Increase In Distance Research Articles

Comparison of chronic restraint stress-and lipopolysaccharide-induced mouse models of depression: Behavior, c-Fos expression, and microglial and astrocytic activation

Depression is a mental disease that involves a variety of complex physiological mechanisms. A wide range of methods have therefore been used to establish mouse models of depression, and there are currently many ways to develop such mouse models. The present study aimed to compare the effects of various model induction methods and assesses their different effects. To this end, C57BL/6J mice were divided into three experimental groups: the chronic restraint stress (CRS) group received 6 hours of daily confinement within restraint tubes over a 3-week period; the chronic lipopolysaccharide (C-LPS) administration group received daily intraperitoneal injections of 0.5 mg/kg LPS for 1 week; and the acute LPS (A-LPS) administration group received a singular intraperitoneal injection of 0.83 mg/kg LPS. A corresponding control group was established for each experimental condition. Following mouse model establishment, depression-like behaviors were assessed through the forced swimming and tail suspension tests; anxiety-related behaviors were evaluated using the open field test and elevated plus maze. Furthermore, the expression of the immediate early gene c-Fos, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA1), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was examined via immunofluorescence. Longer immobility durations during the forced swimming and tail suspension tests were observed across all model groups (p < 0.05), indicating depression-like behaviors. Furthermore, the CRS and C-LPS group, but not the A-LPS group, showed significant anxiety-like behaviors in the elevated plus maze (p < 0.05). All model groups also exhibited significant increases in both time and distance explored within the central area of the open field test (p < 0.05). The activation of GFAP- and IBA1-positive cells in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus was also markedly pronounced in all experimental groups, suggesting the association of neuroinflammatory responses with induced depressive states. The present findings contribute to our understanding of the pathophysiology of stress-induced and neuroinflammatory-associated depression, and will help researchers to choose suitable depression models for their investigations.

Nonmesonic Quantum Many-Body Scars in a 1D Lattice Gauge Theory.

We investigate the meson excitations (particle-antiparticle bound states) in quantum many-body scars of a 1D Z_{2} lattice gauge theory coupled to a dynamical spin-1/2 chain as a matter field. By introducing a string representation of the physical Hilbert space, we express a scar state |Ψ_{n,l}⟩ as a superposition of all string bases with an identical string number n and a total length l. For the small-l scar state |Ψ_{n,l}⟩, the gauge-invariant spin exchange correlation function of the matter field hosts an exponential decay as the distance increases, indicating the existence of stable mesons. However, for large l, the correlation function exhibits a power-law decay, signaling the emergence of nonmesonic excitations. Furthermore, we show that this mesonic-nonmesonic crossover can be detected by the quench dynamics, starting from two low-entangled initial states, respectively, which are experimentally feasible in quantum simulators. Our results expand the physics of quantum many-body scars in lattice gauge theories and reveal that the nonmesonic state can also manifest ergodicity breaking.

Estimation of The Maximum Bending Moment on Pile Group Under One-Way Cyclic Loading in Sandy Soil

In fact, most civil engineering projects are subjected to cyclic loads. The sources of this load are usually seismic, wind, sea waves, and others. Model tests in sandy soil were performed to determine the maximum bending moment at which a pile group (2x2) would respond under one-way lateral cyclic loading. The group pile was made of aluminum piles that were installed in sandy soil with a 70% relative density and three-pile spacing of (3D, 5D, and 7D). The cyclic loads ratio (CLR) used are (0.6, 0,0,8, and 1.0) that is a result from average lateral static load. It can be concluded that an increase in group pile spacing can reduce the maximum bending moment by up to 92%. In addition, As the distance increases, the bending moment decreases, the front pile group provides a greater maximum bending moment than the back rows, as the maximum value in comparison reached 53%.

Jugular bulb anatomical variations and pneumatization patterns: a comprehensive CBCT analysis

PurposeThis study aims to assess the anatomical possibilities of the jugular bulb (JB).MethodsFifty archived CBCT scans were analyzed.ResultsThe average distance between the internal acoustic canal (IAC) and the JB was 7.97 mm on both sides (Right: SD = 2.56 mm, range 3.16–13.3 mm; Left: SD = 2.5 mm, range 2.9–13.6 mm). JB walls’ pneumatization was classified into eight patterns. Deep petrosal cells (DPCs) prevailed in the lateral wall of the JB. The absence of pneumatization (NP) was commonly found on the left side. The presence of infralabyrinthine and hypotympanic cells varied. Less common types included accessory occipital cells (AOCs), posteromedial tracts (PMTs), and basi-occipital cells (BOCs), which determined a consistent variation of the lateral wall pneumatization patterns. Pneumatization of the medial wall was not observed in 50 right sides and 49 left sides. The inferior wall analysis revealed symmetry in AOC distribution and a predominant occurrence of NP. Cases with hypotympanum (HT) in the lateral wall showed a statistically significant IAC-JB distance increase by an average of 4.67 mm compared to NPs. Specific pneumatizations, particularly HT on the lateral side, have a significant effect on the IAC-JB distance, showing a clear pattern of increasing distance from DPC to NP and then to HT. A significant distance increase in HT pneumatization was noted. There were also recorded instances of JB hypoplasia and hyperplasia, JB diverticula, dehiscent JBs, and high JBs.ConclusionThis study establishes a novel classification of JB pneumatizations to aid in the understanding of the temporal bone anatomy.

EXPRESS: The Effects of Psychological Distance on the Diagnosticity of Digits to the Left versus Right of a Separator

Many numerical expressions contain a separator such as a comma (e.g., 1,234) or a decimal point (e.g., 12.34) that divides the number into left and right parts. This research examines how individuals compare such numbers as a function of psychological distance. Integrating insights from research on diagnosticity, numerical cognition, and mental construal, we hypothesize that as psychological distance increases, the perceived diagnosticity of digits to the right of a separator (hereinafter right digits) decreases faster than that of the digits to the left of a separator (hereinafter left digits), which leads individuals to assign less weight to the right digits in comparative judgment. Four studies offer triangulating support for this theorizing and the underlying mechanism. In addition, we show that this effect is attenuated or suppressed when individuals perceive that numerical ratings are more stable over time (thereby increasing the perceived diagnosticity of right digits, Study3), and when the distinction between left and right digits are made less obvious (e.g., when removing the digit separator, Study 4). This research offers additional nuance to our understanding of numerical cognition and how psychological distance influences the processing of different types of information.

Benefits of Taurisolo in Diabetic Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease.

Trimethyl-N-oxide (TMAO) has been linked to peripheral artery disease (PAD). TaurisoloⓇ is a natural, balanced phytocomplex containing resveratrol, quercetin, catechins, procianidins, gallic acid, and caffeic acid. Numerous studies have shown that TaurisoloⓇ reduces the damage of TMAO and exerts a protective effect on endothelial cells (ECs). The aim of this randomized, double-blind, single-center study was to evaluate the effects of TaurisoloⓇ on claudication in patients with PAD (Rutheford grade I, category II, Fontaine Classification: Stage IIA, American Medical Association Whole Person Impairment Classification: Class 0-WPI 0%) in two parallel groups of 31 patients. The primary outcomes were an increase in the pain-free walking distance and the ankle/brachial pressure index at the beginning and at the end of the treatment with Taurisolo. The secondary endpoint was the serum TMAO changes. The claudication distance improved by 14.1% in the Taurisolo group and by 2.0% in the placebo group, while the maximal distance increased by 15.8% and 0.6% only, respectively (both p < 0.05). The TMAO plasma levels decreased from 3.97 ± 2.13 micromole/L to 0.87 ± 0.48 (p < 0.0001) in the treated group. All these changes were highly significant both in univariate mixed models as well as in the adjusted model. Ultimately, TaurisoloⓇ might be an effective intervention to ameliorate intermittent claudication.

Neurotoxic effects of triclosan in adolescent mice: Pyruvate kinase M2 dimer regulated Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 phosphorylation mediated microglia activation and neuroinflammation

Triclosan (TCS), a commonly used antibacterial agent, is associated with various harmful effects on mammalian neurodevelopment, particularly when exposed prenatally. This study investigated the impact of long-term exposure to TCS on the prefrontal cortex development in adolescent mice. We evaluated the motor ability, motor coordination, and anxiety behavior of mice using open field tests (OFT) and elevated cross maze tests (EPM). An increase in movement distance, number of passes through the central area, and open arm retention time was observed in mice treated with TCS. Hematoxylin eosin staining and Nissl staining also showed significant adverse reactions in the brain tissue of TCS-exposed group. TCS induced microglia activation and increased inflammatory factors expression in the prefrontal cortex. TCS also increased the expression of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), thereby elevating the levels of PKM2 dimer, which entered the nucleus. Treatment with TEPP46 (PKM2 dimer nuclear translocation inhibitor) blocked the expression of inflammatory factors induced by TCS. TCS induced the phosphorylation of nuclear signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in vivo and in vitro, upregulating the levels of inflammatory cytokines. The results also demonstrated the binding of PKM2 to STAT3, which promoted STAT3 phosphorylation at the Tyr705 site, thereby regulating the expression of inflammatory factors. These findings highlight the role of PKM2-regulated STAT3 phosphorylation in TCS-induced behavioral disorders in adolescents and propose a reliable treatment target for TCS.

Coupling and decoupling of ancestral linkages and current cross-border economic activities: Genetics and policy

This paper studies the potential link between the biological evolution of populations and present-day economic interactions by estimating the correlation of shared ancestry among populations with cross-border capital and human flows. To this end, we employ the new concept of genetic distance, based on (dis)similarity of neutral gene alleles, to quantify shared ancestry. We then incorporate the genetic distance measure into an augmented gravity model, traditionally used to analyze the effect of geographical distance on bilateral exchange. Our analysis focuses on bilateral foreign direct investment (FDI) and migration across 135 countries and we use both linear regression techniques as well as the Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood Estimator to account for any non-linearities in the model. Our results show that a 1% increase in genetic distance reduces FDI flows by 0.08% while controlling for other distance constructs and factors associated with global capital and human movement. Genetic distance also has a negative effect on migration, where a 1% increase in genetic distance reduces migration flows by 0.22%, with all other things remaining constant. Our study, therefore, links shared ancestry with economic behavior, showing how historical connections are associated with current economic exchanges among nations. Additionally, recognizing that ancestral ties are outside human control, we examine policy measures that help nations overcome such distance barriers. Our findings show that strengthening a nation’s institutional quality and adherence to the rule of law can effectively mitigate any negative correlation of distance constructs with economic exchanges. These insights suggest that prudent policies to foster a stable business environment are essential for any nation to attract FDI and human capital, even from geographically or genetically distant nations.

State‐led urbanization and technological innovation: A quasi‐natural experiment from county‐to‐district conversion in China

AbstractDifferent from the market‐led urbanization in western countries, China's urbanization process has the characteristics of being state‐led, in which county‐to‐district conversion (CTDC) policy plays a key role in promoting urbanization. Our study uses the data of 279 cities as a simple to explore the effect of the state‐led urbanization of CTDC on technological innovation. We find that CTDC significantly promote innovation, and this promoting effect is enhanced with the improvement of urban innovation ability. The mechanism test shows that financial expenditure on education and science, population agglomeration, information and communication technology industry are three channels for CTDC to boost technological innovation. We also find that this promotion effect is more obvious in eastern cities and the cities with higher administrative hierarchy, and is weakest in western cities, however, CTDC adjustment in northeastern cities significantly inhibited technological innovation. Further research shows that when the distance between merged county and city administrative center within 20 km, the effect is negative, after the distance is more than 20 km, with the increase of distance, the promoting effect of CTDC increases.

Barriers to Remote Burn Care Delivery

Abstract Mounting evidence supports the use of telehealth to improve burn care access and efficiency. However, barriers to telehealth use remain throughout the United States and may disproportionately affect specific populations, such as rural and non-English-speaking patients. This study analyzes the association between physical proximity to burn care and determinants of telehealth access. The relationship between telehealth-associated measures and proximity to burn care was analyzed with linear regression analysis. County-level data was sourced from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's Social Determinants of Health Database (2020) and the American Community Survey (2021). County-level distances to the nearest American Burn Association (ABA)-verified burn center were calculated based on verified centers listed in the ABA burn center directory (n = 59). A subsequent analysis was performed on income-stratified datasets available for subset counties. Distance was negatively correlated with access to a smartphone (P &lt; 0.0001), broadband internet (P &lt; 0.0001), and cellular data plan (P &lt; 0.0001) and positively correlated with the percent of households with no computing device (P &lt; 0.0001) and no internet access (P &lt; 0.0001). Analysis of income-stratified data revealed similar results. The percent population not speaking English well (P &lt; 0.0001) at all (P = 0.0009) and the proportion of limited English-speaking households (P = 0.0001) decreased as a function of distance. People living furthest from an ABA-verified burn center in the United States are less likely to have adequate access to critical telehealth infrastructure compared to their counterparts living closer to a burn center. However, income impacts overall access and the degree to which access changes with proximity. Conversely, language-associated barriers decrease as distance increases.

Impact of quality of life and geographic distance on radiation adherence in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer residing in rural areas.

e13512 Background: The efficacy of curative-intent chemoradiation in treating cervical cancer is intricately tied to patient adherence to treatment protocols, often influenced by quality of life. In many areas of the world, treatment centers are often located far from where patients live. We sought to evaluate the impact of distance from the hospital and the quality of life on radiation adherence, especially for patients in the Country of Georgia. Methods: A prospective study conducted at Todua Clinic, Tbilisi, Georgia, from May 2023 - January 2024, involved locally advanced cervical cancer patients undergoing chemoradiation. The study was reviewed by the Todua Clinic Research Ethics Board. The questionnaire was offered at a baseline, at a radiation consult. Quality of life was assessed using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Cervical Cancer Version 4. Distance categories (50-100km, 100-200km, 200-300km) were measured, and patient information was extracted from medical records. Radiation nonadherence was defined as missing ≥2 days of external beam radiotherapy. Inclusion criteria comprised stage II and III cervical cancer, prescribed chemoradiation therapy, and rural residency. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to control for confounding variables. Results: Out of the total 50 patients who were asked to participate, 22 declined (reasons for declining: 35% -no mood, 15% - too tired, 45% - not interested, 5% found questions inappropriate to answer) and 28 (56%) participated. 53% of patients were deemed adherent to the prescribed treatment. Statistical analyses unveiled an intriguing trend where mean adherence rates increased with distance from the hospital. However, the Chi-squared test yielded a p-value of 0.065, indicating a marginal significance. The breakdown of mean adherence rates by distance revealed 30.8% for 50-100 km, 66.7% for 100-200 km, and 83.3% for 200-300 km. Educational levels did not significantly impact treatment adherence, despite lower educational attainment in more distant rural areas. The analysis of Quality of Life (Score S) exhibited a negative coefficient (-0.01639), suggesting a subtle decrease in the likelihood of treatment adherence as Quality-of-Life scores increased. Conclusions: This study unveils the interplay between living distance, Quality of Life, and radiation adherence in locally advanced cervical cancer patients in the Country of Georgia. Our findings are interesting because, unlike in other countries where adherence tends to drop as distance increases, we noticed that adherence rates went up when patients lived farther away. One possible reason for this is that some patients move temporarily to cities like Tbilisi just for their radiation treatment. However, we recognize the need for a larger group of people to make our results more reliable and better understand their significance.

Quantitative Indicators of Goalkeeper Saves among High-Skilled Football Players in Competitive Environments

This study aims to establish quantitative indicators of the number of saves performed by high-skilled football players. Materials, participants, and methods: the research was conducted from January 2024 to April 2024. The registration of technical-tactical actions (goalkeeper saves) was based on games involving teams from the English Premier League (EPL) during the 2023/2024 season. Ten games from this tournament were registered and analyzed. The study applied the following methods: analysis of scientific-methodological literature, pedagogical observations, and mathematical statistics methods. Results: the results of the study indicate that in the games of the English championship season 2023/2024, when facing shots towards their own goal, the number of defenders positioned below the ball line at the moment of the shot ranged from 0 to 10, with a mean value of 4,7±0,2. The number of defenders positioned below the ball line and within the goal area at the moment of the shot ranged from 0 to 7, with a mean value of 2,1±0,1. The number of players who actively performed saves on goal ranged from 0 to 3, with a mean value of 1,0±0,1. Additionally, the study revealed a strong positive correlation between the number of players below the ball line at the moment of the shot and the number of players below the ball line and within the goal area. A moderate positive correlation was found between the number of players actively performing saves on goal, the number of players below the ball line and the number of players within the goal area. Conclusions: the study found that with an increase in shot distance, the number of defenders positioned below the ball line, within the goal area, and actively blocking shots on goal increases. It was established that with an increase in the number of players actively resisting shots on goal, the likelihood of blocking a shot significantly increases while the likelihood of conceding a goal in their net decreases. A strong positive correlation was found between the number of players below the ball line and the number of players within the goal area, and a moderate positive correlation was found between the number of players actively blocking shots on goal and the number of players below the ball line as well as the number of players within the goal area.

Effect of magnetic field configuration on double layer formation and reverse discharge ignition in bipolar HiPIMS

The reverse discharge (RD) phenomenon in bipolar HiPIMS has been observed when a sufficiently long positive pulse is applied to the magnetron. Due to the magnetic field, electrons accumulated behind the magnetic trap are prevented from reaching the positive target. Consequently, a space charge double layer (DL) is formed between the positive target and the plasma behind the magnetic trap, leading to electron acceleration across the DL and RD ignition. This study reveals the significant impact of the magnetic field configuration on RD ignition. Experiments are performed using a Ti target involving magnetic field variation, wire probe measurements of floating potential, and optical emission spectroscopy imaging. It is found that adjusting the magnetic field to a more balanced configuration leads to earlier RD ignition, while a more unbalanced one delays or even prevents it. Specifically, the time of RD ignition decreases with an increase in the magnetic null point distance from the target. Moreover, the size and shape of optical emission in the RD varies with nearby probe placement, suggesting sensitivity to external electrodes.

Laminated graphene oxide and hydrotalcite membranes via alternating spray-deposition with stable desalting performance

Laminated graphene oxide (GO) membrane has great potential for desalination, but achieving good stability in salt retention and water permeation is still a challenge. The “compact” sieving structure and the “loose” permeating structure of the GO membranes offer synergetic effects for high-performance desalination. Here, a composite desalination membrane involving two two-dimensional layered nanomaterials with opposite charges has been reported. The multi-layered GO (MLGO) and hydrotalcite (HT) were then alternated in a spray-coating on a PDA-modified substrate to construct multiple structures. Different assembly regions were identified by in-situ morphology monitoring, which showed that MLGO and HT were connected by electrostatic attractions. Also, the composite membrane showed high salt retention, permeability and long-term performance stability. The water flux of the composite membrane increased from 2.8 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 to 3.6–5.2 L m−2 h−1, which was due to the increases in the interlayer spacing distances and the introduction of new permeable spaces. After a 400 h continuous filtration test, the Na2SO4 retention remained stable. The water fluxes were in the range of 2.0–3.0 L m−2 h−1 bar−1, which corresponded to an increase by 42.9 %–114.3 % in comparison with the pure MLGO membrane. As compared with the MLGO membrane, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations revealed that more water molecules passed through the MLGO-HT membrane with a shorter pathway length and higher speed than MLGO membrane. The present study demonstrated the potential of a composite with 2D materials for desalination applications.

Upper bound stability analysis of tiered geosynthetic-reinforced soil wall

The tiered geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) walls have been increasingly applied in the high and steep retaining soil structures. However, very little is known about the design method for the tiered GRS wall in practice. This study is aimed at proposing an upper-bound stability analysis method of a tiered GRS wall. The proposed method was firstly validated by the existing results from the centrifuge test and the numerical method, and then a parametric study was performed to investigate the effects of the cohesionless backfill friction angle ϕ1 and the wall geometric parameters including the offset distance, the total wall height, the batter angle δ, the number of tiers n, and wall height ratio of adjacent tiers on the dimensionless equivalent earth pressure coefficient KT. The analysis results demonstrated that as the ϕ1 increases, the shear strength of backfill is enhanced and thus the KT or the total reinforcement tensile force decreases, and the KT decreases with the increase of the offset distance at the initial stage and then becomes stable when it reaches a certain critical value. For a fixed offset distance, the KT or the total reinforcement tensile force decreases with the increase of the δ. For the two-tiered GRS walls having the offset distance less than the critical value, the wall with the smaller wall height ratio has a larger KT. Further, the variation of the location of the critical failure surfaces of tiered GRS walls was presented in this study with the variation of the ϕ1 and the wall geometry.

Simulation Analysis of Corona Pulse Propagation along the Line Based on an Actual Transmission Line

Abstract In the partial discharge test of the shunt reactor of the ultra-high voltage transmission line, the corona discharge caused by high voltage interferes with the test. To further study the propagation rules of the corona pulse on the line side in the transmission line during the ultra-high voltage partial discharge test, based on the parameters of an actual transmission line, the ATP-EMTP electromagnetic simulation software was used for modeling. The propagation rules of corona pulses in the transmission line were analyzed in detail through the simulation model. As the propagation distance increases, different frequency components show different degrees of attenuation. The higher the frequency is, the faster it attenuates.

Somatized or stigma? Causal attributions and emotional responses in shaping social distance towards people with mental illness, China

BackgroundMental illness in China has traditionally been attributed to physical factors and somatization tendencies, which seldom result in stigma. How has this perception changed after decades of social change? MethodsBased on the Chinese General Social Survey database in 2011, this study constructed a structural equation model to analyze the effects of causal attribution and emotional responses on social distance. The causal attributions include dangerousness, controllability, and responsibility. And the emotional responses encompass negative affect, traditional prejudice, treatment carryover, and exclusionary sentiments. In addition, higher scores indicating greater social distance, whereas a low score reflected stronger emotional responses or a greater degree of internal attribution. ResultsThe results reported a high level of social distance towards people with mental illness. These findings indicated that emotional responses have a direct impact on social distance. Specifically, when negative affect, traditional prejudice, and exclusionary sentiments increase by one standard deviation, the social distance decreases by 0.497, 0.178, and 0.073 standard deviation, respectively. Conversely, as the level of treatment carryover rises, social distance increases by 0.087. Meanwhile, the causal attribution only exerts a significant indirect effect on social distance by the function of emotional causal responses. ConclusionThe results indicated that the public attributes mental illnesses like depression primarily to psychological issues rather than somatic ones. It suggested widespread stereotypes and public stigma towards people with mental illness in China, as well as an arduous task in anti-stigma. In addition, a targeted way to address public stigma lies in changing the stereotype of people with mental illness.

Study on the influence of outlet diameter on the out-field pressure action characteristics of pulse detonation cleaning device

Pulse detonation cleaning technology is an efficient cleaning technology that is used inert shock waves generated by decoupling the detonation to remove ash and deposits. And it has great advantages in the field of furnace cleaning. In order to investigate the pressure distribution characteristics outside the detonation cleaning device and to explore the effect of the device outlet diameter on the pressure distribution characteristics, numerical simulations and experimental studies of pulse detonation cleaning device with using propane-air as the fuel has been carried out. The numerical simulation and experimental study on pulse detonation cleaning device by using propane-air as the fuel has been carried out. The results show that: as the propagation distance increases, there is a trend for the out-field arc shaped shock wave to transform into plane wave, and the applied pressure tends to be similar from the axis outward, and the time it acts on the ash accumulation surface also tends to be similar. When the external shock wave acts on the ash accumulation surface of the non-convective tube bundle, except for the positive reflection at the axial opposite position, which generates one pressure peak, the other positions mainly generate two pressure peaks due to oblique reflection. The ratio (diameter ratio) between the diameter of the tail outlet and the diameter of the detonation chamber is 1, the pressure peak of inert shock wave in the out-field is the largest. Increasing or decreasing the out diameter of the tail will weaken the action of the inert shock to different degrees. For diameter ratio smaller than 1, the pressure peak of the inert shock increases with increasing diameter ratio, while for diameter ratios larger than 1, decreases with increasing diameter ratio.

Numerical study on the thermodynamic behavior of de-icing liquid droplets impacting walls

Spraying de-icing fluid is a key method to ensure the safe operation of aircraft in icy and snowy weather. The film aggregation and internal mixing of de-icing fluid droplets on the aircraft skin during a collision are crucial. Considering the rheological properties of the molecular viscosity change of the de-icing fluid droplets during the collision and the heat transfer model of the heat loss after the impact, the phase field method is used to capture the gas–liquid interface, and a thermal pressure/viscous coupling model is constructed. The thermodynamic behavior of different axial distances is calculated. The results show that, as the dimensionless axial distance of the droplet increases, the spreading length of the fused droplet decreases instead, and the heat transfer rate of the droplet increases with the increase in spreading length. After stabilizing, the increase or decrease in the heat transfer rate depends on the strength of the heat transfer between the liquid layers. As the dimensionless axial distance increases, the internal flow of the droplet weakens and, between the droplet and the wall, the heat flux density gradually decreases and the average temperature drop of the droplet becomes gradual.

Study on explosion impact pressure and damage distribution law of rock powder segmented charge

The charge structure is the critical to determine the bench blasting effect of rock slope. Through theoretical calculation, model testing, and numerical simulation, a formula for calculating the stress attenuation of the axial hole wall of the segmented charging structure is proposed. Moreover, the influence mechanism of the explosive ratio and interval packing length on the internal damage distribution of the concrete of concrete specimens under a segmented charging structure of the cuttings is described. Finally, the research results are applied to the mining of a rock slope in southwest China. The research results reveal the following: 1) The pressure at the charge section is highest when the rock debris interval charge is used, and with the increase in the charge section distance, the pressure markedly decreases—sharply first before stabilizing. In the upper filling interval charge section, the minimum pressure corresponded to approximately the midway point of the filling section, and the stress distribution on the axial hole wall is concave: high at both ends and low in the middle. 2) The ratio of the upper and lower sections of the explosive column determines the form of blasting damage, and the range of blasting damage increases first and then decreases with the increase in the length of the rock debris in the interval section. 3) The field test shows that compared with the traditional blasting charge structure, the optimized segmented charge structure can reduce the blasting block rate by 13.1%. 4) Using the optimized charge structure, the explosive unit consumption can be decreased from 0.27 kg/m3 to 0.24 kg/m3, which improves the economic benefits of mining and construction of related mines.