar compounds of the oil which was used for 3 hours/day for a dried of 15 hours. The results showed that the type of oil and food type affected the levels of TPM with increasing time of frying. The highest level of TPM 19.41±0.13% obtained from combination soybean frying oil-tempeh (15 hours). The FTIR spectrum of the polar fraction from the used frying oil showed a large absorption in area 3600-3200 cm-1 wavelength in which hydroxyl groups indicate the polarity of the frying oil. The rate of in-crease of FFA in all combinations of oil type-tempeh was faster than combination oil type-tofu. Coconut oil-tofu has a slower rate for FFA and browning index. The carbonyl compound in frying oil was showed from peak spectrum absorption at 420 nm.

MON-611 Biux2x2

Insulin is critical for lipid synthesis and inhibition of lipolysis. The dyslipidemia of type 2 diabetes (high triglycerides (TG), low HDL) is caused by selective IR with intact insulin signaling in lipogenic pathways. By contrast, knockout of all insulin signaling pathways due to insulin receptor (INSR) mutation leads to low TG and high HDL (in humans and mice), and decreased cholesterogenic gene expression, cholesterol and bile acid synthesis, PCSK9, and hepatic FFA flux (in liver INSR -/- mice). Thyroid hormone (TH) effects on lipids generally oppose those of insulin, and include increased lipolysis, FFA, and bile formation. We used patients with homozygous (-/-) and heterozygous (+/-) INSR mutations as models to understand interactions between TH and insulin action on lipids. Materials and methods: Euthyroid patients age 12-65y with proven INSR -/- (N=5) or +/- (N=2) mutation (22.2+6.5yr; 4 males) were treated with liothyronine (T3) for 2 weeks with peak target level 25-50% above upper limit of normal. Samples were obtained before and after T3 for thyroid hormones (TSH, fT4, TT4, fT3, TT3), lipids (total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, TG, number and size of lipid particles by NMR, ApoA1, ApoB), lipid regulating enzymes (CETP activity, LCAT activity and mass, PCSK9, PTPL, Lp-PLA2), lipolysis (glycerol turnover), and palmitate turnover. Results: After initiation of T3, hyperthyroid state was achieved by day 3 based on fT3 and TT3 with TSH suppression on day 4. On the standard lipid panel, TG decreased from 64.2 at baseline to 52.6mg/dl after T3 (p=.1), total cholesterol from 143±18.2 to 119.7±9.4mg/dl (p=.0009), LDL from 76.3±15.7 to 61.1±15.5mg/dl (p=.02), and HDL from 62.2±11.9 to 55.2±10.3mg/dl (p=.026). NMR analysis of lipoprotein particles showed that triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles (TRLP) decreased from to 20±9.8 to 13±5.7 nmol/l (p=.06), LDLP from 1115±201 to 937±195 nmol/L (p=.016), large LDLP from 139±73 to 81±48 nmol/l (p=.046), size of the LDLP from 20.5±0.4 to 20.2±0.4 nm (p=.055), ApoB from 55.7±11 to 45.4±11 mg/dl (p=0.015), HDLP from 20±3 to 18.5±2 nm (p=.08), large HDLP from 3.6±1.9 to 2.8±1.8 umol/l (p=.06), size of HDLP particles from 9.5±0.6 to 9.4±0.6 nm (p=.08), and ApoA1 from 144±4 to 129±15 mg/dl (p=.02). No significant increase in FFA was seen after T3. Lipid enzymes were unchanged after T3 except for PLAC activity, which decreased from 128±30 to 111±28 nmol/min/ml (p=0.03). There was no difference in lipolysis or palmitate turnover rate after T3. In conclusion, we found that T3 had the expected effects on lipids in INSR mutation patients. No changes in key lipid enzymes were found after T3, perhaps due to small sample size. Further long-term studies are needed to determine long-term effects of TH on lipid metabolism in the setting of normal vs. impaired insulin signaling.

Abstract 181: The Use of Recombinant Human Lipoprotein Lipase as a Treatment for Hypertriglyceridemia

Pancreatitis affects 270,000 number of people a year in the US and has a mortality rate of approximately 5%. Hypertriglyceridemia is a well established risk factor for acute pancreatitis, accounting for 10% of cases. To investigate recombinant human lipoprotein lipase (rhLPL) as a potential therapy for pancreatitis caused by hypertriglyceridemia, we examined effect of rhLPL produced in CHO cells on lipoproteins in human plasma and hypertriglyceridemic mice. IV injection of 500 μL of 20% Intralipid into mice increased plasma TG levels over 200-fold to about 6000 mg/dL at 15 min. When mice were co-injected with rhLPL (2.5 μg/g BW; IV), TG levels reached 2200 mg/dL and by 3 h were completely normal unlike control animals, which took 24 hours. Plasma TGs were decreased by 81% and 63% compared to control mice when rhLPL was administered IV at a dose 2 μg/g BW and 1 μg/g BW consecutively for mice treated IP with 1 mL of 20% Intralipid. The effect of rhLPL was sustained for 6 hours for high dose rhLPL. Enhanced lipolysis from rhLPL treatment resulted in a 2-fold increase of plasma FFA, but the albumin binding capacity for FFA did not appear to be exceeded because all FFA were bound to either lipoproteins or albumin. Moreover, no pathological changes were observed in the pancreas of treated mice, as assessed by histology. Amylase levels in rhLPL treated mice given Intralipid at 6 h were increased only 1.4-fold, whereas in control mice 2.8-fold. Addition of rhLPL in vitro (2 μg per 250 μL of human plasma) resulted in a significant decrease in lipoprotein particle numbers of all subpopulations of VLDL, small LDL, and small HDL, whereas a significant increase was observed for large LDL and large HDL particle number. The sizes of VLDL shifted towards smaller particles and the opposite was observed for LDL and HDL particles. Overall, there was a 57% reduction of TGs in plasma treated with rhLPL. In summary, rhLPL at relatively low doses accelerates the clearance of TG-rich lipoproteins in mice after a fat load. It does so without causing accumulation of toxic levels of FFA in plasma and reduces hypertriglyceridemia induced markers of pancreatitis. Furthermore, observed changes in human lipoprotein subpopulation distribution after rhLPL treatment are positive in terms of atherosclerosis risk.