Increase In Average Annual Temperature Research Articles

Forecast of innovative activity in key areas of energy transition technologies based on analysis of patent activity

Energy transition technologies aimed at increasing energy efficiency are a tool for achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement to limit the increase in average annual temperature. To increase the efficiency of implementation of these technologies, it is necessary to forecast innovative activity in the areas of hydrogen energy, CCUS and information technology based on taking into account key influencing factors, the contribution of sectors of the classical fuel and energy complex and the level of mutual influence of countries. Based on the analysis, a forecast was made to increase the share of the sector of international vertically integrated oil companies (VIOCs) in the total number of patents in the field of hydrogen energy by 2.5% points. and an increase in the share of the national vertically integrated oil company sector in the area of CCUS technologies by 10% points. by 2027. It has been determined that the innovative activity of the electricity and coal industry sectors in energy transition technologies is most resistant to the influence of external geopolitical and infrastructural crises. The market for CCUS technologies is currently more susceptible to the effects of international cooperation than the market for hydrogen energy technologies. The authors show that a decrease in the level of international integration by 25% points. over the past 5 years has led to a decrease in innovative activity in energy transition technologies by 15% points. In order to identify international barriers to the introduction of technologies, the authors provide a comparative analysis of the level of mutual influence of countries within the framework of international economic associations using the examples of the SCO, BRICS, and MERCOSUR. The highest level of mutual influence was identified within the framework of SCO interaction. According to the analysis, the entry of new countries into BRICS in 2024 will lead to a decrease in the integral level of innovation activity by 30% points. from the current value and strength of mutual influence of countries by 50% points. Taking into account the identified positive relationship between revenue and innovative activity in the area of information technology, it is recommended to direct investments primarily in favor of Industry 4.0 solutions.

Surface Temperature Changes and Effects on Cocoa Yield in the Top Four Cocoa Producing Countries of Africa: A Comparative Analysis

Cocoa is a leading export crop to the world market and Cote D’Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroon in Africa, accounts for about 70% of the global supply. However, increasing global warming with attendant high ambient temperature had affected yields in the tropical regions of Africa. The data of 61 years (1961 – 2021), area harvested (ha), yield (kg/ha) and temperature (OC) were sourced from the database of Food and Agricultural Organisation Corporate Statistical (FAOSTAT). Least squares regression and correlation analysis models were used for data analysis. Results showed that mean ambient temperature in Cote D’Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroon have increased by 0.7661, 0.7507, 0.7333 and 0.6400 OC for a total of 51, 51, 50 and 49 years respectively, while mean decreases were 0.1541, 0.1693, 0.1710, 0.1392oC for 10, 10, 11 and 12 years respectively. Annual average temperature increase was highest (0.0243oC) in Cote D’Ivoire with regression coefficient (R2) of 0.7232 and least (0.0200oC) in Nigeria at R2 of 0.6380. However, in both countries, annual temperature decreased by 0.0012o and 0.0007o with R2 of 0.0052 and 0.0014 respectively. The mean annual temperature increase in Ghana and Cameroon were 0.023o and 0.0204o with R2 of 0.7364 and 0.6965 respectively, while the decreases were 0.0019o and -0.0011o with R2 of 0.0152 and 0.0431 respectively. The cocoa cumulative yield (kg/ha) reduced by 105.8, 90.8 and 75.0kg/ha respectively in Cote D’Ivoire, Ghana and Cameroon when temperature decreased, but increased by 12.5kg/ha in Nigeria during same temperature decreasing trend. In Ghana and Cameroon, cocoa annual yield was higher in the years of temperature increase, while decreased ambient temperature enhanced cocoa yield in Nigeria and Cote D’Ivoire. Hence, to enhance cocoa yield in the top four cocoa producing countries of Africa, the ambient temperatures should be controlled through the adoption of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP).

Spatiotemporal shifts in humidification zones: assessing climate impact on bioclimatic landscapes.

Climate change is a global problem that is accompanied by the significant changes in humidification conditions in many regions all over the world. The study examined spatiotemporal changes in humidification zones in southern Russia in the period 1961-2020. Humidification zones were determined in accordance with the classification of the Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient. During the research period, a significant increase in average annual temperatures was noted for the region (+ 0.31°C/decade) and generally positive, but insignificant, dynamics of annual precipitation (+ 4.80mm/decade). These changes were accompanied by a significant shift in the humidification zones. Despite some periods of decline, the territories of semi-desert and desert zones, as well as dry steppes, have significantly expanded from the east of the region to the west in the last decade. The expansion of these zones was primarily due to a reduction in the area of the more humid steppe zone, with a lesser contribution from the forest-steppe zone. Overall, during the study period, the area of semi-desert and desert zone expanded by an average of + 5.505 thou km2/decade. The zone of the Taiga and deciduous forests has not undergone significant changes. The results obtained indicate arid warming and a general deterioration in humidification conditions in most of southern Russia in the period 1961-2020. According to calculations, further warming, other things being equal, can lead to an even greater expansion of the semi-desert and desert bioclimatic zone, which can provoke a number of socio-economic and environmental problems, especially in the eastern part of the region.

Sustainable forest development in the face of global warming: Optimizing Robinia pseudoacacia L. stands to alleviate soil moisture depletion

To foster sustainable forest development amid global warming, it is imperative to enhance the quality of existing forest stands while avoiding excessive depletion of soil moisture. This study established 24 Robinia pseudoacacia L. standard plots (40 × 40 m2) in the Caijiachuan watershed, located in the gully region of the Loess Plateau, Shanxi Province, China, to monitor soil moisture content from 2007 to 2021. Additionally, the study examined the influence of 19 ecological factors, including climate, topography, and stand characteristics, on soil moisture. The findings indicated a sustained decline in soil moisture storage across the 0–200 cm soil profile, with significant depletion at 0–140 cm. The soil moisture content at depths of 80–200 cm was critically low, resulting in a “dry soil layer” during years with low precipitation. Climatic factors (average annual temperature and annual precipitation) and stand factors (uniform angle index, stand density, litter thickness, and Simpson diversity index of the shrubs) emerged as dominant factors impacting soil moisture variations. An increase in average annual temperature due to global warming, compounded by suboptimal stand density, primarily drove soil moisture depletion. Using a multivariate optimization equation to model the relationship between dominant factors and soil moisture storage, this study recommends a dynamic stand management strategy. This strategy involves selective thinning or replanting of Robinia pseudoacacia L. trees, targeting a gradual reduction in optimal stand density from 1500 to 1000 plants·ha−1 over the next two decades. Additionally, transitioning stand spatial arrangements from uniform or clustered to random distributions, maintaining ideal litter thickness (2.43–2.47 cm), and enhancing shrub diversity are advisable. Such measures can alleviate soil moisture deficits in Robinia pseudoacacia L. stands attributable to global warming, thereby promoting the Loess Plateau's sustainable forestry advancement.

Влияние климатических изменений на развитие сельского хозяйства агроэкологических зон Республики Нигер

Climate change poses a significant threat to the ecosystems and biodiversity of the Niger Republic, especially given the critical role of vegetation cover in maintaining the resilience of local ecosystems. This study analyzed the impact of climate change on vegetation in Niger using geoinformation systems and remote sensing technologies. The main research method was the analysis of satellite data from MODIS, Landsat and Sentinel, as well as the use of climate data from the NASA POWER Data Access Viewer portal. The results showed a significant increase in average annual temperatures and a decrease in precipitation in various climatic zones of the country, which negatively affects the state of vegetation and agriculture. NDVI analysis revealed degradation of vegetation cover in the northern and eastern regions of the country, indicating the need to develop adaptation strategies and sustainable management of natural resources. Keywords: REPUBLIC OF THE NIGER, GEOINFORMATION ANALYSIS, REMOTE SENSING OF THE EARTH, GEOINFORMATION SYSTEMS, VEGETATION COVER, AGRICULTURE, ATMOSPHERIC PRECIPITATION

Влияние климатических изменений на развитие сельского хозяйства агроэкологических зон Республики Нигер

Climate change poses a significant threat to the ecosystems and biodiversity of the Niger Republic, especially given the critical role of vegetation cover in maintaining the resilience of local ecosystems. This study analyzed the impact of climate change on vegetation in Niger using geoinformation systems and remote sensing technologies. The main research method was the analysis of satellite data from MODIS, Landsat and Sentinel, as well as the use of climate data from the NASA POWER Data Access Viewer portal. The results showed a significant increase in average annual temperatures and a decrease in precipitation in various climatic zones of the country, which negatively affects the state of vegetation and agriculture. NDVI analysis revealed degradation of vegetation cover in the northern and eastern regions of the country, indicating the need to develop adaptation strategies and sustainable management of natural resources. Keywords: REPUBLIC OF THE NIGER, GEOINFORMATION ANALYSIS, REMOTE SENSING OF THE EARTH, GEOINFORMATION SYSTEMS, VEGETATION COVER, AGRICULTURE, ATMOSPHERIC PRECIPITATION

A research on the relationship between landslide area changes and environmental factors in the southern Tibetan plateau

Introduction: Landslides are known to be one of the most frequent types of geological disasters. However, there is not an established method for large-scale, rapid, and high-precision landslide extraction. The quantitative impact of environmental changes on landslide development is also not well understood, which hinders accurate assessments and decision-making in environmental and disaster response. The polar regions, including the Antarctic, the Arctic, and the Tibetan plateau (TP), sensitive to global environmental changes, are significantly affected by global warming. This leads to extensive landslide development, particularly in the southern TP. This research focuses on new landslides in the southern TP, exploring extraction methods and the relationship between landslides and environmental factors.Methods: Utilizing the Google Earth Engine (GEE) and an improved Otsu threshold segmentation algorithm, we processed remote sensing images with 10 m resolution to identify landslide areas. The proposed Normalized Landslide Bare-soil Separation Index (NDLBSI) achieved an 87% pre-extraction accuracy in extracting landslides from Sentinel-2 images from 2019 to 2023. For the pre-extraction results, manual interpretation and correction were carried out, and a model correlating annual landslide changes with environmental factors was established based on least squares multivariate statistical methods.Results: Results show that a significant increase in landslide areas in the southern TP over the past 5 years, correlating with the watershed-wide increase in annual average temperature and vegetation cover, along with a decrease in snow cover area.Discussion: These changes could affect soil and rock moisture, influencing soil stability and landslide occurrence. The study provides valuable insights for large-scale landslide detection and understanding the environmental factors influencing landslides, which is of some significance for landslide hazards early warning.

Fuzzy clustering-based climatic zoning method for building climate responsiveness in Qinba region, China

Accurate climate zoning is crucial for enhancing energy efficiency. This study aims to further subdivide microclimate zones to enhance the precision of climate zoning and subsequently propose climate response strategies for the refined areas. The Qinba region, a climatic transition zone between northern and southern China, serves as the focal point of this study. The research employs a fuzzy clustering method, utilizing integrated weights on seven meteorological indicators spanning 40-year period, to delineate climate zones in the Qinba region. The results indicate that parts of Qinba region can be categorized into three clusters significantly correlated with altitude, which are closely consistent with the distribution of climate data and previous researches. Lower altitude areas experience hot summers and warm winters, while higher altitude regions have warm summers and cold winters with a larger increase in average annual temperature. Furthermore, this research confirms the alignment of climate zones with climate response strategies through investigation of over 30 traditional villages with climatic experience and simulation of three typical cities using climate software. Both sources emphasize the significance of sun shading, ventilation, and solar gain as key strategies applicable across all three zones. The proposed method accurately synthesizes various dimensions of meteorological data and is suitable for small-scale climate zoning. It can provide valuable insights for advancing climate-complex small-area zoning and climate-responsive strategies.

Extreme temperatures and school performance of the poor: Evidence from Mexico

As the risks associated with climate change intensify, understanding its impacts on human capital development is crucial. In this paper, we analyze the causal effects of temperature on the academic performance of students in Mexico, a middle-income country facing significant climate risks and socioeconomic challenges. Using panel data on over 5.5 million students, our results show that a 1 °C increase in annual average temperature leads to a 0.07 and 0.08 standard deviation decrease in Spanish and math test scores, respectively. Moreover, a one standard deviation (0.93 °C) increase in the long-term municipal temperature average is associated with 0.04 and 0.03 standard deviation declines in those scores. The effects are context-dependent - students in historically colder municipalities actually benefit from hotter temperatures, likely due to improved learning conditions in under-insulated schools and homes. However, the detrimental impacts appear consistent across urban, rural, and socioeconomically disadvantaged areas, underscoring the vulnerability of marginalized populations to the academic consequences of climate change. Overall, our findings highlight the urgency of addressing the educational dimensions of the global climate crisis through targeted interventions and adaptive policies, particularly in low-and middle-income countries.

Climate-Affected Australian Tropical Montane Cloud Forest Plants: Metabolomic Profiles, Isolated Phytochemicals, and Bioactivities.

The Australian Wet Tropics World Heritage Area (WTWHA) in northeast Queensland is home to approximately 18 percent of the nation's total vascular plant species. Over the past century, human activity and industrial development have caused global climate changes, posing a severe and irreversible danger to the entire land-based ecosystem, and the WTWHA is no exception. The current average annual temperature of WTWHA in northeast Queensland is 24 °C. However, in the coming years (by 2030), the average annual temperature increase is estimated to be between 0.5 and 1.4 °C compared to the climate observed between 1986 and 2005. Looking further ahead to 2070, the anticipated temperature rise is projected to be between 1.0 and 3.2 °C, with the exact range depending on future emissions. We identified 84 plant species, endemic to tropical montane cloud forests (TMCF) within the WTWHA, which are already experiencing climate change threats. Some of these plants are used in herbal medicines. This study comprehensively reviewed the metabolomics studies conducted on these 84 plant species until now toward understanding their physiological and metabolomics responses to global climate change. This review also discusses the following: (i) recent developments in plant metabolomics studies that can be applied to study and better understand the interactions of wet tropics plants with climatic stress, (ii) medicinal plants and isolated phytochemicals with structural diversity, and (iii) reported biological activities of crude extracts and isolated compounds.

Four years of climate warming reduced dark carbon fixation in coastal wetlands.

Dark carbon fixation (DCF), conducted mainly by chemoautotrophs, contributes greatly to primary production and the global carbon budget. Understanding the response of DCF process to climate warming in coastal wetlands is of great significance for model optimization and climate change prediction. Here, based on a 4-yr field warming experiment (average annual temperature increase of 1.5°C), DCF rates were observed to be significantly inhibited by warming in coastal wetlands (average annual DCF decline of 21.6%, and estimated annual loss of 0.08-1.5 Tg C yr-1 in global coastal marshes), thus causing a positive climate feedback. Under climate warming, chemoautotrophic microbial abundance and biodiversity, which were jointly affected by environmental changes such as soil organic carbon and water content, were recognized as significant drivers directly affecting DCF rates. Metagenomic analysis further revealed that climate warming may alter the pattern of DCF carbon sequestration pathways in coastal wetlands, increasing the relative importance of the 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle, whereas the relative importance of the dominant chemoautotrophic carbon fixation pathways (Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle and W-L pathway) may decrease due to warming stress. Collectively, our work uncovers the feedback mechanism of microbially mediated DCF to climate warming in coastal wetlands, and emphasizes a decrease in carbon sequestration through DCF activities in this globally important ecosystem under a warming climate.

Global Climate Change Analysis based on Shared Socioeconomic Pathway Scenarios and Disaster Damage Analysis Using Hazards-US (HAZUS)

In this study, a global temperature rise by +1.9 to 5.2 ℃ was expected at the end of the 21st century due to greenhouse gas emissions based on a report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and a 1.6 ℃ increase in annual average temperature in Korea over the last 109 years (1912 to 2020) was confirmed. These climate changes have increased heat waves and extreme climate indices worldwide, and natural disasters have increased in Korea due to irregular changes in heat waves and precipitation. In addition, this study on disaster damage estimation was conducted using Hazards-US-Multi-Hazard (HAZUS-MH), a disaster damage assessment platform used in the United States. HAZUS-MH was selected because it is stable and robust for various disaster scenarios as well as specific geographical and climate conditions and is reliable for disaster management and response even though it has difficulty reflecting specific domestic environments. The results showed that seismic damage reduction costs can be significantly decreased through the integration of early warning and preventive measures under the scenario of Pohang earthquake magnitude 5.4. This study provides insight into domestic climate change and disaster management and emphasizes the need for future response and model development. An effective response to climate change is expected to play an important role in ensuring national and regional safety and stability.

On aquatic macrophytes in the ultracontinental climate conditions of the Upper Indigirka River

The first results of the study of aquatic macrophytes of the Upper Indigirka River area are presented. The species composition includes ~84 species (~74 vascular plants and more than 10 cryptogamous macrophytes). 47 water bodies of different age, size and origin (tectonic, glacial, river, thermokarst and artificial) were studied. For each type of water bodies, the main ecological characteristics, features of the species composition and vegetation cover are given. The most common type of water bodies of the territory is thermokarst, and the greatest floristic diversity (54 species of macrophytes) is found here. There are 40 species in tectonic lakes, 37 - in rivers lakes, 35 - in glacial lakes, the lowest diversity was for small artificial waterbodies. For the Oimyakon District, new records of protected species are reported: macroalga Tolypella canadensis, vascular plants Isoetes echinospora, Nuphar pumila, Nymphaea tetragona (common and its rare pink-flowered form) and Subularia aquatica. Possible consequences for aquatic ecosystems while maintaining current trends in climate change (increase in average annual temperature, shift to earlier periods of spring warmth, changes in the amount and distribution of precipitation, depth of seasonal thawing of soils) leading to degradation of permafrost and their impact on the biodiversity of aquatic macrophytes in the region are discussed. The most vulnerable aquatic ecosystems of the Oimyakon Highlands are the mature thermokarst lakes.

Peculiarities of Respiration and Photosynthesis Processes of Plants Belonging to the Genera Catalpa L. and Paulownia L. Used in Landscaping of the City of Vanadzor

Key words: global climate change, biodiversity, greening, introduced species The species composition of biodiversity is negatively affected by global climate change. As a result of global warming, changes in the physiological processes of many plant species occur. Due to global warming, it has been recorded that many introduced plant species are well adaptable in the wild and suitable for cultivation. Presumably plants, belonging to the genera Catalpa L. and Paulownia L. are such species of plants. Given the projections of global warming, the selection of plant species for urban greening should prioritize not only their fast growth rate and adaptability but also an examination of their fundamental physiological processes, specifically focusing on photosynthesis and respiration, within the specific urban environment. Based on the research conducted in the city of Vanadzor in June and August 2023, it has been determined that plants from the genera Catalpa L. and Paulownia L. are among the introduced species utilized for the city's landscaping. Previously, plant species belonging to these genera were not used in landscaping. In all likelihood, the climatic conditions of Vanadzor were unfavorable for growing these plants. Due to the increase in average annual temperature, plants belonging to these two genera were discovered in the green spaces of the city of Vanadzor. In the trees belonging to the genus Catalpa L. in the city of Vanadzor, there was a recorded increase in photosynthetic activity by 1.025 times at the end of the growing season. This is significant because the utilization of this plant type for city greening can help reduce CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. On the other hand, the examination of the basic physiological processes in trees belonging to the genus Paulownia L. indicates a high rate of respiration intensity, resulting in the release of CO2 gas into the atmosphere in these plant species. These findings emphasize the need for a scientific approach to landscaping, taking into account the projected climate changes in the city of Vanadzor.

CLIMATE CHANGES IN THE SEA OF AZOV REGION OVER THE LAST 126 THOUSAND YEARS AND THE PROBLEM OF LOW FLOW

In the last 15 years, in the south of the European part of Russia, including in the Sea of Azov region, there has been a period of low water associated with a decrease of river flow. This leads to a number of negative consequences for the population of the region, agriculture, inland navigation, and transformations of the ecosystems of the Sea of Azov. The article discusses a retrospective analysis of changing of climate and watering of the territory during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene, based both on the results of paleogeographic studies and on archival and historical data. It is shown that changes in environmental parameters, including the amount of precipitation, on which the full flow of the Don river depends, is cyclical. Currently, there is a cycle associated with a significant decrease of the annual precipitation amount and an increase in average annual temperatures.

UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CHANGE IN ETHIOPIA: IMPACTS AND SOLUTIONS

Climate change poses a global challenge with profound impacts on diverse aspects of the environment and human society. Understanding these impacts is crucial for formulating effective mitigation strategies. As one of the most critical threats to sustainable development, climate change is anticipated to affect the environment, human health, food security, economic activities, natural resources and physical infrastructure. This review focuses on climate change, its consequences and mitigation efforts in Ethiopia. Ethiopia has encountered both climate variability and change, evident in an average annual temperature increase of about 1.3∘C since 1960, with a corresponding rise of 0.28∘C per decade. Spatial and temporal variations in precipitation have also intensified, highlighting the country’s exposure to climate fluctuations. To address these challenges, the Ethiopian government has implemented various policies, strategies and programs aimed at enhancing adaptive capacity and minimizing the impacts of climate variability and change. The Climate-Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) of Ethiopia centers on four pillars: agriculture, forestry, renewable energy and advanced technologies. These pillars form the foundation for Ethiopia’s pursuit of a sustainable green economy. In conclusion, this review delves into the examination of climate change, its repercussions and the ongoing efforts to mitigate its effects in Ethiopia.

Yield structure of safflower under the influence of row width and seeding rate

Purpose. To establish the peculiarities of the productivity formation of different safflower varieties under the influence row width and seeding rate in the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The research was carried out in typical chernozem at the agronomic research station of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine in 2021–2022 as a three-factor field experiment. Factor A (variety): ‘Dobrynia’ and ‘Soniachnyi’; factor B (row width): 19, 38, and 57 cm; factor C (seeding rate): 100, 200 and 300 thousand seeds/ha. Results. In the experiment, plant height of the variety ‘Dobrynia’ varied between 100.7 and 114.3 cm and 'Soniachnyi' between 93.5 and 108.9 cm. The number of heads per plant was 15.5–20.6 and 7.0–19.8, 1000-kernel weight 40.6–45.4 g and 38.8–47.7 g, respectively; number of seeds per plant 148–513 and 145–508, seed weight per plant 6.9–22.5 and 6.9–22.7 g/plant. As for plant height, in both varieties, its indicators increased with an increase in the seeding rate for all variants of row widths, reaching maximum values with a row width of 19 cm and a seeding rate of 300,000 seeds/ha. The rest of the biometric parameters, on the contrary, showed a clear regularity to decrease along with an increase in the seeding rate. At the same time, the highest number of heads and the seed weight per plant were in variants with a row width of 38 cm; the highest 1000- kernel weight was for the row width of 57 cm; the highest number of seeds per plant was for the row width of 19 cm. The biological yield of seeds in the experiment ranged from 1.25 to 2.55 t/ha in ‘Dobrynia’ and from 1.21 to 2.52 t/ha in ‘Soniachnyi'. In both varieties, biological yield increased with an increase in the seeding rate, reaching maximum values at a row width of 38 cm. Conclusions. Both studied varieties demonstrated the highest yield for the row width of 38 cm and a seeding rate of 300,000 seeds/ha: 2.55 t/ha ‘Dobrynia’ and 2.52 t/ha ‘Soniachnyi’. Despite the fact that these safflower varieties are recommended for the cultivation in the southern regions, they are quite adaptive for the cultivation in the north of Ukraine as well, taking into account the gradual increase in average annual temperatures and high soil fertility.

Interactions of urbanisation, climate variability, and infectious disease dynamics: insights from the Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu.

Climate change and shifts in land use/land cover (LULC) are critical factors affecting the environmental, societal, and health landscapes, notably influencing the spread of infectious diseases. This study delves into the intricate relationships between climate change, LULC alterations, and the prevalence of vector-borne and waterborne diseases in Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu, India, between 1985 and 2015. The research utilised Landsat-4, Landsat-5, and Landsat-8 data to generate LULC maps, applying the maximum likelihood algorithm to highlight significant transitions over the years. This study revealed that built-up areas have increased by 67%, primarily at the expense of agricultural land, which was reduced by 51%. Temperature and rainfall data were obtained from APHRODITE Water Resources, and with a statistical analysis of the time series data revealed an annual average temperature increase of 1.8°C and a minor but statistically significant rainfall increase during the study period. Disease data was obtained from multiple national health programmes, revealing an increasing trend in dengue and diarrhoeal diseases over the study period. In particular, dengue cases surged, correlating strongly with the increase in built-up areas and temperature. This research is instrumental for policy decisions in public health, urban planning, and climate change mitigation. Amidst limited research on the interconnections among infectious diseases, climate change, and LULC changes in India, our study serves as a significant precursor for future management strategies in Coimbatore and analogous regions.

The association between ambient temperature and antimicrobial resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae in China: a difference-in-differences analysis.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) poses a significant global public health threat and is responsible for a high prevalence of infections and mortality. However, knowledge about how ambient temperature influences the AMR of K. pneumoniae is limited in the context of global warming. AMR data of 31 Chinese provinces was collected from the China Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (CARSS) between 2014 and 2020. Socioeconomic and meteorological data were collected from the China Statistical Yearbook during the same period. A modified difference-in-differences (DID) approach was applied to estimate the association between ambient temperature and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant K. pneumoniae (3GCRKP) and carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP). Furthermore, moderating effects of socioeconomic factors were also evaluated. Every 1°C increase in annual average temperature was associated with a 4.7% (relative risk (RR):1.047, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.031-1.082) increase in the detection rate of 3GCRKP, and a 10.7% (RR:1.107, 95% CI: 1.011-1.211) increase in the detection rate of CRKP. The relationships between ambient temperature and 3GCRKP and CRKP were found to be moderated by socioeconomic status (GDP per capita, income per capita, and consumption per capita; the interaction p-values <0.05), where higher economic status was found to strengthen the effects of temperature on the detection rate of 3GCRKP and weaken the effects on the detection rate of CRKP. Ambient temperature was found to be positively associated with AMR of K. pneumoniae, and this association was moderated by socioeconomic status. Policymakers should consider the impact of global warming and high temperatures on the spread of 3GCRKP and CRKP when developing strategies for the containment of AMR.

The Impact of Increasing Forest Loss Areas on the Global Temperature, and Tourism Industry

This paper aims to investigate the relationship between deforestation, climate change, and the tourism industry, and to explore the potential impacts of decreasing forest areas on these phenomena. The background of the study is that deforestation has become a major environmental problem in many parts of the world, with significant consequences for the global climate and natural ecosystems. Climate change, in turn, has a range of impacts on human societies, including changes in weather patterns, rising sea levels, and altered ecosystems.&#x0D; The study found that decreasing forest areas have a significant impact on increasing global temperatures, as forests play a critical role in absorbing and storing carbon dioxide, one of the main greenhouse gases responsible for climate change. As a result, deforestation contributes to the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which contributes to global warming. The study also highlighted the impact of climate change on the tourism industry, which can alter weather patterns and affect the availability of natural attractions.&#x0D; In terms of concrete values, the study provides specific data on the forest area and the annual change in forest area for six countries, including Brazil, Indonesia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Peru, Thailand, and Costa Rica. The study also provides data on the average annual temperature increase from 1990 to 2019 for these countries, as well as international tourist arrivals in 2019.&#x0D; The study further emphasizes the role of sustainable forest management and eco-tourism in mitigating the negative impacts of deforestation on the tourism industry. This includes promoting responsible tourism practices, such as minimizing environmental impacts, supporting local communities, and conserving natural resources. Overall, the study provides valuable insights into the complex relationship between forest conservation, climate change, and the tourism industry, and highlights the importance of sustainable practices for the long-term viability of both the natural environment and the tourism sector.