Increase In Electrode Thickness Research Articles

Theoretical and Experimental Study of High‐Electromechanical‐Coupling Surface Acoustic Wave Resonators Based on A‐Plane (112¯0)$\left(\right. 11 \overset{\cdot}{2} 0 \left.\right)$ Al0.56Sc0.44N Films

Herein, a high‐quality Al0.56Sc0.44N piezoelectric thin‐film‐based surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator is developed. The Al0.56Sc0.44N is deposited on r‐plane Al2O3 substrate by reactive magnetron sputtering. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy shows that the grown Al0.56Sc0.44N films are single‐phased and a‐plane oriented. The full width at half maximum of the XRD rocking curve is only 0.4°, which is smaller than most of the reported values. The effects of normalized thickness of the piezoelectric layer, electrode materials, and thickness on acoustic properties of the SAW resonators are investigated through the 3D finite‐element method equipped with the hierarchical cascading technique. A monotonically decreasing resonant frequency can be obtained with the mass loading of both the electrode metals. For the devices with a Pt electrode, it is observed that the electromechanical coupling coefficient () exhibits a nonlinear characteristic of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase of electrode thickness. SAW resonators with a nonpolar a‐plane Al0.56Sc0.44N thin films are fabricated, showing an exceptionally high of 4.6%. This result demonstrates a significant potential of AlScN films with the a‐plane orientation in radio frequency application.

Study on aging and external short circuit mechanisms of Li-ion cells with different electrode thicknesses

Thermal runaway is one of the challenges associated with the widespread use of Li-ion batteries. The thermal runaway characteristics of Li-ion batteries are closely associated with the electrode materials, electrode structure design and degree of cycling deterioration. The energy density of Li-ion cells can be efficiently increased by expanding the electrode thickness, but cycle and thermal performance will be deteriorated with the increase of electrode thickness. The cycle performance and aging mechanisms of cells with different electrode thicknesses during cycling has been investigated in present research. Afterwards, the external short-circuit was conducted on aged cells to explore the effect of electrode thickness on cell thermal runaway behavior. The results showed that the ohmic internal resistance and polarization internal resistance of the thick-electrode cell increased continuously with cycling, and the capacity faded significantly. The increase in Li+ migration distance in a thick electrode will make the state of charge (SOC) distribution uneven along the thick direction. The thick electrode cell had the largest absolute temperature rise and temperature rise rate when it was short-circuited, which were 104.07 °C and 1.89 °C/s, respectively. The temperature of the area near the negative electrode of the cell was higher than that of the center and the positive electrode. The micro structure of electrode by SEM revealed that cycling can cause thick electrode material to crack, resulting in capacity loss. When thermal runaway developed, thick electrodes had the highest absolute temperature rise and temperature rise rate. As the current density increased, the thermal runaway would aggravate the damage to the positive electrode material, and the separator would close and shrink, thereby cutting off the reaction between the positive and negative electrodes.

High performance composite Pr4Ni3O—Ce0.75Gd0.1Pr0.15O solid oxide cell air electrode

A composite electrode composed of Pr4Ni3O—Ce0.75Gd0.1Pr0.15O (50 wt.%–50 wt.%) was thoroughly investigated in terms of the electrochemical performance as a function of microstructure. The electrochemical performance was characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and the microstructures, characterized by focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy and 3D reconstructions, were modified by changing the particle size of Pr4Ni3O and the electrode thickness. The distribution of relaxation time method was applied to help resolve electrochemical processes occurring in the electrodes. It was found that an appropriate increase in electrode thickness and an appropriate decrease in particle size enhanced the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics. The lowest area specific resistance obtained in this study at 670 ∘C under pO 2 of 0.21 atm was 0.055 Ω cm2. Finally, a comparison to the Adler-Lane-Steele (ALS) model was made and the main active site for the ORR was concluded to be triple phase boundaries. A fuel cell made of the composite material as the cathode was fabricated and tested. The peak power density was 1 W cm−2 at 800 ∘C, which demonstrates that this composite material is promising for solid oxide fuel cell cathodes.

Analysis of polarization and thermal characteristics in lithium-ion battery with various electrode thicknesses

The increase in electrode thickness causes the higher energy density in the lithium-ion battery while the larger electric resistance and polarization will influence its thermal behaviors. Coupling electrochemical and thermal model is developed to study the effects of electrode thickness on polarization and thermal characteristics in lithium-ion battery, and to obtain specific values of polarization in positive and negative electrodes and discharge energy efficiency. The results reveal that the concentration polarization in solid matrix in positive and negative electrode will lead to larger drop amplitude in the terminal voltage curve in the initial stage and approaching to the end in discharging, respectively. With the increase in electrode thickness in discharging, the higher ratio of concentration polarization in liquid electrolyte to the total polarization occurs, and more ohmic heat than that of polarization happens, as well as the higher temperature and more non-uniformity temperature distribution take place in the battery under higher discharge rate, and the discharge energy efficiency drops with electrode. All results will help to optimize the electrode thickness in lithium-ion batteries to obtain better electrochemical-thermal performances.

Three-dimensional macroporous structure and surface carbon-coating modification of stainless-steel anode boost bioelectrocatalytic performance

Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) is a promising and sustainable technology for wastewater treatment, and the practical application of BESs generally requires scalable three-dimensional (3D) electrodes. In this study, we present a stainless-steel crochet mesh electrode (P-SS) with 3D macroporous structure, and modified by carbon coating through pyrolyzing residual lubricating oil in the mesh production process. The effect of 3D macroporous structure and surface carbon-coating modification on the improvement of electrode bioelectrocatalytic performance was investigated during the study. When the electrode was used as the anode in BESs reactors, a superior bioeletrocatalytic current was generated, reaching a maximum projected current density of 9.95 mA·cm−2 and achieving a highest geometric current density of 1.89 mA·cm−2 ever recorded. We found the 3D macroporous structure and surface carbon-coating modification enabled the electrode well mass transfer, excellent biocompatibility and fluent electron transport, finally boosted the superior bioeletrocatalytic performance. We also verified the electrode has a remarkable stackability as suggested by the bioelectrocatalytic current increasing linearly with the increase of electrode thickness. In addition, the acceptable capital cost (＜6500 $·m−3), adequate mechanical strength and feasible industrial process of this novel electrode all indicate its great prospects for the scaling-up of BESs.

Effect of Flow Configurations on the Desalination Performance of Symmetrical Desalination Battery with Intercalation Electrodes

A three-dimensional analytical model of symmetrical desalination battery (SDB) is established to investigate the effect of different flow configurations on the desalination performance of SDB from the aspects of pressure drop, salt adsorption capacity (SAC), average salt adsorption rate (ASAR) and energy consumption. In addition, the effects of flow channel width and electrode thickness on the desalination performance are also considered. The simulation results show that the pump energy consumption can be saved by increasing the area difference between the inlet and outlet of the SDB and shortening the distance between them. Reducing the outlet area or setting the inlet at corners of the SDB can obviously alleviate the uneven reaction of active material in the intercalation electrode. Compared with the basic configuration, the SAC, ASAR and energy consumption of the SDBs are increased by placing the inlet and outlet on the electrodes. The SDB with the configuration of intermediate inflow and circumferential outflow obtains the lowest dilution concentration among the five configurations. Increasing the channel width can improve the ASAR but increase the charging energy consumption. The increase of electrode thickness increases the SAC and charging energy consumption of the SDB but decreases the ASAR of the SDB.

Effective transport network driven by tortuosity gradient enables high-electrochem-active solid-state batteries.

Simultaneously achieving high electrochemical activity and high loading for solid-state batteries has been hindered by slow ion transport within solid electrodes, in particular with an increase in electrode thickness. Ion transport governed by 'point-to-point' diffusion inside a solid-state electrode is challenging, but still remains elusive. Herein, synchronized electrochemical analysis using X-ray tomography and ptychography reveals new insights into the nature of slow ion transport in solid-state electrodes. Thickness-dependent delithiation kinetics are spatially probed to identify that low-delithiation kinetics originate from the high tortuous and slow longitudinal transport pathways. By fabricating a tortuosity-gradient electrode to create an effective ion-percolation network, the tortuosity-gradient electrode architecture promotes fast charge transport, migrates the heterogeneous solid-state reaction, enhances electrochemical activity and extends cycle life in thick solid-state electrodes. These findings establish effective transport pathways as key design principles for realizing the promise of solid-state high-loading cathodes.

Electrode Architecture Design to Promote Charge-Transport Kinetics in High-Loading and High-Energy Lithium-Based Batteries.

Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries have built much of ourmodern society. Developing high-loading and high-energy batteries have become an inevitable trend to satisfy the ever-growing demand of energy consumption. However, issues related to mechanical instability and electrochemical polarization have become more prominent accompanying the increase of electrode thickness. How to establish a robust and rapid charge transport network within the electrode architecture plays a vital role for the mechanical property and the reaction dynamics of thick electrodes. In this review, principles of charge transport mechanism and challenges of thick electrode development are elaborated. Next, recent progress on advanced electrode architecture design focused on structural engineering is summarized. Finally, a transmission line model is proposed as an effective tool to guide the engineering of thick electrodes.

In Situ (Operando) Electrochemical Dilatometry as a Method to Distinguish Charge Storage Mechanisms and Metal Plating Processes for Sodium and Lithium Ions in Hard Carbon Battery Electrodes

AbstractIn situ (operando) electrochemical dilatometry (ECD) provides information on the expansion/shrinkage of an electrode during cell cycling. It is shown that the ECD signal can be used as descriptor to characterize the charge storage behavior of lithium and sodium ions in hard carbon electrodes. It is found that sodium storage in hard carbons occurs by a three‐step mechanism, namely I) insertion, II) pore filling, and III) plating. Step III can be seen from a sudden increase in electrode thickness for potentials below around 36 mV versus Na+/Na and is assigned to plating on the hard carbon surface. Interestingly, this last step is absent in the case of lithium which demonstrates that the storage behavior between both alkali metals is different. The plating mechanism is also supported by reference experiments in which bulk plating is enforced. Bulk plating on hard carbon electrodes can be detected more easily for sodium compared to lithium. It is also found that the type of binder strongly influences the dilatometry results. A comparison between the binders sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose and poly(vinylidene difluoride) shows that the use of the former leads to notably smaller first electrode expansion as well as a higher initial Coulomb efficiency.

Toward understanding the real mechanical robustness of composite electrode impregnated with a liquid electrolyte

The mechanical robustness of highly loaded composite electrodes is important for ensuring the long-term reliability of high-energy-density secondary batteries. Considering that in real state, the electrodes in batteries are completely impregnated with electrolyte, the swelling of the polymeric binder must be carefully observed and controlled to maintain the electric connectivity within the electrode. However, the decrease in the cohesion/adhesion of electrodes caused by electrolyte impregnation has not been directly measured due to the absence of appropriate tools. Here, the surface and interfacial cutting analysis system and a specifically designed sample holder are well combined to realize this breakthrough measurement. When electrode is impregnated with a liquid electrolyte, not only the 12% increase in electrode thickness but also the greater than 74% decrease in cohesion/adhesion, which is caused by the swelling of the amorphous phase of the polymeric binders, is clearly observed. The large decrease in cohesion/adhesion can be greatly ameliorated by controlling both the degree of crystallinity and crystallite size of the polymeric binder through a simple annealing process. Thus, it believes that the measurement of the real cohesion and adhesion of composite electrodes can provide an innovative and practical way to secure the reliability of high-energy-density batteries.

Stable and Unstable Diglyme-Based Electrolytes for Batteries with Sodium or Graphite as Electrode.

We study the stability of several diglyme-based electrolytes in sodium|sodium and sodium|graphite cells. The electrolyte behavior for different conductive salts [sodium trifluoromethanesulfonate (NaOTf), NaPF6, NaClO4, bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (NaFSI), and sodium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (NaTFSI)] is compared and, in some cases, considerable differences are identified. Side reactions are studied with a variety of methods, including X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, online electrochemical mass spectrometry, and in situ electrochemical dilatometry. For Na|Na symmetric cells as well as for Na|graphite cells, we find that NaOTf and NaPF6 are the preferred salts followed by NaClO4 and NaFSI, as the latter two lead to more side reactions and increasing impedance. NaTFSI shows the worst performance leading to poor Coulombic efficiency and cycle life. In this case, excessive side reactions lead also to a strong increase in electrode thickness during cycling. In a qualitative order, the suitability of the conductive salts can be ranked as follows: NaOTf ≥ NaPF6 > NaClO4 > NaFSI ≫ NaTFSI. Our results also explain two recent, seemingly conflicting findings on the degree of solid electrolyte interphase formation on graphite electrodes in sodium-ion batteries [ Maibach , J. ; ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017 , 9 , 12373 - 12381 ; Goktas , M. ; Adv. Energy Mater. 2018 , 8 , 1702724 ]. The contradictory findings are due to the different conductive salts used in both studies.

Thick Electrode Batteries: Principles, Opportunities, and Challenges

AbstractThe ever‐growing portable electronics and electric vehicle markets heavily influence the technological revolution of lithium batteries (LBs) toward higher energy densities for longer standby times or driving range. Thick electrode designs can substantially improve the electrode active material loading by minimizing the inactive component ratio at the device level, providing a great platform for enhancing the overall energy density of LBs. However, extensive efforts are still needed to address the challenges that accompany the increase in electrode thickness, not limited to sluggish charge kinetics and electrode mechanical instability. In this review, the principles and the recent developments in the fabrication of thick electrodes that focus on low‐tortuosity structural designs for rapid charge transport and integrated cell configuration for improved energy density, cell stability, and durability are summarized. Advanced thick electrode designs for application in emerging battery chemistries such as lithium metal electrodes, solid state electrolytes, and lithium–air batteries are also discussed with a perspective on their future opportunities and challenges. Finally, suggestions on the future directions of thick electrode battery development and research are suggested.

(Invited) Improve Li-ion Cells Performances: From Materials and Electrolyte Chemistry to Cell Design via Electrodes Process

The development of a new Li-ion cell to cover a specific application is a complex task starting with the choice of positive and negative active materials: this is only the first step. Then, the electrolyte must be finely tuned to the electrochemistry and to the performances requests. Electrode formulation and process also have a direct influence on electrodes structure which in turn directly impacts cells performances. Finally, cell design is also of great importance. All these aspects will be covered during the talk through the presentation of dedicated studies. A study on phosphate-based Li-ion cells will come as a first illustration. Phosphate material as positive active material allows high intrinsic safety at cell level. LiFePO4 was the first phosphate active material commercially available. It displays very good performances overall, but with 15% energy less than lamellar oxides due to lower voltage plateau. Moving from LiFePO4 to Li(Fe,Mn)PO4 allows a 15% energy gain thanks to higher voltage plateau of Mn3+/Mn2+ redox couple vs. Fe3+/Fe2+. This is the first way to address high energy request with phosphate chemistry. A second approach consists in considering increase of electrode thickness. This allows decreasing weight and volume of non active components in the cell, such as foils and separator. This approach is not a trivial one and requires a whole study of electrode formulation and process that will be discussed during the presentation. The choice of electrolyte is also of uttermost importance. Electrolytes are real solution cocktails with blends of solvents, salts and additives, opening the space to an infinity of solutions. Starting with a fundamental understanding of the structure of bulk electrolyte and mechanisms of reactions at the two electrodes interfaces is imperative to focus experimental tests for an efficient optimization of electrolyte. Improved electrolytes dedicated to specific chemistries and requirements were developed, is it for very long life graphite-based cells, for high voltage spinels LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 positive materials for energy/safety/power, or for Li4Ti5O12 as fast charge negative active material. Thermal management of battery during cycling is key to tailor cells life performances. It will be shown that it can be controlled at very different levels, such as electrode design and choice of electrolyte at cell level and use of advanced materials for improved thermal management at module level. Thermal modelling of cell and module heating will illustrate the benefit of those solutions. Last, but not least, life cycle analysis has to be considered right from the beginning in the development of a cell. State of the art manufacturing of positive electrodes requires the use of N-Methyl Pyrrolidone NMP. Replacing NMP by water brings a great progress in the life cycle analysis, but it is technically far from obvious for layered oxides with multiples issues. Promising solutions have been found and will be shown to conclude the presentation.

Modeling Air Electrodes with Low Platinum Loading

A numerical model for gas-diffusion electrodes incorporating oxygen transport losses at the nanoparticle, agglomerate, and electrode scales as well as kinetic and ohmic polarizations was developed and used to simulate and optimize air electrodes for polymer-electrolyte fuel cells. The model correctly predicts trends in performance resulting from changes to the amount and distribution of platinum and relative humidity. The optimum platinum mass fraction in a Pt/C catalyst decreases as the total amount of platinum is reduced despite the concomitant increase in electrode thickness because the benefit to intra-agglomerate oxygen transport exceeds the detrimental impact on proton transport through the catalyst layer.

Characterization of carbon felt electrodes for vanadium redox flow batteries – A pore network modeling approach

Abstract Carbon felt electrodes are commonly used as porous electrodes in Vanadium redox flow batteries for large-scale energy storage. The transport properties of these electrodes are an important parameter as the transport resistance can form a significant parasitic power loss depending on the configuration of the flow battery. Therefore, to better predict the overall parasitic power losses and devise strategies for the improvement of overall battery efficiency, the transport properties need to be properly understood. In this work, four commercially available carbon felt electrodes have been investigated for their transport properties. It has been shown that the non-activated electrode is hydrophobic in nature, while after activation, the electrodes become hydrophilic. The single-phase diffusion and permeability were found to decrease linearly with an increase in electrode thickness. The imbibition characteristics were similar for the four electrodes, although the change in wettability had a strong impact on the pressure required for the electrolyte to invade into the electrode.

A dynamic capacity fading model with thermal evolution considering variable electrode thickness for lithium-ion batteries

Capacity is one of the key parameters to characterize the performances of lithium-ion batteries. Heat generation analysis is essential to evaluate the safety of batteries. To figure out the effects of electrode thickness on capacity fade and thermal behaviors, a capacity fading model is proposed considering reaction kinetics and mass transfer processes on solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layers coupled with thermal evolution. Simulations are conducted on seven LiFePO4 batteries with variable electrode thicknesses. Results show that, with the increase of electrode thickness, the capacity losses of batteries deteriorate, and the total heat generation aggravates. For the battery with thick electrode, both the polarization overpotential and the gradient of lithium ion concentrations on particle surfaces of active materials increase on the edges, and then decrease perpendicularly to the cathodes. Under the adiabatic conditions, the temperature of battery (with anode 68 μm and cathode 140 μm) is increased to over 130 °C at the sixth cycle. The temperature of batteries declines when discharging in the beginning and then rises, which is noticeable for the batteries with thin electrodes. The proposed model and the simulation results would provide deep insights into both design and operation of batteries.

The effect of V2O5-WO3-TiO2 electrode thickness on ammonia sensing properties for potentiometric sensor

SCR catalyst V2O5-WO3-TiO2 was synthesized for fabricating sensing electrodes of potentiometric ammonia sensor in this work. As an important sensing electrode structural parameter, the influence of the electrode thickness on sensor properties was investigated. The VWT electrodes with the thickness of 9.8, 15.2 and 24.5μm were made by different screen printing frequency. As the thickness increased, the NH3 sensitivity of the sensor decreased from 71.9 to 17.0 mV/decade, and the response/recovery rates also slowed down rapidly. Considering the EIS results, it is believed that with the increase of electrode thickness, more NH3 molecules are consumed by catalytic reactions in VWT electrode, which reduces the concentration of NH3 involved in the electrode reaction at the three phase boundary. The weakened reaction reduces the NH3 sensitivity and increases the interface resistance of the TPB. The increased VWT thickness retards the diffusion of NH3 molecules, and finally prolongs the response/recovery times.

Effects of Catalytic‐Electrode Thickness on a Hydrogen Sensor Based on Organic Thin‐Film Transistor

For a H2 sensor based on pentacene organic thin‐film transistor with palladium (Pd) source/drain (S/D) electrodes as sensing medium, the effects of the electrode thickness on its hydrogen sensing performance are studied. Since the lattice expansion of the S/D electrodes induced by H absorption is restrained by the underlying pentacene layer, the sensitivity of the sensor first increases with the electrode thickness. But then, it decreases with further increase in electrode thickness because larger stress generated at the Pd/pentacene interface by the larger thermal load of thicker electrode during fabrication can degrade the contact between the Pd and pentacene. As a result, experiments show that the sensor with 50‐nm Pd S/D electrodes realizes the highest sensitivity. Moreover, the response and recovery times increase with the electrode thickness because H atoms have to diffuse a longer distance between the electrode surface and the electrode/pentacene interface.

Electrode Thickness Correlated Parameters Estimation for a Li-Ion NMC Battery Electrochemical Model

A physics-based Li-ion battery model contains many unknown parameters which influence battery performance significantly. Estimating these physical parameters accurately is important for battery design. In this paper, the effective lithium ion diffusion coefficients in the solid phase and in electrolyte are estimated by fitting the model with experimental data at various electrode thickness levels. Experimental data is collected for four Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) half cells with positive electrode thicknesses of 46 µm, 64 µm, 73 µm, and 130µm. The improved battery model is validated with the experimental data for different C-rates and electrode thicknesses. It is found that the NMC positive electrode thickness ranging from 30 µm to 120µm hardly affects the cell utilization at a low discharge rate (up to 0.1C). The rate performance of battery decreases with increase of electrode thickness. When the discharge rate is higher than 3C, the electrode thicker than 75µm can hardly be utilized that would be caused by the transport limitation or the ohmic polarization in the electrolyte phase.

Modeling of Lithium Plating Induced Aging and Mitigation Strategies in Li-Ion Batteries

Cycle life is critically important for applications of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Numerous models have been proposed in the literature to predict the life time of LIBs (1, 2). Most of these models focused on growth of solid-electrolyte-interphase (SEI), which leads to capacity fade that is proportional to the square root of time, and the aging rate increases with cell temperature by following the Arrhenius law. Several recent experimental studies, however, reported aging behavior that cannot be explained by, at least not solely by, SEI growth. For instance, Waldmann et al. (3) cycled a set of 1.5Ah graphite/NMC cells at different temperatures, and found that the cell at 25oC had the longest life. Plotting cell aging rate with reciprocal temperature, they observed a transition of activation energy from a positive value at T>25oC to a negative value at T<25oC, indicating a transition of dominating aging mechanisms. The main aging mechanism at T>25oC is SEI growth, and at T<25oC is believed to be lithium plating, i.e. deposition of metallic lithium on graphite surfaces. The lithium deposition reaction directly reduces cell capacity by consuming active lithium. In worst-case scenarios, the plated lithium can pierce the separator, induce internal short circuit and cause catastrophic consequences. Research efforts on the effects of lithium plating over cell aging are rather limited in the literature, especially in terms of numerical modeling. In the present study, we present a comprehensive LIB aging model with incorporation of both SEI growth and lithium plating. The model can well capture the recently discovered LIB aging behaviors associated with lithium plating. In addition, the relative contribution to cell aging by SEI growth and by lithium plating can be quantified for cells at different operating conditions with different design parameters. Figure 1 shows the variation of cell capacity with cycle number for a plug-in electric-vehicle (PHEV) LIB with energy density of 170 Wh/kg cycled at 25oC with 1C charge and 2C discharge. At this moderate operating condition it is usually believed that lithium plating is not a concern. However, we found in our experiment that cell capacity dropped abruptly after ~3000 cycles, which is in consistence with the recently reported nonlinear aging behavior by Schuster et al. (4). The model presented in this study well captures this nonlinear behavior, as shown in Fig. 1a, and this abrupt drop in cell capacity is attributed to the rapid rise of lithium plating rate after extended cycling as shown in Fig. 1b. The model is then applied to predict the cycle life of the above PHEV cell at different ambient temperatures, as shown in Fig. 2a. It is found that the cell at 20oC has the longest cycle life. Either increasing or lower the temperature would accelerate cell aging. These results are in accordance with the recent experiment findings by Waldmann et al (3). The effects of electrode thickness on the cycle life are also investigated, as shown in Fig. 2b. These cells are cycled at 25oC with 1C charge and 1C discharge. Even at this moderate operating condition, cells with thicker electrode have much poorer life as shown in Fig. 2b, which is because lithium plating is more prone to occur with the increase of electrode thickness. This result has a profound implication on high-energy, thick-electrode cells for all electric vehicles (EV). Details about the model development, and about the effects of cell design parameters and operating conditions on cell aging due to lithium plating will be given in this presentation. Finally, we shall propose some novel strategies to significantly extend the cycle life and increase fast rechargeability of energy-dense EV batteries.