Increase Farm Income Research Articles

Eco Style: Pemanfaatan Eco-Enzyme Sebagai Pupuk Organik Lokal Yang Menguntungkan Pada Produksi Dan Pendapatan Usahatani Stevia Rebaudiana

This study aims to determine differences in production yields as seen from the visual state of the plants and to analyze the comparison of production yields and stevia farming income between the use of local organic fertilizer eco-enzyme and non-local organic fertilizer instead of eco-enzyme. The research was carried out for 3 months from October 2022 to December 2022 which took place in Kolongan Atas II Village, Sonder District, Minahasa Regency. The variables in this study look at the visual comparison of plants and analyze income. The sampling method in this study used purposive sampling on each bed. Analysis of the research data was carried out by calculating the average results of the variables that have been observed to see the comparisons obtained. Furthermore, based on the fresh weight of the first cutting, the income earned is analyzed. The results of observations from research that has been carried out using eco-enzyme organic fertilizers produce an average growth rate faster than non-eco-enzyme organic fertilizers seen in differences in plant height, leaf length, leaf width, and number of leaves, first cutting weight, and income earned, meaning that the effect of using eco-enzymes is able to increase agricultural production yields so that it has the potential to increase farm income if prices remain constant or do not fall.

KETAHANAN PANGAN DAN PENINGKATAN PENDAPATAN PETANI MELALUI TUMPANG SARI KANGKUNG DAN KELOR DI KELURAHAN BONTORAMBA KECAMATAN SOMBAOPU KABUPATEN GOWA

AbstractThe water Spinach and morinaga intercropping system is an agricultural product in the context of increasing farmer income and efforts to fulfill family food. The research was conducted in the Bontoramba sub-district, Sombaopu District, Gowa Regency by sampling in a saturated sample with a total of 36 farmers doing intercropping farming of moringa and kale. The sampled farmers were given questions using a questionnaire guide and conducted group discussion forums (FGD). Data were analyzed using income analysis, and farmers' perceptions of food security (income, available food sources, as well as the level of farmers' knowledge were analyzed in percentage form and strengthened by presentation in verbal form. Income from water spinach farming was Rp.1,896. 178.22/Ha in one growing season, while Moringa farming provides an income of IDR 669,954.91/Ha. Kale farming income is greater than Moringa because the amount of production is greater than Moringa.Meanwhile, farmers' perceptions of food security in terms of income with the system intercropping, they agree by 83.33% that income provides an alternative for farmers to fulfill food in order to support food security Farmers' perceptions of food security in terms of fulfilling food needs, they agree by 100% that intercropping can meet food needs (vegetables) for farmers and lutes price, and nutritional needs are met. Farmers' perceptions of food security in terms of knowledge agree by 77.78% that there are benefits from these two plants being intercropped as vegetables, although there is still a lack of knowledge about the other benefits of kale and moringa plants, as well as more detailed knowledge of the reasons for these two plants being intercroppedKeywords: food security, income, intercropping, kale, moringa

KONSEP PEMBERDAYAAN PENINGKATAN EKONOMI PEMBUDIDAYA RUMPUT LAUT (STUDI KASUS DI KABUPETEN SERAM BAGIAN BARAT)

Generally, the income of seaweed farmers just able to be used for their daily needs, so this study aims to find a concept for increasing farmers income which is planned, systematic and sustainable. This condition must also rely on the ability of seaweed farmers to manage their business optimally. This study used a survey method. 57 seaweed farmers as respondent are selected with random technique. The concept of empowerment in increase the economy of seaweed farmers in accordance with the conditions in West Seram District are assistance of: capital, infrastructure development, mentoring, institutional strengthening and business partnerships.

Regenerative Food Forest: A Case Study of Vanya Organic Farm

Food Forests involve planned agro-forestry. A food forest like a real forest needs no pesticides, herbicides, weeding, crop rotation, mowing or digging. It will ensure the sustainability of flora and fauna, birds, animals and most importantly bees. This is a case study of one such food forest, Vanya Organic which is a dream turned into reality by one of its owners, Mr. Patanjali Jha. He grew native trees, creepers and shrubs in combination with symbiotic vegetation to ensure maximum carbon sequestration, provide forest cover and usable by-products A very important part of his food forest is the inclusion of Vetiver Grass. Mr. Jha suggests that Food Forests and Vetiver Plantations should be looked at together and set up together and called a Regenerative Food Forest. Compressed Bio Gas (CBG) or Renewable Natural Gas (RNG), a Green Fuel, is derived from agriculture waste or other forms of organic waste called biomass which is produced in abundance by the regenerative food forests. A CBG plant produces Sulphur stripped Methane of automotive grade and also produces a very high-quality organic fertilizer as a by-product which has been approved for regular use by the Ministry of Agriculture. Therefore, there is a need to link these CBG Plants with regenerative food forests. It will provide jobs, increase farm incomes, and over a period of time, this will induce positive sustainable changes in air, water and soil quality. The case study has been prepared with his consent and approval.

Opportunities and Directions of Development of Agritourism: Evidence from Samarkand Region

Agritourism can enhance rural development and is a useful alternative activity to increase farm incomes. It has attracted the attention of agricultural experts and researchers around the world in recent years. As a result of rapid growth worldwide, agritourism has become one of the most significant supplementary income sources for farmers. The main purpose of this study is to identify factors influencing participation of fermer in agritourism in the Samarkand region of Uzbekistan, using scientific studies and statistical data, which indicate that there are great opportunities for agritourism activities. Increasing the economic potential of the rural areas by introducing innovative activities on the Samarkand region’s medium-sized farms (fermers) and ensuring sustainable development are essential. In Samarkand, there are a lot of conditions for the development of tourism, especially agritourism. The study examined all 10 agritourism fermers and 100 randomly selected fermers in Samarkand that do not carry out agritourism activities. Based on this data collection and analysis using a logistic regression model, the results showed several factors influencing the participation of fermers in the Samarkand region in agritourism activities, which was analyzed using the logistic regression model. According to the results of this model, each fermer’s income, employment, fermer’s education, and distance from the city had a significantly positive effect on the fermer’s initiation of agritourism.

VEGETABLE SEED PRODUCTION AND MARKETING IN KAVREPALACHOWK DISTRICT, NEPAL: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

Vegetable seeds, in Nepal’s context, are regarded as a high-value and low-volume commodity that, despite having a great scope for lucrative production, still proves to be elusive for farmers. In this regard, a study was carried out in Kavrepalanchowk district of Nepal to assess the economics of vegetable seed production and determine the economic viability of seed production enterprises in increasing farm income and improving socio-economic status. Face-to-face interviews using a semi-structured survey questionnaire were used to collect the primary data. For the interview, a sampling frame of all seed producers in the district was prepared, out of which sixty seed producers were selected using a simple random sampling technique. Further, ten traders were also surveyed with a semi-structured questionnaire. The highest benefit-cost ratio was recorded in tomato (3.36), followed by kidney bean (1.55) and cress (1.34). Only one marketing channel was reported at the study site, with farmers selling their produce to a cooperative, which eventually sells the seeds to a seed company. According to the study, kidney bean seed producers had the highest share of consumer rupees (72%), followed by tomato seed producers (50%) and cress seed producers (16.67%). Limited irrigation facilities, the incidence of disease and pests, and limited market information have been reported as the major hindrances in the study area. Thus, the findings show the potential of vegetable seed production to be a financially lucrative enterprise. The enhancement of market linkage and better collaboration between various value chain actors and concerned stakeholders can help overcome existing problems and create a better foundation to improve the seed production enterprise.

Developing a culturally acceptable peanut nutrition bar with smallholder women farmers in Kaffrine, Senegal using response surface methodology.

To increase farm income and food security, a collaboration was made with smallholder women farmers in Kaffrine, Senegal to develop a culturally acceptable peanut nutrition bar using healthy indigenous and local ingredients and feasible manufacturing methods. This study aimed to use response surface methodology to optimize the bar's formulation and characterize the texture, nutrient profile, sensory qualities, and water activity. The bars were made by varying the ratio of cowpea flour to corn flour (w/w, d.b., 0/100, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25, and 100/0) and the percentage of baobab pulp powder in the cowpea-corn flour blend (w/w, d.b., 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%) with a fixed amount of 13g of peanut paste added to all formulations. The use of acacia gum as a binder increased the bars' cohesiveness. Increasing the ratio of cowpea flour to corn flour decreased the cohesiveness and increased protein, fiber, calcium, iron, and folate levels of the bars. Increasing the percentage of baobab pulp powder increased the hardness, fiber, and vitamin C levels, and decreased cohesiveness and water activity of the bars. The bar formulation optimized for sensory acceptance had a cowpea to corn ratio of 85.3:14.7, a baobab level of 9.95%, and 13g of peanut paste. According to the research, the optimum formulation gave 38%, 32%, 36%, 50%, 11%, and 83% of the recommended dietary allowance of protein, fiber, calcium, iron, vitamin C, and folate, respectively, per serving for school-age children and featured culturally acceptable texture and desirable water activity for commercialization. This study provided critical foundations for the subsequent feasibility assessment of a commercial launch, projected to significantly increase the revenue and nutrient intake of the partnering communities. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The commercialization of the peanut nutrition bar will serve as a source of new income for Senegalese smallholder women farmers, provide essential nutrients for school-age children and potentially reduce post-harvest loss. Response surface methodology used in this study can also be applied to food product development with indigenous communities to develop an accepted and community-feasible product formulation.

Agriculture Marketing in India: Perspectives on Reforms and Doubling Farmers’ Income

India’s target of achieving a $5 trillion economy by the financial year 2025-26 needs to be supported by a transformed and reformed agriculture sector, which would significantly improve the income of farmers. It is, therefore, imperative that the agriculture sector should support the milestone by focusing on transformative reforms. The paper examines the critical challenges faced by Indian farmers in the existing agriculture marketing system, while proposing an agenda for agriculture marketing and export reforms for making farming financially sustainable. It underscores the urgency for the development of rural infrastructure and efficient agri-value chains. The paper highlights the need for encouraging small and marginal farm holders to move from subsistence farming to modern farm enterprises. The electronic National Agriculture Market (e-NAM), is expected to lead to significant increase in income of farmers. Effective implementation of comprehensive agricultural reforms, with a focus on agriculture marketing reforms, could lead to sustainability of Indian agriculture, and facilitate the achievement of doubling farmers’ income by 2024-25, while mitigating agrarian distress.

Land consolidation, rice production, and agricultural transformation: Evidence from household panel data for Vietnam

Land consolidation is important to increase the economies of scale in farming, and understanding its determinants and effects is useful for policy-makers to support rural transformation. In this paper, we examine the factors determining the voluntary participation of farm households in land consolidation and investigate its impacts on crop production costs, rural poverty, and rural transformation. Our results show that land consolidation is driven by farming efficiency. It significantly decreases land preparation and harvest costs, increases farm income, and reduces poverty. We conclude that land consolidation should be promoted to facilitate the redistribution of farm land from farmers who want to leave agriculture to those who continue to work in agriculture. The redistribution of farmland promotes agricultural transformation by reallocating labor from farm to non-farm sectors.

Striving to be resilient: the role of crop-poultry integrated system as a climate change adaptation strategy in semiarid eastern Kenya

Climate change continues to pose significant challenges to food security and livelihoods of smallholder farmers specifically in semi-arid regions. One approach that holds prospects for climate risk management is climate-smart agriculture (CSA). CSA has concentrated on crop practices with little attention to livestock especially indigenous (village) chickens as a potential practice that can be combined with crop agriculture. This study considers the adoption of three CSA practices: improved maize seeds (IS), soil management (SM), indigenous chicken (IC) enterprise and their various combinations. Using survey data collected from 300 farming households in semiarid Kenya, we estimate the impact of integrated crop-poultry system adoption on food security and farm income using multinomial endogenous treatment effect models. Robustness checks are conducted using alternative identification strategies. Results show that, generally, the adoption of IS, SM, IC and their combinations reduces the number of months without enough food and increases farm income. When we consider the magnitude of the impacts, interesting results emerge when a combination of the CSA practices are considered. The highest impact is observed with the joint adoption of SM & IC and IS &IC. Broadly, the empirical findings suggest that integrated systems (in our case crop-poultry integration), deserve both policy and research attention as they provide synergistic benefits that improve climate resilience and household welfare.

ANALYSIS OF RICE MARKETING EFFICIENCY IN EAST OGAN KOMERING ULU TIMUR

Rice is the main food commodity that affects the Indonesian people's welfare. Thus, it is more complex to replace rice with other food commodities. This large rice production requires post-production handling through a good marketing process because it can increase farmers income. This research aims to analyze the efficiency of rice marketing in East Ogan Komering Ulu Timur Regency through marketing channels, market structure, market conduct, and market performance. This research was by taking 90 respondents of rice farmers using a simple random sampling method. Furthermore, to determine the respondents' marketing agency, it used the snowball sampling method by following the path of the farmers. Based on the results of the research, there were four rice marketing channels formed, the first was farmers - Gapoktan factories - wholesalers - retailers - consumers, the second was farmers - Gapoktan factories - consumers, the third is farmers - millers - retailers - consumers, and the fourth was a farmer – miller – consumer. Hence, marketing channel 2 was the most efficient, because it has a low marketing margin value, and has a farmer's share value, and a high-cost benefit ratio.

Constructed Wetlands Suitability for Sugarcane Profitability, Freshwater Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

Freshwater ecosystems, such as wetlands, are among the most impacted by agricultural expansion and intensification through extensive drainage and pollution. There is a pressing need to identify ways of managing agricultural landscapes to ensure food and water security without jeopardising biodiversity and other environmental benefits. Here we examine the potential fish biodiversity and landholder financial benefits arising from the integration of constructed lagoons to improve drainage, flow regulation and habitat connectivity within a sugarcane dominated catchment in north Queensland, Australia. A hybrid approach was used, combining the findings of both fish ecological surveys and a financial cost-benefit analysis. We found that the constructed lagoons supported at least 36 native freshwater fishes (over half of all native freshwater fishes in the region), owing to their depth, vegetated margins, moderate water quality and high connectivity to the Tully River. In addition to biodiversity benefits, we estimated that surrounding sugarcane farms would have financially benefited from reduced flooding of cropland and the elevation of low-lying cropland with deposited spoil excavated from lagoon construction. Improved drainage and flow regulation allowed for improvement in sugarcane yield and elevated land increased gross margins from extending the length of the cane production cycle or enabling a switch from cattle grazing to cane production. Restoring or creating wetlands to reduce flooding in flood-prone catchments is a globally applicable model that could improve both agricultural productivity and aquatic biodiversity, while potentially increasing farm income by attracting payments for provision of ecosystem services.

Aplikasi Metode Project Benefit and Monitoring Evaluation (PBME) Untuk Evaluasi Kinerja Pelaksanaan Proyek Irigasi

PBME is important to be carried out by the provider or owner of infrastructure projects, especially the government to measure the impact of the benefits of infrastructure development, so that the benefits received by the community are in accordance with the plan, both from economic benefits and social benefits. In Indonesia, PBME has only been implemented by NGOs that provide project loans and grants. This study carried out PBME on the Serang Regency government irrigation development project in 2015-2020. The aim is to measure the impact or benefits of development on the economy in the form of agricultural products, which are calculated using indicators of economic feasibility, namely Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) and Net Present Value (NPV), as well as conducting improvement studies and providing recommendations to stakeholders. By using the method of collecting data by conducting interviews and questionnaires to the farmers, and the Department of Public Works and Spatial Planning Kab. Attack to find income from agricultural products before and after irrigation. Then it is calculated using an investment feasibility analysis, namely BCR and NPV with the assumption of an interest rate of 3.5% and 8%. In the sensitivity analysis, in the scenario of the effect of irrigation improvements on increasing farm income, the BCR value of 0.71 was obtained at an interest rate of 3.5% and a BCR of 0.66 at an interest rate of 8%. Meanwhile, the net present value benefit was -5,916,326,647.41 at an interest rate of 3.5% and -6,264,733,105.51 at an interest rate of 8%. Judging from the results of the economic feasibility analysis, it is seen that the BCR and NPV values ??are still below the predetermined standard. It is necessary to make improvements and provide recommendations to stakeholders so that the benefits received can be in accordance with the investment feasibility criteria.

Effectiveness of Social Media Based Agro Advisory Services in Andhra Pradesh– An Analysis

Extension organizations are using social media and innovative content-generating approaches to reach farmers and assist them with their information needs. But to what extent are farmers using the information received by them and converting the information into practical application is the question to be answered. Hence a study to fi nd out the eff ectiveness of the social media-based agro-advisory services was conducted in the IT revolutionized the state of Andhra Pradesh with a sample of 126 farmers from three districts through random sampling method. The eff ectiveness of social media was analyzed by developing a composite index with four sub-indicators having a Cronbach alpha of 0.8 which stated that the majority of the farmers 39.7 per cent had medium eff ectiveness of the messages they received. The study found out that most of the farmers receive information daily and the information needs are mostly around crop health management. The understandability of the information was good which helped in increased yields followed by the rate of adoption and increase in income of farmers. These results help to strategize the strengths of messages shared through social media and help as guidelines in new content development by extension organizations.

중화인민공화국 초기 농촌 ‘國家粮食市場’의 운영과 폐지(1953-1957)

This paper describes how the Unified Purchase and Sale of Grain Policy has affected the grain trade in China’s rural areas. In general, it was broadly accepted that rural grain markets closed down after the government implemented the policy. However, it can be shown that, according to the regulations concerning the Unified Purchase and Sale of 1953, the State Grain Market existed at that point. Then, what is the State Grain Market and how is it different from well-known the Free Market of 1956 in rural areas?BR The reason the State Grain Market has not been sufficiently dealt with academically is that the Unified Purchase and Sale Policy was initially recognized as a policy that operated contrary to the free market, leading researchers to focus on the mechanics of the Free Market that operated in 1956. Previous studies often explained the background and outcomes of the market policy without an accurate definition of the Free Market. As a result, it was easy to presume that there was no grain trade between individuals in rural areas except for smuggling after the Unified Purchase and Sale of Grain Policy.BR However, rural areas have seen constant supply problems in the process of purchasing grain by the state. The cause of these issues was that the government overlooked the role of the grain trade in rural areas. Farmers often sold grain to use as funds for rural sideline production and, therefore, they had to repurchase grain afterward. Their economic activities were the basis for increasing farm income and the revitalization of the rural market. Moreover, the grain trade was a major part of rural trade. Once the grain trade was banned, the market system in rural areas collapsed, and the flow of goods between urban and rural areas was interrupted. However, the private grain trade among farmers made it difficult for the state to predict the amount of grain it could secure. Facing such a dilemma, the government felt it was forced to open the State Grain Market to solve the issue.BR This paper examines in detail how the State Grain Market was operated in rural areas after the implementation of the Unified Purchase and Sale Policy. This study also discusses the difference between the State Grain Market and the Free Market of 1956, explaining the background, implementation, and limitations of the two distinct policies in order to show the specifics of what occurred in the rural areas as the Unified Purchase and Sale Policy developed. It will also demonstrate how the socialist ideals of China in the 1950s were embodied in the implementation of the socialist transformation policies, its problems, and the supplementary systems that caused further issues.

The cost and profitability analysis of different dairy farm sizes.

Dairy cattle production is a substantial industry in Türkiye's livestock sector, with a significant economic impact. Because of its proximity to Türkiye's major market zone, the Mediterranean and Aegean regions, the province of Isparta can develop its milk production capacity and make investments in dairy production. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to look into production costs and drivers of profitability for dairy farms of various sizes in Isparta, a major milk-producing region in Türkiye. The study included data from 159 dairy cattle farms operating in the production period 2020-2021 in the designated area. Dairy farms were separated into three groups based on size and analysed consequently. The findings revealed that total feed consumption was higher on small-scale farms, while milk production was lower. Feed costs were the highest portion of the total production cost among the cost items (72.86%), followed by permanent labour costs (7.12%). Furthermore, milk sales income (64.39%) was the largest contributor to the average income in terms of the gross product value. Aside from milk production, it was discovered that cattle value appreciation (24.12%) increased farm income. Consequently, as farm size increased, production costs per animal unit fell while net profit rose. Finally, feed is the most significant input that boosts milk production costs. Also, larger farms were found to be more profitable in the study area. Thus, it was concluded that policies that could have a favourable effect on an increase in the cattle population on the farm should be advanced in the study area.

​Use of Defoliants for Achieving Improved Productivity and Quality of Cotton: A Review

Cotton is one of the most important cash crop grown for its fibre, which is the raw material for the textile industry. In India, the average yield and profitability of cotton cultivation are low as compared to developing countries. The main reason for this is hand picking of bolls, which is labour intensive resulting into low income of cotton growers. Furthermore, in India, most of the cotton varieties are indeterminate where the bolls do not mature at the same time and thus requires repeated hand pickings. Whereas the developed countries have 100% mechanized cotton picking due to determinate or semi-determinate plant types. Adoption of mechanical harvesting in India is dependent upon the availability of suitable cotton varieties as well as defoliants, desiccants, boll openers, growth hormones and re-growth inhibitors (Thatikunta et al., 2018). Defoliation before cotton harvesting is very important to maintain the quality of produce. In this paper, a comprehensive review is presented on effect and timing of application of defoliants on physiological characteristics of cotton. This will help in developing further research proposals to develop plant types for mechanical harvesting and use of defoliates to produce good fiber quality and increased farm income.

Analysis of Dairy Farmers Cooperative Partnership and Participation toward Cooperative Performance to Increase Farmer's Income

The purpose of this study was to analyze the direct and indirect effect of cooperative partnerships,farmer participation and cooperative performance on farmer’s income. This research method was carried outby distributing questionnaires to 164 farmers as research respondents in Kemiri village who were activemembers of the Agroniaga Cooperative Jabung. The research variables were X1 (cooperative partnership), X2(farmers participation), Y1 (cooperative performance), Y2 (farmer's income). The data obtained were analyzedby path analysis using SPSS. The results show that 1) cooperative partnerships have a significant effect directlyon the cooperative performance at 0.533, 2) farmer participation has a significant effect directly on thecooperative performance at 0.362, 3) the cooperative partnership has a significant effect directly on the incomeof farmers at 0.341, 4) farmer participation has a significant effect directly on the income of farmers at 0.426, 5)cooperative performance has a significant effect directly on the income of farmers at 0.180, 6) cooperativepartnership has no significant effect indirectly on the income of farmers through the cooperative performanceat 0.096, 7) farmer participation has no significant effect indirectly on farmer income through cooperativeperformance at 0.18. This study concludes that 1) cooperative partnerships and farmer participation havesignificant effect directly on the cooperative performance, 2) cooperative partnerships, farmer participation,and cooperative performance have a significant effect directly on farmers' incomes, 3) cooperative partnershipsand farmer participation have no significant effect indirectly on farmer income through cooperativeperformance.

Rice Husk Brickets: Optimization of Waste Add Value in Increasing Farmers Income in Pamarayan Village

Pamarayan Village is one of the villages located in the Pamarayan District, Serang Regency, Banten Province, which has the largest economic potential in the agricultural sector, this is reinforced by the rice field area of ​​224.41 ha with the potential for rice production reaching 1632.87 tons. This potential yield has an impact on the high waste of rice husks from the results of the rice milling process that has not been utilized optimally from the added value of the rice husks. The method of implementing this KKM-PkM activity is by using participatory counseling methods, where this counseling is carried out by providing verbal and visual counseling. The results of these KKM-PKM activities have had a positive impact on the community, especially in the use of rice husk waste, one of the positive impacts is the opening of business opportunities from the rice husk briquettes produced, because this briquette product can be used for industrial needs, friendly fuel environment or as raw material for heating chicken coops to warm broiler farms.
 Abstrak
 Desa Pamarayan merupakan salah satu desa yang berada di wilayah Kecamatan Pamarayan Kabupaten Serang Provinsi Banten, yang memiliki potensi perekonomian terbesar pada sektor pertanian, hal ini diperkuat dengan luas area persawahan sebesar 224,41 ha dengan potensi hasil produksi padi mencapai 1632,87 ton. Potensi hasil panen ini berdampak pada tingginya limbah sekam padi dari hasil proses penggilingan padi yang belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal dari nilai tambah sekam padi tersebut. Metode pelaksanaan kegiatan KKM-PkM ini yaitu dengan menggunakan metode penyuluhan partisipatif, dimana penyuluhan ini dilakukan dengan memberikan penyuluhan secara verbal maupun secara visual. Hasil kegiatan KKM-PkM ini, telah memberikan dampak positif kepada masyarakat khususnya dalam pemanfaatan limbah sekam padi, salah satu dampak positif tersebut yaitu terbukanya peluang usaha dari produk briket sekam padi yang dihasilkan, karena produk briket ini dapat digunakan bagi kebutuhan industri, bahan bakar ramah lingkungan atau pun sebagai bahan baku pemanas kandang ayam untuk menghangatkan ruang peternakan ayam broiler.

Climate resilient integrated soil-crop management (CRISCM) for salt affected wheat agri-food production systems.

Maximizing opportunities for climate resilient agriculture is vital for global food security, and ecological sustainability. To explore the improvement potential of mitigation and adaptation strategies in stabilizing wheat production and increasing farm income in sodicity-prone Ghaghar Basin of Haryana, India, participatory research trials on land reclamation (gypsum/pressmud) and crop management (varieties, nutrient management and weed control) practices were undertaken during 2016-2020. Results indicated that combining gypsum and pressmud together accelerated the reclamation process (soil pH: -3.3% and ESP: -22.1%) and improved plant adaptability (RWC: 10%; MI: -15%; Pn: 40%; gS: 36%; NaK_S: -38% and NaK_R: -42%), which in turn increased wheat yield by 20% compared to unamended control. With increasing sodicity stress, salt tolerant wheat variety KRL 210 exhibited better morpho-physiological adaptation, lesser yield reduction (0.8-1.1 t ha-1) and attained 4.1% mean yield advantage compared to traditionally cultivated HD 2967. There were genotypic differences for N requirements in sodicity stressed wheat, with 173 kg ha-1 in KRL 210 and 188 kg ha-1 in HD 2967 as the economically optimum dose; further advocating for upward revision of current N recommendations beyond 150 kg N ha-1. Balanced nutrition through foliage applied K compensated the sodicity hazards with lower proportion of Na+/K+ in leaf tissues (13%), and attained higher grain yield (4%) and incremental income (34 US$ ha-1) compared to farmers' practice. Sequential use of herbicides provided affordable solution to check Phalaris minor infestation (84% WCE) and enhanced wheat productivity (5.7% higher) with incremental income of 48 US$ ha-1 compared to farmers' sole dependency on post-emergence herbicides. Synergistic integration of gypsum and pressmud-mediated sodic land reclamation, usage of stress tolerant wheat variety, 15% higher N application, foliar K-nutrition and effective P. minor control substantiate appreciable reduction in soil sodicity, improved crop resilience, and ultimately translated into 5% and 26% higher yields over the recommended and local farm practices, respectively. The key insights of this study suggest a range of opportunities wherein inputs of CRISCM could potentially stabilize the wheat production, improve farm economy and reduce environmental risks beyond what is currently being achieved with existing farm practices.