Increase In Caries Incidence Research Articles

Impact of Orthodontic Treatment on the Incidence of Dental Caries in Adolescents: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Orthodontic treatment is a widely embraced intervention aimed at enhancing dental aesthetics and correcting malocclusions among adolescents. However, concerns persist regarding its potential impact on oral health, particularly on the development of dental caries. This study aimed to systematically investigate the relationship between orthodontic treatment and the incidence of new carious lesions among adolescents. A prospective cohort design involving adolescents aged 12-18 years was employed. A total of 82 patients met the inclusion criteria. In addition, an age-matched control group of 82 participants who did not undergo orthodontic treatment was included. The study included both a treatment group undergoing orthodontic treatment (braces or aligners) and an age-matched control group that did not undergo any orthodontic intervention. Demographic characteristics, orthodontic treatment details, and oral hygiene practices were documented at baseline and throughout the study period. Dental examinations at six-month intervals post-treatment were conducted to track the incidence and progression of carious lesions. The demographic characteristics, baseline oral health status, orthodontic treatment details, and oral hygiene practices were comparable between the treatment and control groups. Post-orthodontic treatment assessment revealed a slightly higher incidence of new carious lesions in the treatment group (14.6%) than in the control group (9.8%), although this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.15). Dental examinations at six-month intervals demonstrated a gradual increase in caries incidence over time in both groups, with no substantial disparities observed. This study provides a comprehensive examination of the relationship between orthodontic treatment and the incidence of new carious lesions among adolescents. While a trend towards higher caries incidence in the treatment group was observed, the difference was not statistically significant. These findings contribute to the existing body of knowledge and emphasize the need for ongoing research to guide clinical practice.

Effects of interproximal enamel reduction techniques used for orthodontics: A systematic review.

This systematic review aimed to determine the effects of the interproximal enamel reduction (IPR) techniques used in orthodontics. Six databases were searched: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Dentistry & Oral Sciences Source, ScienceDirect and Clinical Trials. Grey literature was sourced from Google Scholar. The risk of bias was assessed by Risk of Bias 2, Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and Robins-I depending on the design of the evaluated study. Additionally, the quality of the included studies was determined using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria. This systematic review included randomized clinical trials, non-randomized clinical trials and observational studies with a control group that reported the effects of IPR for orthodontic purposes on the teeth and periodontium. Case reports, and in vitro and in vivo studies were excluded. Eight clinical studies match the eligibility criteria. As a result, no demineralization of the enamel, no increase in caries incidence, no periodontal changes or dental sensitivity was found after IPR. Also, considering the duration of orthodontic treatment, IPR resulted in a quicker technique than dental extractions. At the risk-of-bias assessment, all observational studies showed low risk, the non-randomized clinical trial had a critical bias, and all randomized clinical trials exhibited some concerns. The overall quality of the studies was found to be between low and very low. After the analysis of the data from included studies, it was concluded that the IPR procedures could be useful to treat dental crowding in orthodontic clinical practice without negative effects. However, more randomized controlled clinical trials with a longer follow-up time and high-quality studies are required to generate robust statements.

Correlation Between Dental Caries And Salivary Albumin In Adult Population In Chennai: An In Vivo Study

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between dental caries and levels of salivary albumin in unstimulated saliva of adults between the age group of 18 and 40 years from Chennai with varying caries experience as determined by their Decayed Missing Filled Teeth (DMFT) scores. Material and Methods: The study was conducted on 60 healthy adult subjects with age group between 18 and 40 years. The healthy subjects without any chronic diseases, gingival or periodontal problems were selected. The patients were divided into four groups according to DMFT status as Group 1, DMFT 0; Group2, DMFT 1?5; Group 3, DMFT 6?10; and Group 4, as DMFT above 10. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from each subjects and the salivary albumin levels were estimated using the bromocresol green method (albumin colorimetric test). The obtained data was statistically analysed using one?way ANOVA and Tukey`s Honestly Significant Difference test. Results: The mean salivary albumin levels for the groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 were .086 ± .009 mg/ml, .083 ±.006 mg/ml, .070 ± .008 mg/ml and .056 ±.009 mg/ml respectively. There was an increase in incidence of caries with decrease in salivary albumin level. There was a statistically significant difference among the groups except group 1 and 2. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between the salivary albumin level and the incidence of dental caries. An increase in incidence of caries with decrease in salivary albumin levels was seen suggestive of its importance in maintenance of tooth integrity.KeywordsCaries; Caries incidence; Dental caries; Salivary albumin; Salivary protein. KeywordsCaries; Caries incidence; Dental caries; Salivary albumin; Salivary protein.

Effectiveness of a New Fluoride Varnish for Caries Prevention In Pre-School Children

To investigate the effectiveness of a new fluoride varnish (Clinpro White Varnish, 3MEspe, Seefeld, Germany) with regard to the caries incidence within a 2-year period A non-randomized sample of 400 children from the Kyffhäuser district (Thuringia, Germany) was divided into a fluoride group (FG, biannual application of fluoride varnish) and control group (CG, no intervention). (Non-)cavitated caries lesions were recorded using World Health Organization (WHO) and Universal Visual Scoring System (UniViSS) criteria. Parents were given questionnaires to gather information about their socio-economic status (SES). Non-parametric methods and binomial logistic regression were used for data analysis. There was a significant increase in caries incidence in both groups. The number of non-cavitated carious lesions was significantly lower in the FG (mean 2.2; sd 2.3) compared with the CG (mean 2.9; sd 1.9). Initial statistical analysis revealed that fluoride varnish might prevent non-cavitated carious lesions. When including SES as a confounder into regression model, potential preventive effect was lost. This study underlines the importance of the multi-factorial etiology of caries and illustrates that the effectiveness of biannual fluoride varnish application was evident in non-cavitated carious lesions only.

Caries incidence in adolescents with low caries prevalence after cessation of weekly fluoride rinsing

The aim of this study was to determine whether cessation of weekly fluoride rinsing leads to an increase in caries incidence in a group of adolescents with low caries prevalence. Sixty randomly selected 12- to 14- year-olds were asked to stop rinsing at school (test group). After 3 years caries increment and caries progression were compared with an age- and sex-matched control group (n = 60), who continued to rinse weekly with a 0.2% sodium fluoride solution. All children in both groups had followed a school-based fluoride rinsing program from the age of 6 years. The mean (standard deviation) caries increment, including only open lesions, during the 3 years was 1.58 (1.73) in the test group and 1.48 (1.80) in the control group. The corresponding figures for incipient lesions were 3.13 (3.63) and 4.03 (4.23), respectively. The mean caries progression was 0.92 (1.34) in the test group and 0.72 (1.03) in the control group. None of these differences were statistically significant. Thus, this study showed that a cessation of weekly fluoride rinsing did not lead to an increase of caries incidence in a group of adolescents with low caries prevalence.

The relation between salivary IgA and caries in renal transplant patients

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of immunosuppressive drugs on the level of salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) in patients who have received kidney transplants and the relation between the levels of salivary IgA and dental caries incidence. Patients who had undergone renal transplantation (n = 28, aged 18-54) were divided into 3 groups according to postsurgical period (0-6 months [G(1)], 6-12 months [G(2)], and >12 months [G(3)]). A healthy control group (n = 10, aged 17-49) was also included in this study. Saliva samples were collected from all patients by the spitting method. After collection, the samples were frozen immediately at -40 degrees C until analysis by the single radial immunodiffusion method. All fissure caries were examined clinically, and proximal caries were examined clinically and radiographically; caries status was determined according to the decay surface index. The findings were evaluated statistically by means of correlation analysis, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and the 1-way Kruskal Wallis analysis of variance method. Salivary IgA levels of the patients who had undergone renal transplantation were found to be significantly lower than those of the control patients (G(1) = 6.76 mg/dL, G(2) = 6.80 mg/dL, G(3) = 7.84 mg/dL, and control group = 10.84 mg/dL, P <.001). However, the caries status of the patients who had undergone renal transplantation was not different from that of the control subjects for the first year after the transplant operation. The salivary IgA values of the 3 groups of patients who had undergone transplantation were not significantly different from each other. Thus, it was observed that a decrease in the level of salivary IgA does not result in an increase in caries incidence within 12 months after renal transplantation. The caries rate in the third group of patients who had undergone renal transplantation was found to be significantly different from those in the first and second groups. Low salivary IgA levels caused by immunosuppression are not correlated or associated with higher levels of dental caries within the first 12 months after renal transplantation. However, the incidence of dental caries was higher for patients who had undergone renal transplantation than for control subjects 12 months after renal transplantation. Because of the diagnostic processes used, dental caries may not become evident until after 12 months.

Ultraviolet light and dental caries in children.

Animal experimental work has suggested that ultraviolet radiation reduces dental caries incidence. The opportunity to complete a study on children in the 1-ppm water fluoridated community of Wetaskiwin, Alberta, Canada, through an experimental school design study, became possible between 1982 and 1984 as in winter children have to travel to and from school during hours of darkness. Two classrooms at the four primary schools in the city had full spectrum lighting introduced and the 102 children entering grade 5 spent 22 months of study in the same classrooms; 83 (81%) remained in the trial. Each child had DMFT, DMFS, including degree of caries involvement, gingivitis and oral hygiene indices recorded. Results showed that children receiving the full spectrum light had very low or no increase in caries incidence over the 22-month period compared with controls. DMFS findings, excluding 'sticky fissures' over the 22-month period, increased from 2.67 to 3.23 in the group receiving full spectrum light, compared with an increase of 2.32 to 4.46 in the control group (p less than 0.001).

Influence of corticosterone on the integrity of salivary glands and the incidence of dental caries in the rat.

Intact weanling rats were given daily subcutaneous injections of 1.0 mg, 2.0 mg, or 3.0 mg of corticosterone or 0.5 mg of hydrocortisone acetate for 11 weeks. All hormone treatments resulted in a significant decrease in weight and tubular diameter of the submandibular gland. A significant increase in caries incidence was observed in all the hormone-treated rats, except those receiving 1.0 mg of corticosterone. Although corticosterone caused a decrease in thyroid gland weight, the protein-bound iodine (PBI) levels of the treated rats were normal. This indicated that corticosterone-induced increase in caries incidence and interference with the salivary gland integrity were not due to the decreased thyroid function.

Morphologie and enzymatic differences in caries-resistant and caries-susceptible albino rats

In 1944, Hunt, Hoppert, and Erwin1 de­ veloped two inbred strains of rats of d if­ ferent caries-susceptibility. Animals of the caries-susceptible strain, if placed on a cariogenic diet at the age o f 35 days, de­ velop the first clinically visible carious lesions at the age o f 70 days. Animals of the resistant strain under the same condi­ tions are found free of caries until 400 to 500 days o f age. Mechanisms underlying the different caries-susceptibility o f these two strains have been sought in the struc­ ture o f the enamel, in the bacterial flora and in the salivary secretion. Nakfoor, Hunt and Hoppert2 showed «that when the rats were 60 days o f age, the lower molars o f the resistant strain fractured less readily than those in ani­ mals o f the susceptible strain. This was not thought to be an important factor in the initiation of dental caries, since few spontaneous fractures had occurred in the molar teeth o f the susceptible rats at a time when caries had appeared in nearly half o f these animals. Further­ more, the relative weakness of the molars in the susceptible rats may have been in­ fluenced by incipient decay. Jay3 re­ covered lactobacilli more frequently and in greater numbers in the susceptible than in the resistant rats. Jay’s observa­ tion was confirmed in later studies by Rosen and others,4 who further stated that Streptococcus salivarius was found more often in the caries-susceptible ani­ mals. Their data, however, do not permit an estimate of the quantitative difference in the flora of the two strains. Cheyne5’ 6 has shown that in the rat a considerable increase in caries incidence occurs when the submaxillary and parot­ id glands are extirpated. This observa­ tion makes it seem that the presence of saliva has a caries-preventing effect. A similar conclusion for the human being had been reached by Weinmann7 in 1936,

The promise of nutrition: Nourish and flourish

T HE real function of nutrition is to form and sustain the structures and functions of all organs and tissues in the body. Physiologically and psychologically we are the result of the food we have eaten. Therefore, it cannot be made too clear that a small deficiency in any one of three dozen or more substances and elements may cause subnormal health and, if long continued in infancy and youth, may cause permanent damage. In Drummond’s recent book, The Englishman’s Food, which is a chronicle of the English diet through more than five centuries, evidence is presented to show that mankind was best nourished during the era 1750 to 1850. Subsequent to this time the dietary has been progressively refined and processed to suit the palate. One effect of this development on the diet is shown by the replacement of the centuries-old process of grinding grains between stones by the modern roller mills. Within fifteen years this change dropped the per capita consumption of vitamin B, from about 1,000 I.U. daily to less than one-third that amount. From that day to this a large portion of the population has been subsisting on a diet deficient in vitamin B, all because of this change in milling procedure. Roller milling and subsequent bleaching also removed all the carotene, half the riboflavin, half the calcium, and two-thirds the iron of the wheat and corn, markedly reducing the total daily intake of these food essentials. This important effect of milling is but one of many which may be cited to prove that our “civilized” foods are definitely inferior in nutritional value to those eaten by our ancestors. There is no doubt whatever that during the nineteenth century bad teeth became more common, while during the present century the rise in the incidence of caries has been alarming. This increase in caries incidence coincided with decrease in intake of calcium, phosphorus, vitamins A, C, and D, each of which is essential for tooth formation. The parallelism is not hapinstance. In defense of our grandfathers, it should be said that they believed that they were improving foods. To them calories were of prime importance and foods were only fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. The discoveries that proteins differ in nutritive values and that foods contain physiologically essential vitamins and minerals had not been made. They can be excused for what they did not know. During the Middle Ages a failure in crops resulted in devastating famine. This famine was so often succeeded by pestilence that the phrase “famine and pestilence” has become a part of our language.