Increase In Environmental Temperature Research Articles

The influence of heat stress on the antioxidant protection glutathione link and the content of lipid peroxidation products in chicken liver

Heat stress is one of the main reactions of the body’s response to environmental factors, negatively affecting the welfare of various animal species. An increase in environmental temperature can cause stress, which, in turn, potentially has various negative consequences for animals including disruption of the antioxidant system functioning. Violating the antioxidant-prooxidant balance can lead to an increased free radicals formation in the body, which can damage cells and promote the development of various diseases. The article presents the study results of the artificially simulated heat stress effect on individual indicators of the antioxidant system and lipid peroxidation products in the chickens’ liver. The choice of these animals for this study is due to the fact that the poultry is particularly sensitive to the elevated environmental temperatures and, accordingly, to heat stress. This is caused by the biological peculiarities of birds, in particular, they lack sweat glands, and their body surface is mostly covered with feathers, which, together with the high density of keeping in the industrial poultry farming, often leads to the heat stress. The purpose of this work was to find out the presence or absence of changes in individual indicators of the antioxidant system glutathione link and the lipid peroxidation products content in chickens’ liver. The analysis of indicators such as lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), TBA-active products, reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione reductase (GR) will allow us to obtain information about the body’s antioxidant defense system state and the oxidative stress level under heat stress conditions. In this study we used 18 hens of the white Leghorn breed. The research was conducted in the vivarium of the Institute of Animal Biology of the National Academy of Sciences in two stages. During the first stage, chickens were kept at an air temperature of 20°С for 7 days. During the second stage, we created heat stress conditions by increasing the temperature to 35°С 6 hours a day, also for 7 days. It has been found that as the ambient temperature increased, the content of LOOH, GSH, and activity of GSH-Px in the liver of chickens increased (P<0.01), while, on the contrary, the content of TBA-active products and activity of GR decreased (P<0.01). The obtained data prove the heat stress effect on the antioxidant protection glutathione link in chicken liver. Research results can be of practical value for improving the bird keeping conditions in the industrial poultry farming, developing strategies for protection against stress, and improving the conditions to ensure the animals’ welfare and health.

Lamp for light: How temperature and humidity determine light management in Upper Paleolithic decorated cave environments

Analysis of lighting system management in Upper Paleolithic decorated caves is crucial to our understanding of the light sources used to create and observe depictions created deep in the interior halls. We developed a novel method for analyzing the environmental effects of the different light systems used in Upper Paleolithic caves. Our method uses a computer simulation to analyze the interplay between fire intensity, cave hall structure, and internal environmental conditions. We show that the potential for fire use in the deep interior halls is limited due to the dangerous conditions produced by the increase in environmental temperature combined with the cave's natural high humidity. To avoid serious heat-related illnesses such as heat stroke, careful management of the light system would be required. We identified cave opening height as the primary factor determining the safety parameters for human activity. We thus conclude that depictions located in deep, dark halls with a small entrance height must have been created using minimal artificial light.

Chromatin conformations of HSP12 during transcriptional activation in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae stationary phase

During evolution, living cells have developed sophisticated molecular and physiological processes to cope with a variety of stressors. These mechanisms, which collectively constitute the Environmental Stress Response, involve the activation/repression of hundreds of genes that are regulated to respond rapidly and effectively to protect the cell. The main stressors include sudden increases in environmental temperature and osmolarity, exposure to heavy metals, nutrient limitation, ROS accumulation, and protein-damaging events. The growth stages of the yeast S. cerevisiae proceed from the exponential to the diauxic phase, finally reaching the stationary phase. It is in this latter phase that the main stressor events are more active. In the present work, we aim to understand whether the responses evoked by the sudden onset of a stressor, like what happens to cells going through the stationary phase, would be different or similar to those induced by a gradual increase in the same stimulus. To this aim, we studied the expression of the HSP12 gene of the HSP family of proteins, typically induced by stress conditions, with a focus on the role of chromatin in this regulation. Analyses of nucleosome occupancy and three-dimensional chromatin conformation suggest the activation of a different response pathway upon a sudden vs a gradual onset of a stress stimulus. Here we show that it is the three-dimensional chromatin structure of HSP12, rather than nucleosome remodeling, that becomes altered in HSP12 transcription during the stationary phase.

Design and Validation of Lifetime Prediction Model for Lithium-Thiocarbonyl Chloride Batteries Based on Accelerated Aging Experiments

The purpose of this study is to establish a life prediction model of lithium-thiocarbonyl chloride batteries by semi-empirical method. In the experiment, accelerated life tests on several groups of batteries at different temperatures were conducted. After a period of operation in the range from 25 °C to 74 °C, it was found that the higher the temperature, the less the remaining capacity of the batteries. According to the study of the battery aging mechanism, the characteristic parameter impedance of an aging battery would change exponentially with the increase of storage time and environmental temperature. The established life prediction model showed that the change in battery impedance spectrum had a good law, which made it possible to predict the state of charge (SOC) of the battery according to the local change characteristics of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) spectrum. The experimental data were compared with the fitted prediction curve, and the maximum deviation of the prediction was only 4.1036%, which indicated that the constructed model had high accuracy.

Chronic heat stress induces lung injury in broiler chickens by disrupting the pulmonary blood-air barrier and activating TLRs/NF-κB signaling pathway

As an important respiratory organ, the lung is susceptible to damage during heat stress due to the accelerated breathing frequency caused by an increase in environmental temperature. This can affect the growth performance of animals and endanger their health. This study aimed to explore the mechanism of lung tissue damage caused by heat stress. Broilers were randomly divided into a control group (Control) and a heat stress group (HS). The HS group was exposed to 35°C heat stress for 12 h per d from 21-days old, and samples were taken from selected broilers at 28, 35, and 42-days old. The results showed a significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the serum and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in the lungs of broiler chickens across all 3 age groups after heat stress (P < 0.01), while the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) was significantly enhanced at 35-days old (P < 0.01). Heat stress also led to significant increases in various proinflammatory factors in serum and expression levels of HSP60 and HSP70 in lung tissue. Histopathological results showed congestion and bleeding in lung blood vessels, shedding of pulmonary epithelial cells, and a large amount of inflammatory infiltration in the lungs after heat stress. The mRNA expression of TLRs/NF-κB-related genes showed an upward trend (P < 0.05) after heat stress, while the mRNA expression of MLCK, a gene related to pulmonary blood-air barrier, significantly increased after heat stress, and the expression levels of MLC, ZO-1, and occludin decreased in contrast. This change was also confirmed by Western blotting, indicating that the pulmonary blood-air barrier is damaged after heat stress. Heat stress can cause damage to the lung tissue of broiler chickens by disrupting the integrity of the blood-air barrier and increasing permeability. This effect is further augmented by the activation of TLRs/NF-κB signaling pathways leading to an intensified inflammatory response. As heat stress duration progresses, broiler chickens develop thermotolerance, which gradually mitigates the damaging effects induced by heat stress.

Effects of fermentation chamber temperature on microbes and quality of cigar wrapper tobacco leaves.

The natural fermentation of cigar tobacco leaves usually utilizes natural temperature and humidity for fermentation. Cigars produced in China are often fermented in winter, and the low environmental temperatures can lead to slow heating of the tobacco stack, affecting the cigar tobacco leaves quality. This study aimed to determine the minimum chamber temperature required to initiate the process of fermentation for cigar tobacco leaves and to explore the impact of temperature on the microbial community of tobacco leaves. Here, the cigar variety "Dexue 1" were subjected to stacking fermentation under three temperature parameters (20 ℃, 27 ℃, 34 ℃). With an increase in environmental temperature, the temperature inside the stack of cigar leaves increased significantly, the protein, total sugar, starch, and total alkaloid content in fermented tobacco leaves decreased, and the aroma components and amino acid content increased. Microbial richness and community diversity associated with fermented tobacco were highest at chamber temperatures of above 27 ℃. The relative abundance of Chryseobacterium and Rhodococcus was significantly negatively correlated with protein, alkaloids, total sugar, and starch, and positively correlated with amino acids and aroma components. Chryseobacterium and Rhodococcus may be responsible for the degradation of macromolecular substances and the conversion of favorable aromatic substances, thus improving the tobacco leaves quality. This study demonstrated that increasing the fermentation chamber temperature above 27 ℃ was conductive to raising the inner-stack temperature, increased microbial diversity and aromatic quality, reduced the strength and irritation, and extremely enhanced the overall quality of fermented cigar tobacco leaves. KEY POINTS: • The environmental temperature of the fermentation chamber has a significant impact on the quality of tobacco • Temperature > 27 ℃ can initiate the process of cigar tobacco leaves fermentation and increase inner-stack temperature and microbial diversity and abundance • Chryseobacterium and Rhodococcus may be related to the degradation of macromolecular substances and the transformation of aromatic substances, thereby improving the quality of tobacco leaves.

Energy, exergy, sustainability and environmental emission analysis of coal-fired thermal power plant

Exergy analysis has recently gained importance in understanding process control and mechanism. Above-mentioned approach is detrimental in dealing with today’s stringent policies in energy security, saving, reclamation through various strategies. The current investigation is an integrated coal-fired thermal power plant, from which one-unit processes at 210 MW. Through the energy analysis, about 64.24% of the total energy loss in the installed condenser is the major equipment for energy destruction. From the evaluated exergy analysis, the major equipment, the boiler in the overall plant, has exergy destruction of 88.91%. From sustainability analysis infers that the generation system's high depletion number corresponds to a low SI between 1.546 and 1.594. With an increase in environment temperature from 25 °C to 45 °C, reduction of coal consumption and ash generation per unit fuel increases from 19.01 to 21.05 kg/h. Also, CO2 and SO2 emission reduction increases from 35.03 and 0.213 to 38.79 and 0.236 kg/h.

Worldwide comparison between the potential distribution of Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) under climate change scenarios.

The cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) has demonstrated its ability to increase its distribution raising spatially its importance as a vector for zoonotic hemotropic pathogens. In this study, a global ecological niche model of R. microplus was built in different scenarios using Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP), Socio-Economic Pathway (SSP), and a climatic dataset to determine where the species could establish itself and thus affect the variability in the presentation of the hemotropic diseases they transmit. America, Africa and Oceania showed a higher probability for the presence of R. microplus in contrast to some countries in Europe and Asia in the ecological niche for the current period (1970-2000), but with the climate change, there was an increase in the ratio between the geographic range preserved between the RCP and SSP scenarios obtaining the greatest gain in the interplay of RCP4.5-SSP245. Our results allow to determine future changes in the distribution of the cattle tick according to the increase in environmental temperature and socio-economic development influenced by human development activities and trends; this work explores the possibility of designing integral maps between the vector and specific diseases.

Optimizing a Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer Molecular Structure to Reduce Apparent Viscosity of Cement Paste at Higher Environmental Temperatures

A high environmental temperature can increase the apparent viscosity of high-performance concrete mixtures, causing difficulties in mixing, transporting, pumping, and molding the mixtures. Although polycarboxylate ether–based superplasticizers (PCEs) have been proven effective in reducing the apparent viscosity of cement pastes, little work has focused on how PCEs with various molecular structures affect the apparent viscosity of high-performance concrete mixtures when environmental temperature increases. In this study, a PCE (T54C3.5), which was synthesized by reacting acrylic acid (AA) and isoprenyloxypoly (ethylene glycol) ether macromonomer (TPEG) (mw=2,400 g/mol) with a ratio equal to 3.5∶1, was used as the control group. Variations on the molecular structure of T54C3.5, including different carboxylate-to-macromonomer ratios, backbone lengths, backbone compositions, side-chain lengths, and side-chain compositions, were made to investigate the effectiveness of the various PCEs in changing the apparent viscosity of an ordinary portland cement paste with the water-to-cement ratio of 0.23 at different environmental temperatures. A rotational viscometer was used to measure the apparent viscosity of cement pastes containing different PCEs, and the working mechanisms for the effective PCEs were discussed. Results showed that reducing the backbone length was more effective than the other variations in improving the viscosity-reducing ability of PCEs at all tested temperatures. The PCEs containing ester bonds were able to retain or slightly decrease the viscosity of their cement pastes when the environment temperature increased from 20°C to 40°C. Reducing the backbone length and introducing ester groups are two effective ways of improving the viscosity-reducing ability of PCEs at a high environmental temperature. Using PCEs with these structures can significantly simplify the manufacturing processes of the cement mixtures with a low water-to-cement ratio when the environmental temperature increases from 20°C to 40°C, without any special mixing or casting method.

Molecular dynamics simulation of a new inhomogeneous concentration distribution model based on frictional behavior of FeNiCrCoCu high-entropy alloy

High-entropy alloys (HEA) have excellent mechanical properties and wear properties, and they have a powerful role in wear materials. In this study, the molecular dynamics (MD) method was used to investigate the friction and wear properties of FeNiCrCoCu high-entropy alloy. Firstly, the effects of cutting speed, cutting depth, cutting environment temperature, and alloy concentration on the frictional behavior were explored by analyzing friction coefficient, stress distribution, and dislocation in the wear model of FeNiCrCoCu high-entropy alloy. The results show that the increase in friction speed will lead to more intense heating. Compared to lower friction speeds, more high-temperature areas will be formed. By the way, the temperature in these regions mainly diffuses perpendicular to the friction direction. During the friction process, the increase of the friction environment temperature will lead to local stress concentration phenomenon and the appearance of low-stress areas. In addition, based on the above research on the friction mechanism of FeNiCrCoCu high-entropy alloy, a new model based on the concentration distribution is proposed. Through the analysis of its wear degree, it is found that the structure can effectively reduce the wear situation of the material, the reason is that the model can effectively impede the movement of dislocation lines and improve the wear resistance of the alloy. It is of great significance to improve the frictional wear performance of the alloy structure.

Thermomorphogenesis: opportunities and challenges in post-transcriptional regulation.

Plants exposed to mildly elevated temperatures display morphological and developmental changes collectively termed thermomorphogenesis. This adaptative process has several undesirable consequences for food production, including yield reduction and increased vulnerability to pathogens. Understanding thermomorphogenesis is, thus, critical for understanding how plants will respond to conditions of increasingly warmer temperature, such as those caused by climate change. Recently, major advances in that direction have been made, and it has become apparent that plants resort to a broad range of molecules and molecular mechanisms to perceive and respond to increases in environmental temperature. However, most effort has been focused on regulation of transcription and protein abundance and activity, with an important gap encompassing nearly all processes involving RNA (i.e. post-transcriptional regulation). Here, current knowledge of thermomorphogenesis involving transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational regulation is summarized, focusing on opportunities and challenges in understanding post-transcriptional regulation-a fertile field for exciting new discoveries.

Effectiveness of Repairing Hot Carrier Degradation in Si p-FinFETs Using Gate Induced Drain Leakage

In this study, the gate induced drain leakage (GIDL) of Si p-FinFET and its recovery effect on hot carrier degradation (HCD) were experimentally studied to further its physical understanding. It’s found that HCD recovery by GIDL is more closely related to the electric field assisted discharging from oxide traps than the thermal activation. By increasing the GIDL bias, a HCD recovery ratio of up to 80% can be achieved; however, combining GIDL with an increase in environmental temperature from 75 °C to 150 °C cannot further improve the HCD recovery ratio. As the GIDL bias increases, an extraordinary interface state generation and electron injection can be observed, which responds to the remaining HCD and over-repairs the oxide trap related to the HCD. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the recovery effect of GIDL on long-term HCD was verified by comparison with HCD/GIDL and HCD/relaxation cycling experiments.

Redox Signaling in Plant Heat Stress Response.

The increase in environmental temperature due to global warming is a critical threat to plant growth and productivity. Heat stress can cause impairment in several biochemical and physiological processes. Plants sense and respond to this adverse environmental condition by activating a plethora of defense systems. Among them, the heat stress response (HSR) involves an intricate network of heat shock factors (HSFs) and heat shock proteins (HSPs). However, a growing amount of evidence suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS), besides potentially being responsible for cellular oxidative damage, can act as signal molecules in HSR, leading to adaptative responses. The role of ROS as toxic or signal molecules depends on the fine balance between their production and scavenging. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants represent the first line of defense against oxidative damage and their activity is critical to maintaining an optimal redox environment. However, the HS-dependent ROS burst temporarily oxidizes the cellular environment, triggering redox-dependent signaling cascades. This review provides an overview of the redox-activated mechanisms that participate in the HSR.

Identification of new sources of Hessian fly resistance in tetraploid wheat

AbstractHessian fly (HF) (Mayetiola destructor Say) is an obligate destructive pest of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) causing severe economic losses worldwide. Deployment of resistant wheat cultivars harboring HF resistance (H) genes is still the most effective and economical method to manage this insect pest. However, extensive use of H genes can impose selection pressure on HF populations, leading to the development of virulent biotypes that can breakdown plant resistance. Further, increase in environmental temperatures to 25–30°C during the wheat‐growing season can also negatively impact HF resistance, thereby necessitating the identification of new and novel sources of HF resistance and evaluate them for temperature sensitivity. In the current study, we evaluated the phenotypic response of 254 Triticum turgidum (L.) wheat accessions of African origin to Biotype L HF infestation. Of these, 10 accessions exhibited &gt;70% resistance to Biotype L HF infestation. These 10 resistant accessions also showed &gt;70% resistance when screened with vH13 HF biotype. Additionally, these HF resistant lines were evaluated for expression of resistance at a higher temperature of 30°C, and three tetraploid wheat accessions that maintained 100% resistance to Biotype L HF at the increased temperature were identified. These newly identified HF resistant lines offer valuable tools to breeders and farmers that can be used in breeding programs to develop cultivars for durable resistance to HF and efficient crop management.

Temperature Sensing Based on Defect Mode of One-Dimensional Superconductor-Semiconductor Photonic Crystals

Based on the transfer-matrix method, we theoretically explore the transmission and reflection properties of light waves in a one-dimensional defective photonic crystal composed of superconductor (HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8+δ) and semiconductor (GaAs) layers. The whole system is centrosymmetric and can generate a defect transmission peak in the photonic band gap. We study the effect of the temperature on the defect mode. Results obtained show that the defect mode shifts to the lower frequency regions as the value of the environmental temperature increases, and the resonance of the defect mode can be strengthened further as the number of periods increases. In addition, our findings reveal that the central wavelength of the defect mode increases with the increase in the environmental temperature and it presents a nearly linear relationship between the central wavelength of the defect mode and the temperature in cryogenic environments. Therefore, we can use the temperature response of the defect mode to detect the temperature. It is hoped that this study has potential applications for the development of cryogenic sensors with high sensitivity.

Risk assessment of mycotoxins, the identification and environmental influence on toxin-producing ability of Alternaria alternate in the main Tibetan Plateau Triticeae crops.

In order to find out the contamination of mycotoxins in Triticeae crops of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, a total of 153 Triticeae crop fruits were collected as target samples, and 22 mycotoxins were tested. High detection rate was found in the Alternaria mycotoxins, including tentoxin (TEN), tenuazonic acid (TEA) and alternariol (AOH) toxins. To further clarify the production rules of Alternaria mycotoxins. A number of 9 high yield toxic strains were selected from 65 bacterial strains and the gene sequences of each were determined. The nine selected Alternaria alternate were cultured under specific pH of the culture medium, temperature and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, and their growth and toxicity were analyzed. The results showed that the toxic capacity of most A. alternate increased with the increase of culture environment temperature and decreased with the increase of UV irradiation. However, the production of some toxins did not meet this principle, or even met the principle of relativity. In the culture experiments, a total of five Alternaria toxins were detected as positive, which were TEN, AOH, alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), TEA, and Alternaria (ALT). The altenusin (ALS) toxin was not detected in the metabolites of the nine Alternaria strains. It indicated that the TEN, AOH, AME, TEA, and ALT toxins should be particularly valued in the future risk assessments. This finding provided comprehensive information of mycotoxins contamination in the Tibetan Plateau Triticeae crops, it pointed out a direction to the Tibetan Plateau food crops' quality control.

Analysis of the Cutting Strategy of Five Different Tree Species Targeting Carbon Sequestration

Fully utilizing the carbon sequestration potential of forests will help to further mitigate the aggravation of the greenhouse effect. In this paper, five typical tree species in Xiaoxing’anling are used as research objects. Based on the differences in the carbon dioxide sequestration capacity of different tree species at different growth cycles, a mathematical model of annual carbon sequestration benefits is established, the optimal annual cutting rates of five tree species are calculated, and the carbon sequestration capacity after ten years and economic benefits of the forest are predicted. The results showed that proper cutting of mature trees can increase annual carbon sequestration by 32% compared to no cutting. In addition, by comparing different forest management strategies, it was found that reasonable harvesting can bring higher economic benefits. We also confirmed that the increase in environmental temperature is one of the factors leading to the decrease in forest carbon sequestration capacity. The results of this paper can provide a theoretical basis for optimal forest management strategies.

Global warming and testis function: A challenging crosstalk in an equally challenging environmental scenario.

Environmental pollution, accounting for both chemical and physical factors, is a major matter of concern due to its health consequences in both humans and animals. The release of greenhouse gases with the consequent increase in environmental temperature is acknowledged to have a major impact on the health of both animals and humans, in current and future generations. A large amount of evidence reports detrimental effects of acute heat stress on testis function, particularly on the spermatogenetic and steroidogenetic process, in both animal and human models, wich is largely related to the testis placement within the scrotal sac and outside the abdomen, warranting an overall scrotal temperature of 2°C-4°C lower than the core body temperature. This review will provide a thorough evaluation of environmental temperature's effect on testicular function. In particular, basic concepts of body thermoregulation will be discussed together with available data about the association between testis damage and heat stress exposure. In addition, the possible association between global warming and the secular decline of testis function will be critically evaluated in light of the available epidemiological studies.

Thermal safety of solid rocket motor with complex charge structure

This present work is focused to study thermal safety and heat transfer characteristics of large-scale solid rocket motor (SRM) with complex star-charged structure. Here, we have used three-dimensional unsteady heat transfer model coupled with a two-step global reaction mechanism of ammonium perchlorate/hydroxyl terminated polyether (AP/HTPE) propellant. Comparisons of the ignition delay time and temperature of computational results are done with experimental studies, and a reasonable match has been obtained in these comparisons. It is found that the heats transferred from the thermal environment and released from the exothermic reaction of the propellant jointly intensify the occurrence of the cook-off response of the SRM. The propellant at the bottom of the SRM can reach to a higher temperature over the time and thus the exothermic reaction is rapidly intensified with an increase of the propellant temperature, releasing more reaction heat simultaneously. The heat energy is gradually accumulated in the SRM and the propellant is eventually ignited under this high-heat environment. The ignition temperature of the SRM basically linearly increases with the AP content at 10.8% HTPE and the ignition temperature curve under different AP contents is closer to the quadratic curve at 7.8% HTPE. Also, the content of HTPE mainly has a certain effect on the ignition time that is 288 s and 283 s with its content of 7.8% and 10.8%, respectively. The heat transfer rate and the case temperature of the SRM are all increasing with an increase of environmental temperature, while the depth of the heat transfer is decreasing. Further, the ignition delay time can be expressed on environmental temperature as: ti = 2.073263exp11 × Te-2.89.

Effects of environmental temperature on the spectral characteristics of RGA plasma-assisted combustion actuator for aero-engines

Using rotating gliding arc (RGA) discharge, a plasma-assisted combustion actuator was designed and used in aero-engines. To study the spectral characteristics of the actuator at the changed environmental temperature, an experimental system for the spectral characteristics of the RGA plasma-assisted combustion actuator was established. The optical emission spectroscopy (OES) of the actuator discharge was measured with an emission spectrometer. It was discovered to primarily include the emission spectroscopy of N2∗ (C3Πu→ B3Πg), N+, N, and O atom. As the environmental temperature increased, OES of N2∗ (C3Πu→ B3Πg) has a fluctuating change rising of first at less than 313K, then falling between 313 K and 353 K, and rising again between 353 K and 373 K. Simultaneously, the emission intensity of N+, N, and O atoms decreased. In addition, the vibrational temperature was calculated by the second positive system (SPS) N2∗ (C3Πu→ B3Πg) and Boltzmann plots. The vibrational temperature decreased by 363–492 K with the increase in environmental temperature. These results are valuable for understanding RGA’s application in aero-engines.