Increased Blood Cholesterol Levels Research Articles

The Influence of Lifestyle on Cholesterol Levels

The Epidemic of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) Obesity has doubled since the 1980s, rapidly becoming the largest global public health challenge. Obesity is the third leading cause of death in the world. The increase in obesity rates is associated with an individual's habit of consuming food with more energy than the body needs. Risk factors that can influence the increase in the prevalence of heart disease involve individuals with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, lack of physical activity, poor lifestyle habits such as consuming fast food, an unhealthy diet, and experiencing prolonged stress. This can be changed with a better lifestyle, while some risks that cannot be changed are congenital or genetic heart disease. Research Objective: reduce the death rate caused by heart disease by reducing the risk of heart disease. The sampling technique used is random sampling with a cross-sectional approach, and the examination sample consists of capillary blood, measurements, and interviews using questionnaires. Out of 130 people in Nisa Village, a significant relationship was found between an increase in cholesterol levels and respondents who frequently consume fast food. Subjects who were active/passive smokers had a significance value of 0.65 (p>0.05), indicating a strong relationship according to correlation guidelines. Subjects who frequently experienced stress also had a strong relationship with an increase in blood cholesterol levels, with a significance value of 0.34 (p>0.05). The variable of subjects who rarely exercised was found to have a significance value of 0.38 (p>0.05), meaning that the habit of infrequent exercise has a strong relationship with an increase in cholesterol levels.

Soy and Dragon Fruit Functional Drink : The Potential to Reduce Cholesterol Total Levels in Hypercholesterolemic Sprague Dawley Rats

Hypercholesterolemia is a lipid metabolism disorder characterized by increased blood cholesterol levels. The alternative functional drinks that can reduce cholesterol levels are beverage ingredients that contain flavonoids, such as red dragon fruit and soybeans. Flavonoids can inhibit cholesterol synthesis by inhibiting the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme. Soybeans are also have a hypocholesterolemic effect because they contain isoflavones. This study aimed to determined the potential of soybean and dragon fruit peel powder on the cholesterol levels of hypercholesterolemic Sprague Dawley rats. This study was a true-experimental design with a pretest - posttest with control group. The samples were 27 male Sprague Dawley rats, weighing 150-250 grams and aged 2 -3 months. The samples were divided into a control group and a treatment group that was given soybeans dragon fruit peel powder drink at a dose of 12.8 ml/kgBB/day for 14 days. Total cholesterol levels were measured using the CHOD–PAP method. Data were analyzed using the One Way Anova test, Post Hoc or Man Whitney test and Paired T-test. The results showed that there was a significant difference in total cholesterol levels in mice before and after the intervention (p= 0.003). Giving soybeans dragon fruit peels powder drink can significantly reduce total cholesterol levels in the treatment group (P) by 18.45% (p= 0.044).

Fatty acid composition of soft whey cheese

Due to the existing environmental and economic situation, there is a tendency to produce new food products with a balanced composition and beneficial properties for the human body. In this context, new groups of products are appearing on the market, whose composition and properties differ from the standards. The key factor for the nutritional and biological value of products is again the fatty acids, which consist of saturated and unsaturated acids. Saturated fatty acids are carbon chains with a number of 4 to 30 or more atoms, found mainly in animal fats. Their function is to saturate the body with energy. Excessive saturation with fatty acids leads to a disturbance in fat metabolism and an increase in blood cholesterol levels. Unsaturated fatty acids are part of the components of cells and tissues, provide growth and metabolism, as well as the elasticity of blood vessels. The studied soft whey cheese was made from whey and is a new product of the dairy industry. In this work, the indicators of soft whey cheese such as proteins, fats, moisture, dry matter as well as fatty acid composition of the product are studied. From the analysis results, it is found that the product contains unsaturated fatty acids and its lipid composition has an optimal balance.

The Effect of Green Tea Leaf Decoction on Changes in Cholesterol Levels in the Elderly in Losari Village, Gondang District, Nganjuk Regency

Complex changes in the elderly often cause health problems, one of which is an increase in blood cholesterol levels. Total cholesterol in the blood increases with the aging process. Cholesterol is a form of fat that the body needs. Cholesterol can cause problems if the levels are excessive. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of giving green tea leaf decoction to changes in cholesterol levels in Losari Village, Gondang District, Nganjuk Regency as many as 26 respondents. The results of this study indicate that the cholesterol levels before being given the decoction of green tea leaves are mostly in the high cholesterol category, namely 15 respondents (58%) and the cholesterol levels after being given the decoction of green tea leaves, half have the category of normal cholesterol levels, namely 13 respondents (50%). sufficient, namely 13 respondents (50%). Wilcoxon test results show that p value = 0.001 ≤ α = 0.05. so that Ha is accepted, meaning that there is an effect of giving green tea leaf decoction to changes in cholesterol levels in the elderly in Losari Village, Gondang District, Nganjuk Regency.

Relationship Between Level of Knowlegde and Accuracy of Using Simvastatin in Hypercholesterolemic Patients at Advent Medan Hospital

Hypercholesterolemia is a condition when there is a disturbance in the body which is characterized by an increase in blood cholesterol levels exceeding 240 mg/dl. Pharmacological therapy that can be used to lower cholesterol levels is statin class drugs. Simvastatin is a hypercholesterolemia drug that is often used as a first-line drug compared to other statin class drugs. Based on the research that has been done, the results of the correlation test were obtained with a value 0,553, which means that there is a strong correlation between the level of knowledge and the accuracy of using simvastatin.

Sargassum aquifolium Extract Prevents Elevated Cholesterol Levels and Blood Vessel Thickening in Rats Fed an Atherogenic Diet

Hypercholesterolemia is a health disorder in which cholesterol in the blood increases beyond normal limits. This disorder chronically can cause atherosclerosis. Sargassum aquifolium contains bioactive compounds that can prevent increased blood cholesterol levels. This study aimed to prove the increasing cholesterol levels and changes in the blood vessel profile of rats fed an atherogenic diet by S. aquifolium extract. S. aquifolium was obtained from Ekas Bay, Province of West Nusa Tenggara. Male Rattus norvegicus 2-3 months ages used in this study. Normal rats were fed an atherogenic diet for four months to produce a hypercholesterolemia animal model. The phytochemical profile was screened based on the Harborne method. Identity of bioactive compounds determined by HPLC-HRMS. The parameters observed were cholesterol levels and blood vessel profiles. The juice of S. aquifolium contained steroids, saponins and tannins, and their bioactive showed anticholesterolemic. Rats given an atherogenic diet had increased cholesterol levels. Administration of S. aquifolium juice twice daily can reduce cholesterol levels and prevent the aorta's and arteries' thickening. In conclusion, S. aquifolium juice contains bioactive compounds and administration of S. aquifolium juice twice a day prevents an increase in cholesterol and damage to the aortic and arterial profiles.

Effect of Copper Exposure on the Cholesterol Metabolism in Broiler Liver.

Copper (Cu) is a kind of widely used dietary supplement in poultry production, and a common environmental pollutant at the same time. Excess Cu exposure has been reported to accumulate in the liver and induce cytotoxicity, but the effect of Cu toxicity on hepatic cholesterol metabolism is still uncertain. Herein, we aimed to reveal the effect of excess Cu on the liver and primary hepatocytes of broilers at various concentrations. We found that 110mg/kg Cu supplement remarkably increased blood cholesterol levels by detecting serum TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C in the broilers, while there was no significant difference in 220 and 330mg/kg Cu supplements. In addition, high Cu exposure resulted in severe hepatic steatosis and hepatic cord derangement in the broilers. Oil red O staining of primary hepatocytes showed that Cu treatment caused intracellular neutral lipid accumulation. However, the hepatic TC content indicated a downward trend in both liver tissues and hepatocytes after Cu exposure. Furthermore, the expression of cholesterol metabolism-related indicators (SREBP2, HMGCR, LDLR, and CYP7A1) was notably decreased in the Cu-treated groups. While the expression of the key enzyme of cholesterol esterification (ACAT2) did not change significantly. Taken together, our findings preliminarily revealed excess Cu-induced hepatic cholesterol metabolism dysfunction, providing a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms of Cu-induced hepatotoxicity.

The Effect of Butterfly Pea (Clitoria Ternatea) Extract on Reducing Total Cholesterol Levels in Rattus norvegicus with the Hypercholesterolemia Model

Hypercholesterolemia is a metabolic disorder disease characterized by increased blood cholesterol levels above normal limits. Many studies support the use of statins as cholesterol-lowering agents that work by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase so that cholesterol secretion decreases. The use of statins is often prescribed in the long term which results in side effects such as myotoxicity, myopathy, myalgia, myositis, and rhabdomyolysis. A study is needed on butterfly pea flower or Clitoria ternatea which is known to contain secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, anthocyanins, triterpenoids and phytosterols. This content can work as an antioxidant that helps lower cholesterol levels in the blood. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of butterfly pea flower extract (Clitoria Ternatea) on reducing total cholesterol levels in Rattus norvegicus with the hypercholesterolemia model. This research is based on laboratory experiments with pre and posttest control group design. The sample used in this study was male white rats (Rattus norvegicus), 2-3 months old, weighing ± 200 grams. It was found that the average difference in cholesterol levels in the control group (C) was 10.34 ± 0.06 which indicated that there was a not too significant increase. In the simvastatin group (S), treatment group 1 (G1), treatment 2 (G2), and treatment 3 (G3) had a mean difference in total cholesterol levels which showed a decrease with the results S = -62.17 ± 4.4 G1 = -52.33 ± 3.08 G2 = -55.17 ± 2.13 and G3 = -59.34 ± 0.49. The One Way Anova test a significance value of p <0.05 was obtained which indicated a significant difference. It can be concluded that, administration of ethanol extract of butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea) can reduce total cholesterol levels in the blood.

Associations of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) with non-targeted metabolomics across two independent cohorts of elderly individuals

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been linked to adverse health effects including increased blood cholesterol levels and hepatic toxicity. Alterations in metabolism and oxidative stress are among the hypothesized mechanisms by which PFAS exposure may exert effects; however, studies of associations between PFAS and metabolome are scarce. The main aim of this study was to assess associations of PFAS exposure and metabolome by using non-targeted metabolomics in two independent cohorts of elderly individuals. METHODS: In two population-based cohorts of elderly individuals from Sweden and California (the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors [PIVUS, n = 901, median age 70 years]; and the California Teacher Study [CTS, n = 325, median age 69 years]), plasma/serum PFAS concentrations were determined using isotope-dilution ultra-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Non-targeted metabolomics was performed using UHPLC high-resolution mass spectrometry (QTOFMS). Associations of PFAS and metabolomics signatures was assessed using a discovery-validation approach with multivariable linear regression. RESULTS: In the discovery cohort 89 annotated metabolites out of 204 could be associated with levels of five PFAS following adjustment for age, sex, and correction for multiple testing. Eleven associations could then be replicated in the CTS. The metabolites being replicated in the CTS were primarily lipid related metabolites such as lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin as well as amino acids such as betaine. CONCLUSIONS: Using a non-targeted metabolomics discovery-validation approach, we the previously reported associations between PFAS and lipid related metabolites and identified and replicated novel associations. Our results encourage additional studies investigating the underlying mechanisms of our findings. KEYWORDS: PFAS, PFOS, PFOA, Metabolomics, Lipid metabolism

Congruent Assessment of human hypoglycemic effect through STZ-Induced Diabetic rats fed Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius) milk

Diabetes mellitus (DM), a heterogeneous metabolic disorder, affect people at any point of their lives. Globally, a wide variation in the prevalence of diabetes was observed but, showed zero percent within people that regularly consume camel milk because of their highly nutritional and therapeutic potentials to treat many metabolic and autoimmune diseases. The present study validated the efficacy of camel milk by investigating the differential hypoglycemic effects in concurrence with related biochemical tests in rats fed with raw and pasteurized milk of the one-humped Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius). Male Sprague-Dawley rats (60mg.Kg-1 body weight) fed separately with raw and pasteurized camel milk for three weeks and injected with streptozotocin induced DM besides the investigation on the levels of blood glucose, cholesterol, triacylglycerol (TAG), and insulin. Results showed a significant hypoglycemic effect with both raw and pasteurized camel milk but, more prominent with the raw milk. Three weeks consumption of raw camel milk significantly increased blood cholesterol levels while consumption of pasteurized camel milk caused the reverse. Both types of camel milk revealed significant decrease in the blood TAG levels and were statistically validated. Thus, the present study recommends the choice of camel milk consumption especially in diabetic patients as well, as an immunity booster in the wake of the present environmental health issues.

АРТЕРИАЛЬНАЯ ЖЕСТКОСТЬ ПРИ СЕМЕЙНОЙ ГИПЕРХОЛЕСТЕРИНЕМИИ: ЕСТЬ ЛИ РИСКИ В ДЕТСКОМ ВОЗРАСТЕ?

The most common monogenic hereditary disease is familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), in which an abnormal increase in blood cholesterol levels has been observed since childhood and can lead to the development of premature atherosclerosis. Indicators of arterial stiffness can be used as independent markers of structural and morphological changes in the vascular wall. Objective of the study: to study the features of arterial stiffness in children with heterozygous FH. Materials and methods of research: an open prospective cohort single-center study was conducted from January 2017 to August 2021. It involved 87 children aged 5 to 17 years [median 11 years (7.0–15.0 years)], of which 44 children (21 boys and 23 girls) were diagnosed with FH, heterozygous form (set in accordance with Simon Broome British criteria), who did not undergo lipid-lowering therapy (the main group), and 43 healthy children (22 boys and 21 girls) included in the control group. Group differences in age and gender were not statistically significant (p=0.99 and p=0.749, respectively). All children underwent daily monitoring of blood pressure equipped with the option of measuring arterial stiffness Vasotens («Peter Telegin» LLC, Nizhny Novogorod). The pulse wave velocity in the aorta (PWVao), augmentation index (AIx), and the maximum rate of pressure rise (dp/dt) were evaluated. Results: children with FH showed a statistically significant increase in aortic pulse wave velocity (PWVao) compared to healthy peers: minimal [3.85 (3.3–5.25) m/s versus 3.3 (2.8–3.9) m/s, p=0.009], medium [6.8 (5.8–8.6) m/s versus 4.3 (3.7–5.1) m/s, p&lt;0.001] and maximum per day [8.25 (7.2–11.2) m/s versus 6.3 (5.15–7.25) m/s, p&lt;0.001]. In the FH group, compared with the control group, a statistically significant increase in the minimum [–69.61±8.08 (–72.07–(–67.16))% and –73.05±7.32 (–75.3–(–70.8))%, respectively, р=0.041] and the daily average augmentation index [–44.5 (–39.0–(–34.0))% and –50.0 (–59.5–(–44.0))% respectively, р&lt;0.001], medium [628.0 (582.0–730.0) mmHg/s and 569.0 (387.0–644.0) mmHg/s, respectively, p=0.001] and the maximum per day maximum rate of pressure rise [1109.5 (1030.8–1475.0) mmHg/s and 965.0 (667.5–1002.5) mmHg/s, respectively, p&lt;0.001]. Correlation analysis in the FH group showed statistically significant direct correlation between low density lipoprotein (LDL) content in the blood serum and maximum PWVao (r=0.485, p&lt;0.001) as well as between the LDL content in the blood serum and the average PWVao (r=0.492, p&lt;0.001). Conclusion: the results show, along with the increase in arterial stiffness in patients with FH, their relationship to the level of LDL, which allows to consider them as a possible additional method of determining cardiovascular risk in children with FH and assessing disease progression.

Modeling of fatty acid composition of combined food products

The object of research is the fatty acid composition of the milk-fat base for combined food products of a healthy diet. The biological effectiveness of fats is determined by the ratio of saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids, including the ratio of omega-3 PUFA: omega-6 PUFA. Not all foods have a balanced fatty acid composition, in particular, dairy products contain excessive amounts of SFAs, the excessive consumption of which leads to an increase in blood cholesterol levels, which increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. The amount of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, essential in nutrition, in milk fat (and, accordingly, in dairy products) is insufficient. Therefore, this study is aimed at developing the composition of the milk-fat base with a balanced fatty acid composition using natural vegetable oils. The work substantiates the expediency of using vegetable oils, namely pumpkin seed as a source of monounsaturated fatty acids, rice bran oil as a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids, to optimize the ratio of SFA: MUFA: PUFA when combined with milk fat in multicomponent food products. The fatty acid composition of the milk-fat base has been optimized using a three-component mixture of fats – milk fat, pumpkin seed oil and refined rice bran oil. The ratio of fatty acids in the milk-fat base for the production of food products with a balanced fatty acid composition (SFA: MUFA: PUFA – 0.442: 0.403: 0.155) has been determined, which is achieved with the optimal ratio of milk fat: rice bran oil: pumpkin seed oil – 20.2: 70.5: 9.3. Recommendations are given on the use of the developed milk-fat base with a balanced fatty acid composition in the production of combined dairy-vegetable food products. Since today dairy products with a balanced fatty acid composition are presented in limited quantities in the global consumer market, the implementation of research will expand the niche of «healthy food». And correctly conducted marketing activities, which are proposed in this work, will allow to gain a foothold in the market of healthy food products with a balanced chemical composition and an affordable price.

Maternal obesity reverses the resistance to LPS-induced adverse pregnancy outcome and increases female offspring metabolic alterations in cannabinoid receptor 1 knockout mice

Maternal overnutrition negatively impacts the offspring's health leading to an increased risk of developing chronic diseases or metabolic syndrome in adulthood. What we eat affects the endocannabinoid system (eCS) activity, which in turn modulates lipogenesis and fatty acids utilization in hepatic, muscle, and adipose tissues. This study aimed to evaluate the transgenerational effect of maternal obesity on cannabinoid receptor 1 knock-out (CB1 KO) animals in combination with a postnatal obesogenic diet on the development of metabolic disturbances on their offspring. CB1 KO mice were fed a control diet (CD) or a high-fat diet (HFD; 33% more energy from fat) for 3 months. Offspring born to control and obese mothers were also fed with CD or HFD. We observed that pups born to an HFD-fed mother presented higher postnatal weight, lower hepatic fatty acid amide hydrolase activity, and increased blood cholesterol levels when compared to the offspring born to CD-fed mothers. When female mice born to HFD-fed CB1 KO mothers were exposed to an HFD, they gained more weight, presented elevated blood cholesterol levels, and more abdominal adipose tissue accumulation than control-fed adult offspring. The eCS is involved in several reproductive physiological processes. Interestingly, we showed that CB1 KO mice in gestational day 15 presented resistance to LPS-induced deleterious effects on pregnancy outcome, which was overcome when these mice were obese. Our results suggest that an HFD in CB1 receptor-deficient mice contributes to a "nutritional programming" of the offspring resulting in increased susceptibility to metabolic challenges both perinatally and during adulthood.

A computer study of the risk of cholesterol gallstone associated with obesity and normal weight

Obese people differ from the people of normal weight in gall bladder motility and have a higher risk of cholesterol stone formation. In this study, using a mathematical model of cholesterol homeostasis, which also considers the enterohepatic circulation of bile as well as cholesterol, we investigated the risk of cholesterol stone formation in obese and normal-weight groups who had normal blood cholesterol levels. We associated the risk of stone formation with the amount of cholesterol released into bile and the amount of de novo-synthesized cholic acid. For both groups, we determined the conditions of low and high risk. In addition, we analyzed the potential effects of changes in gall bladder motility with increased weight. The results showed that the obese group exhibited increased kinetics of enterohepatic circulation, leading to a significant increase in blood cholesterol levels, which can be reduced by increasing the amount of cholesterol in bile. Based on this finding, we suggest that for obese people, it is beneficial to reduce the amount and change the composition of circulating bile through the inhibition of cholic acid synthesis along with cholesterol synthesis. Furthermore, obese people should maintain a triglyceride-lowering diet and consume small meals containing fat, preferably in combination with agents that can reduce bile output from the gall bladder.

Design and identification of a new farnesoid X receptor (FXR) partial agonist by computational structure–activity relationship analysis: Ligand-induced H8 helix fluctuation in the ligand-binding domain of FXR may lead to partial agonism

Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) controls gene-expression relevant to various diseases including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and has become a drug target to regulate metabolic aberrations. However, some side effects of FXR agonists reported in clinical development such as an increase in blood cholesterol levels incentivize the development of partial agonists to minimize side effects. In this study, to identify a new partial agonist, we analyzed the computational structure–activity relationship (SAR) of FXR agonists previously developed in our laboratories using molecular dynamics simulations. SAR analysis showed that fluctuations in the H8 helix, by ligand binding, of the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of FXR may influence agonistic activity. Based on this observation, 6 was newly designed as a partial agonist and synthesized. As a result of biological evaluations, 6 showed weak agonistic activity (40.0% relative agonistic activity to the full-agonist GW4064) and a potent EC50 value (55.5 nM). The successful identification of the new potent partial agonist 6 suggested that helix fluctuation in the LBD induced by ligands could be one way to develop partial agonists.

The influence of geriatric status on labor activity in women aged 55–64 years old

Aim: to estimate the associations between employment status, functional and cognitive status, physical health, and geriatric syndromes in women aged 55–64. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study included 250 women aged 55 to 64 years. Sociodemographic factors, functional and cognitive status, health status, risk factors for chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCD), and presence of NCD were analyzed. The prevalence of changes indicative of geriatric syndromes was estimated. Results. The study included 250 women aged 55–64 years (mean age 59.3 ± 2.9 years). Risk factors (RF) for NCD were identified in all subjects. Abdominal obesity and lipid metabolism disorders (increased blood cholesterol levels and LDL cholesterol levels) were the most common RFs for NCD. The incidence of dyslipidemia as RF NCD was 94%. CVD, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, gastrointestinal tract (GIT), varicose veins of the lower extremities, and endocrine pathology prevailed in NCD. In women aged 55–64 years, aging increases the likelihood that a woman will not work by 2.5 times, using ≥two assistive devices — 2 times, the presence of urinary incontinence/ leakage — 2.3 times, probable depression — 2.7 times. Conclusion: geriatric syndromes are primarily associated with a decrease in functional activity in women aged 55-64 years; this association is associated with socio-demographic, economic factors, and health status (the presence of FRs for NCD and NCD themselves).

The investigation of minor and rare Tunisian olive cultivars to enrich and diversify the olive genetic resources of the country

Extra virgin olive oil is a basic element of the Mediterranean diet which is linked to multiple health benefits. It is particularly rich in monounsaturated fatty acids, which among fat substances are the most active for the prevention of cardiovascular disorders, and poor in saturated fats, responsible for the increase in blood cholesterol levels and directly linked to pathology. The quality of an oil is strongly influenced by many factors, including the harvesting stage of olives. To ensure that the maximum benefits of flavour and health are extracted, the maturity index must be considered; in fact, very important minor compounds such as phenols, tocopherols, chlorophylls and carotenoids, but, also, the physicochemical characteristics, depend on it. In order to enrich and to diversify the olive oil production of the country, seven rare Tunisian olive cultivars were considered, Adheffou, Barouni, Boudaoud, Chemlali Chouamekh, Fougi Gtar, Zarrazi Gtar and Zarrazi Zarzis and compared to the two main cultivars, Chemlali Sfax and Chetoui. Best quality oils are produced from olives at early stages of maturity, but, some minor cultivars showed an opposite trend. In fact, the results obtained highlight that olives of Barouni and Chemlali Chouamekh cultivars, at an advanced ripening index, produced quality oils with high tocopherol and oleic acid contents. Moreover, Fougi Gtar and Zarrazi Gtar cultivar olive oils were characterized by the highest content of chlorophyll and total tocopherols. The opposite trend was observed for Barouni cultivar olive oils. Zarrazi Zarzis and Zarrazi Gtar cultivar olive oils were the richest in luteolin; Adheffou cultivar olive oils were the richest in apigenin; Boudaoud cultivar olive oils were the richest in rutin, and together with Chemlali Sfax and Chetoui cultivar, were the richest in verbascoside. Finally, Boudaoud and Chemlali Chouamekh cultivar olive oils were the most abundant in oleic acid.

Maternal obesogenic diet combined with postnatal exposure to high-fat diet induces metabolic alterations in offspring.

Maternal obesity has been shown to impact the offspring health during childhood and adult life. This study aimed to evaluate whether maternal obesity combined with postnatal exposure to an obesogenic diet could induce metabolic alterations in offspring. Female CD1 mice were fed a control diet (CD, 11.1% of energy from fat) or with a high-fat diet (HFD, 44.3% of energy from fat) for 3 months. After weaning, pups born from control and obese mothers were fed with CD or HFD for 3 months. Both mothers and offspring were weighted weekly and several blood metabolic parameters levels were evaluated. Here, we present evidence that the offspring from mothers exposed to a HFD showed increased acetylation levels of histone 3 on lysine 9 (H3K9) in the liver at postnatal Day 1, whereas the levels of acetylation of H4K16, dimethylation of H3K27, and trimethylation of H3K9 showed no change. We also observed a higher perinatal weight and increased blood cholesterol levels when compared to the offspring on postnatal Day 1 born from CD-fed mothers. When mice born from obese mothers were fed with HFD, we observed that they gained more weight, presented higher blood cholesterol levels, and abdominal adipose tissue than mice born to the same mothers but fed with CD. Collectively, our results point toward maternal obesity and HFD consumption as a risk factor for epigenetic changes in the liver of the offspring, higher perinatal weight, increased weight gain, and altered blood cholesterol levels.

PERBEDAAN TINGKAT KONSUMSI DAN KADAR KOLESTEROL DARAH ANTARA PEROKOK DAN NON PEROKOK

Cigarette smoke contains nicotine which disturbs health. Nicotine is capable of reducing the taste of food, so there is appetite suppressant. The ability of nicotine in increasing blood liposuction process can affect the increase in blood cholesterol level. The research aims to study the difference between food intake and blood cholesterol level between smokers and non-smokers. This study was a comparative observational analytic study using cross-sectional design. The data of particular subjects and smoking habit were obtained from the questionnaire. The food intake was obtained by interview using 2x24 hours food recall form while the blood cholesterol level was obtained by blood sampling which was then analyzed using laboratory test. The subjects were 13 smokers and 13 non-smokers, taken by simple random sampling. The data were analyzed by Independent t-Test. The results have suggested that the difference in the average food intake and blood cholesterol level between smokers and non-smokers were not significant. The substantial average difference was found in the level of cholesterol intake, so the statistical test has showed a significant difference, p-value = 0.005 &lt; α(0.05). Smoking has a harmful effect for health so people must decrease its consumption or stay abstinent from it. The longer human get exposed to cigarette, the more susceptible they get the illness from it.

PERBEDAAN TINGKAT KONSUMSI DAN KADAR KOLESTEROL DARAH ANTARA PEROKOK DAN NON PEROKOK

Cigarette smoke contains nicotine which disturbs health. Nicotine is capable of reducing the taste of food, so there is appetite suppressant. The ability of nicotine in increasing blood liposuction process can affect the increase in blood cholesterol level. The research aims to study the difference between food intake and blood cholesterol level between smokers and non-smokers. This study was a comparative observational analytic study using cross-sectional design. The data of particular subjects and smoking habit were obtained from the questionnaire. The food intake was obtained by interview using 2x24 hours food recall form while the blood cholesterol level was obtained by blood sampling which was then analyzed using laboratory test. The subjects were 13 smokers and 13 non-smokers, taken by simple random sampling. The data were analyzed by Independent t-Test. The results have suggested that the difference in the average food intake and blood cholesterol level between smokers and non-smokers were not significant. The substantial average difference was found in the level of cholesterol intake, so the statistical test has showed a significant difference, p-value = 0.005 &lt; α(0.05). Smoking has a harmful effect for health so people must decrease its consumption or stay abstinent from it. The longer human get exposed to cigarette, the more susceptible they get the illness from it.