Increasing Inclination Angle Research Articles

Mechanism of sodium lauryl sulfate reducing froth stability of dodecylamine in hematite flotation: Experiments and molecular dynamics simulation

In this study, the influence of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) on the stability of dodecylamine (DDA) froth during the reverse flotation of hematite was investigated due to the frequent issue of excessively viscous foam leading to suboptimal reverse flotation outcomes. The research involved conducting flotation tests and two/three-phase froth stability assessments to explore how a specific molar ratio combination of DDA and SLS could enhance the flotation performance while simultaneously mitigating froth stability. The investigation into the mechanism by which SLS reduces the stability of DDA froth was aided by molecular dynamics simulations. The findings revealed that in the collector system comprising DDA and SLS, several key changes occurred at the molecular level. These included a decrease in the thickness of the electric double layer at the interface, a reduction in the thickness of the gas–liquid interface layer, weakening of the interaction strength between the head group and water molecules, a decrease in the coordination numbers of water molecules in the first hydration layer, and an enhanced migration ability of water molecules. Furthermore, there was an increased inclination angle between the head groups or molecular chains of the collector and the Z-axis, resulting in a diminished interaction depth between the head group and water and a closer positioning of the molecular tail chain to the gas–liquid interface with a more pronounced curvature. Consequently, these molecular adjustments led to a sparser arrangement of DDA molecules at the gas–liquid interface, lower coverage of the interface adsorption layer, and increased gas permeation, ultimately reducing DDA froth stability. The aforementioned conclusions provide a comprehensive molecular-level analysis of the principal mechanisms that can effectively reduce foam stability, including the attenuation of molecular head group-water interactions, reduction in gas–liquid interface layer thickness, decrease in gas–liquid interface orderliness, and enhancement of water molecule migration capability. The implications of this research extend to providing theoretical insights for addressing foam control challenges in DDA flotation processes.

Research on the Brazilian splitting characteristics and failure mechanism of jointed composite disks

The stress state of composite rock joints has a significant impact on the overall stability of the rock mass. Studying the composite mechanism disk specimens with different matrix strengths and inclination angles under Brazilian splitting state is of great significance for improving the safety of surrounding rock. This research conducted Brazilian tests on different types of jointed composite disk specimens at different inclination angles and explored the effects of inclination angle and material strength on the mechanical properties and deformation characteristics of specimens. Clarified the failure mechanism of joint specimen. The experimental results indicate that the disk specimens under different inclination angles exhibit three typical failure modes. As the inclination angle increases, failure mode changes from Disk matrix failure (DM failure) to Disk matrix and structural failure (DMS failure), and ultimately to Disk structural failure (DS failure). Failure load, input energy, and strain energy of the specimen continue to decrease as the inclination angle increases and the matrix strength decreases. The decrease in matrix material significantly weakens the strength of the specimen, but this effect continues to decrease with the increase of inclination angle. DIC results show that as the inclination angle increases, the position of cracks exists from the loading end to the joint surface. Through theoretical analysis, it is found that as the inclination angle increases, the stress state at the center of the specimens changes from compression-shear state to shear state, and finally to tension state, corresponding to three failure modes: DM failure, DMS failure, and DS failure, respectively.

A new mechanistic model to predict liquid loading in inclined natural gas wells

Accurately predicting the critical gas velocity and inclination angle is crucial for gas field development. However, the mechanism of liquid loading remains elusive due to insufficient attention given to the multivaluedness of flow structures and phase non-uniformity. This paper theoretically studied the flow pattern and gas-liquid configuration in wellbore based on the minimum energy principle. The Kelvin-Helmholtz instability of liquid film was analyzed, and a new correlation for the interfacial friction factor was proposed based on wave properties. The results indicated that the flow pattern transitioned from stratified to annular flow as the inclination angle increased. The gas-liquid interface presented a curved shape, with the interface curvature being influenced by various factors such as fluid properties, tube diameter, inclination angle, and gas and liquid velocities. As the inclination angle increases, the critical gas velocity first increases and then decreases, reaching a peak between 44° and 59°, aligning well with experimental and conventional results. Larger tube diameter, higher liquid density, and viscosity result in a higher critical gas velocity. Waves are more prone to develop in inclined pipes, and capillary waves can break up liquid film due to instability, leading to a discontinuous flow in inclined tubes. Film instability is exacerbated by a smaller diameter, higher liquid holdup, or greater inclination angle. Finally, a new model was devised to predict liquid loading in inclined natural gas wells, demonstrating better performance than existing models. In practice, the present model can achieve real-time prediction of critical gas velocity and continuously monitor the location of liquid accumulation in gas wells over the lifespan.

Study on mechanical behavior of inclined cemented tailings composite backfill (CTCB) under uniaxial compression

The goaf volume in the vacancy method of hard rock mines is significantly larger than the filling capacity, forming layered and inclined planes during the large-scale filling process. This results in unclear mechanical impact mechanisms on the backfill. To investigate the effect of interface inclination angle on the mechanical behavior of backfill, a set of cemented tailings composite backfill (CTCB) samples with interface inclination angles of 15°, 30°, and 45° are prepared. Uniaxial compression tests and digital image correlation techniques are used to investigate the influence of various interface inclination angles on the strength, deformation behavior, and failure mode of the CTCB. The results show that: (1) The uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of the CTCB weakens with increasing interface inclination angle but consistently shows exponential growth with curing age (CA) regardless of the interface inclination angle. (2) The interface inclination angle controls the behavior and classification characteristics of the stress-strain curve of CTCB samples, and the increase of interface inclination angle weakens the elastic modulus. (3) The interface inclination angle significantly influences the failure mode and classification characteristics of the samples compared to CA and tailing-to-cement ratio (TCR), with shear slip failure induced by the former and axial splitting failure induced by the latter. The research provides a theoretical basis for understanding the mechanical behavior and stability control of inclined CTCB in underground mining.

Numerical analysis on hydrodynamic performance and wake recovery of helical-bladed hydrokinetic turbine: Impact of section inclination angle

In the context of exploiting renewable sources, cross-flow helical hydrokinetic turbine is conceded as one of the promising choices to unlock the potential in free-flowing water bodies. This study examines the impact of blade section inclination angle (−10° to +8°) and operational parameters, namely, tip speed ratio (0.6–1.4) and inflow velocity (1.0–2.5 m/s) on the performance as well as wake recovery of a 4-bladed rotor. The coefficients of power and section-averaged mean streamwise velocity deficit values are computed by solving the unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations coupled with k-ε RNG turbulence model using numerical simulations to assess the performance and velocity recovery, respectively. The power coefficients are seen to be improved with an increase in negative section inclination angle and are found optimum in the range from −6° to −10° at a tip speed ratio of 1.0. The simulation results also reveal that the section inclination angle and tip speed ratio parameters significantly influence the velocity recovery. Furthermore, the performance decreases as the inflow velocity increases; however, the wake recovery is unaffected, with an identical wake length of 13 times the rotor diameter along the streamwise direction at a tip speed ratio of 1.0.

Experimental Study on Fracture Toughness of Shale Based on Three-Point Bending Semi-Circular Disk Samples

A large number of construction practice projects have found that there are many joints and microcracks in rock, concrete, and other structures, which cause the complexity of rock mechanical properties and are the main cause of geological or engineering disasters such as earthquakes, landslides, and rock bursts. To establish a rock fracture toughness evaluation method and understand the distribution range of fracture toughness of Longmaxi Formation shale, this study prepared three-point bending semi-circular disk shale samples of Longmaxi Formation with different crack inclination angles. The dimensionless fracture parameters of the samples, including the dimensionless stress intensity factors of type I, type II, and T-stress, were calibrated using the finite element method. Then, the peak load of the samples was tested using quasi-static loading, and the load–displacement curve characteristics of Longmaxi Formation shale and the variation in fracture toughness with crack inclination angle were analyzed. The study concluded that the specimens exhibited significant brittle failure characteristics and that the stress intensity factor is not the sole parameter controlling crack propagation in rock materials. With an increase in crack inclination angle, the prefabricated crack propagation gradually transitions from being dominated by type I fracture to type II fracture, and the T-stress changes from negative to positive, gradually increasing its influence on the fracture. An excessively large relative crack length increases the error in fracture toughness test results. Therefore, this paper suggests that the relative crack length a/R should be between 0.2 and 0.6. The fracture load distribution range of shale samples with different crack angles is 3.27 kN to 10.92 kN. As the crack inclination angle increases, the maximum load that the semi-circular disk shale samples can bear gradually increases. The pure type I fracture toughness of Longmaxi Formation shale is 1.13–1.38 MPa·m1/2, the pure type II fracture toughness is 0.55–0.62 MPa·m1/2, and the T-stress variation range of shale samples with different inclination angles is −0.49–9.48 MPa.

Fluctuating blood flow of a two-phase dusty fluid undergoing isothermal heating

This study investigates the dynamic behavior of a two-phase dusty fluid under isothermal heating conditions, with implications for physiological fluid dynamics. The fluid, modeled as blood in contrast to a Casson fluid, flows within a channel formed by two inclined plates. One plate experience arbitrary wall shear stress, while the other undergoes oscillations. Magnetic field and porous medium effects are considered. Initially formulated as partial differential equations (PDEs), the problem is transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using similarity transformations. Analytical solutions for fluid velocity, dust particle velocity, and fluid temperature are obtained through the application of the Poincaré–Lighthill Perturbation Technique (PLPT). These solutions provide quantitative insights into the system's behavior. The numerical results are computed and graphically represented for various embedded parameters using Mathcad-15 software. The plots are prepared for velocity and temperature whereas the results for skin friction and Nusselt number are computed in tables. It is found from the results that skin friction increases with increasing inclination angle α=0,π6,π4. Here α=0 corresponds to the case of vertical channel. The results of Nusselt number indicated that with increasing Peclet number Pe = 5, 6, 7, the rate of heat transfer increases. The comparison between present work and published work is made and an excellent agreement is noted. This work can be extended in future for several other models of non-Newtonian fluids in different physical configurations.

Investigation of the mechanical behavior of rock-like material with two flaws subjected to biaxial compression

The biaxial compression experiments of rock-like materials with two flaws are carried out under different flaw inclination angle, rock bridge ligament angle, lateral stress. The experimental studies show that crack propagation modes of rock-like material are as follows: wing crack through mode (Y mode), shear crack through mode (J mode), mixed crack through mode (wing shear JY mode), longitudinal extension of crack and transverse shear splitting. prefabricated fractured rock specimens have experienced the closing stage of prefabricated fractures, the elastic deformation stage, the generation and expansion of cracks (or plastic strengthening), and the residual loading stage. The peak strength of the specimen is increases with the increase of flaw inclination angle and lateral stress. With the increase of the rock bridge ligament angle, the failure of the rock bridge region changes from the shear crack failure to composite failure of shear crack and the wing type tensile crack failure, and then to the wing crack failure. With the increase of the lateral pressure, the failure of the specimen changes from the wing type tensile crack failure to the wing type and shear crack failure, and then to shear crack failure. The flaw inclination angle mainly changes the form of crack growth but does not effect on the failure modes. The counting number of acoustic emission events at the center of the sample is relative large, indicating that the cacks appear in the part of the rock bridge firstly. With the increasing of loads, the cracks of the rock bridge expanding constantly and connecting finally. The changes of acoustic emission event counts is consistent with the macroscopic damage form obtained from the experiments.

Experimental investigation of heat transfer effects in impinging circular jets confined by inclined plates

In this study, the effects of heat transfer in turbulent flow fields of impinging circular jet confined by inclined plates were investigated experimentally. Temperature distributions on the impingement plates were acquired with thermal camera. Temperature measurements were carried out on the impingement plate in four different impinging circular jet flow setups confined by plates with inclination angles of θ = 0°, 15°, 30° and 45°, with an inter-plate spacing of 0.5 ≤ H/D ≤ 10 and a Reynolds number range of 20,000 ≤ Re ≤ 30,000. The effects of confinement plate inclination angle, intervals among plates and Reynolds number on the Nusselt distributions of the impingement plates were examined. It was found that Nusselt values on the impingement plate increase with increasing Reynolds number and decrease with increasing intervals among plates. Secondary top points become visible in the Nusselt distributions on the impingement plate at H/D ≤ 3 values of the inter-plate spacing. The position of the secondary top points on the impingement plate move towards the ends of the impingement plate with increasing inclination angle of confinement plate.

Analysis of oil film flow characteristics and lubrication performance of thrust bearing of 1000MW Hydraulic Turbine Unit

Abstract Hydro-generator unit is the core component of the hydropower station, and the stability of the shaft system directly determines the safety of the hydropower station. Thrust bearing is the only component to bear axial load, and working performance directly affects the stable operation and efficiency of the unit. In this study, a full 3D model of the shaft system of a 1000 MW hydro-generator unit is established, and the oil flow of thrust bearing oil film and oil in the oil tank considering the spray system and the overall model is analysed by means of the thermo-hydrodynamic method. The results show that the load increases with increasing inclination angle. Within certain limits, the pressure and temperature of the oil film increase with increasing inclination. And there are many vortices in the tank. Although the spray system reduces the oil churn, the lubricating oil flow between pads is chaotic. The loss is mainly caused by the chaotic flow between pads. Analyzing the effects of oil film thermal effects on bearing loads, lubricant flow, and bearing surface temperatures of tilting pads provides valuable insights for bearing design and maintenance guidance.

Analysis of Amplification Effect and Optimal Control of the Toggle-Style Negative Stiffness Viscous Damper

This paper proposes a new toggle-style negative stiffness viscous damper (TNVD), and evaluates the performance of the TNVD with the displacement amplification factor (fd) and the energy dissipation factor (fE). Firstly, the composition and characteristics of the TNVD are introduced. Subsequently, the displacement amplification factor is introduced to evaluate the displacement amplification ability of the TNVD, and it is decomposed into a geometric amplification factor and an effective displacement coefficient. Then, based on the geometric amplification factor and effective displacement coefficient, the correlation between the TNVD’s displacement amplification ability and inter-story deformation is studied, and an improved TNVD is proposed. By the comparison of the finite element calculation results, it is found that the improved TNVD can utilize the assumption of small structural deformation. After that, the impacts of plentiful aspects, such as the length of the lower connecting rod, the horizontal inclination angle of the lower connecting rod, the inter-story deformation limit, the cross-sectional area of the connecting rod, the damping coefficient, and the negative stiffness on the fd and fE of the improved TNVD, are expounded. The research results show that when the length of the TNVD’s lower connecting rod remains unchanged, the fd and fE present a trend of increasing first and then decreasing with the increase in the horizontal inclination angle of the lower connecting rod. When the inter-story deformation is fixed, there exists an optimal lower connecting rod’s length that satisfies a specific relationship to achieve the optimal geometric amplification factor of the TNVD. By adjusting the damping parameters of the TNVD, we can obtain a better effective displacement coefficient greater than 0.95 in the proposed target region. Meanwhile, the fd and fE increase with the decrease in the negative stiffness. An optimization strategy for the improved TNVD has been proposed to ensure that the TNVD has the characteristics of operational safety, ideal displacement amplification capability, and energy dissipation capability. Furthermore, a multi-objective control design method with an additional improved TNVD structure is proposed. The vibration reduction effect of the structure with the improved TNVD and the effectiveness of the optimization strategy are verified through examples.

Experimental and Numerical Investigations for Impact Loading on Platform Decks

Experimental measurement and numerical simulations were carried out for investigating the impact loading behavior of platform decks under regular and irregular wave actions. In the numerical simulation section, a full-scale numerical wave tank was established using STAR-CCM+ software. A decreased tendency can be observed for an increased relative length of platform when the incident wave length is double the deck length. The increased deck height can also decrease impact loading on the platform, which is due to the platform being far away from the incident wave. Impact loading on the deck decreases with the increase in inclination angle, which can be explained by the deck bottom being directly exposed to the incident wave at negative inclination angles. Finally, the variation tendency of impact loading on platform decks under irregular wave actions is similar to that under regular wave actions, including the averaged values and significant values.

Experimental Investigation and Theoretical Analysis of Flame Spread Dynamics over Discrete Thermally Thin Fuels with Various Inclination Angles and Gap Sizes

Flame spread over discrete fuels is a typical phenomenon in fire scenes. Experimental and theoretical research on flame spread over discrete thermally thin fuels separated by air gaps with different inclination angles was conducted in the present study. Experiments with six inclination angles ranging from 0° to 85° and various fuel coverage rates from 0.421 to 1 were designed. The flame spread behavior, the characteristic flame size, and the flame spread rate were analyzed. The results show that the flow pattern, stability, and flame size exhibit different characteristics with different inclination angles and gap sizes. As the inclination angle increases, particularly with smaller gaps, turbulent and oscillating flames are observed, while larger gap sizes promote flame stability. The mechanism of flame propagation across the gap depends on the interplay between the flame jump effect and heat transfer, which evolves with gap size. Average flame height, average flame width, and flame spread rate initially increase and then decline with the increase in fuel coverage, peaking at fuel coverage rates between 0.93 and 0.571 for different inclination angles. A theoretical model is proposed to predict the flame spread rate and the variation in the flame spread rate with inclination angle and fuel coverage. Furthermore, the map determined by inclination angle and fuel coverage is partitioned into distinct regions, comprising the accelerated flame spread region, the flame spread weakening region, and the failed flame spread region. These findings provide valuable insights into flame spread dynamics over discrete thermally thin fuels under diverse conditions.

Experimental study on effect factors of wind-induced response of flexible photovoltaic support structure

In recent years, the proportion of flexible photovoltaic (PV) support structures (FPSS) in PV power generation has gradually increased, and the wind-induced response of FPSS has gradually been noticed. In this study, the wind-induced responses of a FPSS with a single row and a single span were investigated by aeroelastic model wind tunnel tests. The effects of structural parameters of FPSS were systematically analyzed on 17 test cases (including inclinations, module spacings, initial tensions, spans and module sizes), and the variation of flutter critical wind velocities with structural parameters was obtained. The experimental results show that the most unfavorable wind direction is 180°. The static wind-induced response is mainly affected by the module inclination angle, module spacing and the structure span. The vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of the test models occurs in some specific test cases at low wind velocity, and it can be easily suppressed by changing the structural parameters. The flutter occurs at both directions of 0° and 180° when the wind velocity increases to a critical value. With the increase of module inclination angle, the flutter critical wind velocity of FPSS decreases first and then increases, and the most unfavorable module inclination is 25°. It is beneficial for suppressing the structure flutter by increasing the cable initial tension and the module spacing, and decreasing the span of the FPSS. Changing the module size will affect the aerodynamic characteristics and structural frequency of the structure, thereby affecting the wind-induced vibration of the structure.

Influence of crack aperture and orientation on the uniaxial compressive behavior of rock

The pre-existing cracks with various geometric and physical properties significantly affect the mechanical behaviors of rock mass. In this study, uniaxial compressive tests are performed on numerical models of specimens containing a single pre-existing crack with different apertures and orientations based on PFC 2D to shed light on the impact of different crack apertures and orientations. The results reveal that the uniaxial peak strength and elastic modulus tend to decrease with increasing apertures, but they tend to increase with increasing inclination angles. Crack apertures can affect the stress intensity factor in the vicinity of the pre-existing crack tips, which further influences the crack initiation and crack type. Furthermore, shear cracks are more prone to occur in a pre-cracked specimen with a larger crack aperture and larger crack orientation. The crack initiation stress and strain initially show a slight decrease until the inclination angle reaches 45°, and then significantly increase with the further increase of angle from 45° to 90°. The microcracks occur earlier and easier when the inclination angle is 45°. As the inclination angle of the pre-existing crack increases, shear-sliding along the crack becomes more prominent, resulting in the formation of coplanar secondary cracks. The macro failure patterns switch from tensile failure to shear failure with increasing crack inclination angle, which is in good agreement with trend lines of displacement in the displacement field.

Numerical investigation study on tensile-shear failure behavior of rock bolts in inclined strata mining tunnels

In response to the problem of severe deformation and failure of the surrounding rock of the mining tunnels in inclined strata, a tensile-shear failure numerical model of rock bolts was adopted to analyze the rock bolts failure behavior and the surrounding rock mechanical response, and explore the influence of different factors on rock bolts failure. The results indicate that: (1) As angle between the rock bolt and the interface decreases, the shear force of increases, and the rock bolt is easier to fracture. The maximum displacement is 250.2 mm of fractured position. A new evaluation index of shear axis ratio was proposed. The larger the shear axis ratio, the rock bolt is easier to fracture. The shear axis ratio at the interface has increased by 95 % compared to the non interface. (2) The plastic zone and the surrounding rock deformation exhibit the same inclination trend as the strata. In final state, the maximum deformation is 297.7 mm at the bottom and top position perpendicular to the rock bolts at the interface. At the moment of rock bolts fracture, the interface displacement of surrounding rock immediately increased by about 10 mm. And the stress in the surrounding rock decreased about 1 MPa. The weakening effect of surrounding rock stress shifts with the change of rock bolt fracture position. The stress at the arch waist decreases by 44 %, the stress at the arch crown decreases by 25 %. When the fracture of the rock bolts at the arch crown and arch waist ends, the stress at the side wall begin to decrease by 40 %. (3) As the inclination angle increases, the deformation of the surrounding rock and the number of rock bolt failures increase. The range of the plastic zone in the surrounding rock gradually increases, and the degree of rock bolts asymmetric fracture more aggravated. As the diameter of the rock bolt increases, the fractured number of the rock bolts and range of plastic zone decreases.

Experimental and numerical investigation of droplet flow mechanisms at fracture intersections

Understanding unsaturated flow behaviors in fractured rocks is essential for various applications. A fundamental process in this regard is flow splitting at fracture intersections. However, the impact of geometrical properties of fracture intersections on flow splitting is still unclear. This work investigates the combined influence of geometry (intersection angle, fracture apertures, and inclination angle), liquid droplet length, inertia, and dynamic wetting properties on liquid splitting dynamics at fracture intersections. A theoretical model of liquid splitting is developed, considering the factors mentioned above, and numerically solved to predict the flow splitting behavior. The model is validated against carefully-controlled visualized experiments. Our results reveal two distinct splitting behaviors, separated by a critical droplet length. These behaviors shift from a monotonic to a non-monotonic trend with decreasing inclination angle. A comprehensive analysis further clarifies the impacts of the key factors on the splitting ratio, which is defined as the percentage of liquid volume entering the branch fracture. The splitting ratio decreases with increasing inclination angle, indicating a decrease in the gravitational effect on the branch fracture, which is directly proportional to the intersection angle. A non-monotonic relationship exists between the splitting ratio and the aperture ratio of the branch fracture to the main fracture. The results show that as the intersection angle decreases, the splitting ratio increases. Additionally, the influence of dynamic contact angles decreases with increasing intersection angle. These findings enhance our understanding of the impact of geometry on flow dynamics at fracture intersections. The proposed model provides a foundation for simulating and predicting unsaturated flow in complex fractured networks.

Finite Element Analysis Study of Buried Crack Defects in B-Sleeve Fillet Welds

Finite Element Analysis Study of Buried Crack Defects in B-Sleeve Fillet Welds

Analysis of Wind Field Response Characteristics of Tethered Balloon Systems

Tethered balloon systems encounter various complex wind field environments during flight. To investigate the conditions under which the system can operate safely and smoothly, a longitudinal dynamic model for tethered balloon systems is established. The model incorporates a streamlined balloon shape with its aerodynamic center at the body’s center. Steady-state aerodynamic force coefficients are calculated through simulations and fitted to a function based on the angle of attack within a specified range. The complex cable model is simplified using the lumped mass method, considering the influence of branch cables on the main node position. Experimental results from windless oscillation tests on scaled tethered balloon systems are compared with numerical solutions obtained using the dynamic model under the same conditions, validating the feasibility of the model for simulating different wind field scenarios. Finally, the motion characteristics of tethered balloon systems in different wind fields are analyzed. The numerical simulation results show that in a horizontal step wind field, the cable tension and cable inclination angle increase with the wind speed, and the slower the wind field changes, the shorter the time required for system stabilization. Updrafts greatly increase the likelihood of balloon escape, while downdrafts greatly increase the likelihood of the system making contact with the ground. The findings of this study can provide a basis for selecting suitable wind field conditions and issuing risk warnings for tethered balloon systems.

Combined conjugate free convection and thermal radiation in a porous inclined enclosure occupied with Cu-Al2O3 hybrid nanofluid

This study deals numerically with a steady laminar combined conjugate natural convection and thermal radiation heat transfer within an inclined porous enclosure occupied with Cu-Al2O3 /water hybrid nanofluid; the thermal conductivity and nanofluid viscosity are correlated experimentally. The centered heat sink and source are attached respectively to the upper and lower enclosure walls at a set distance of 0.5 from the sidewall and were parameterized with length values of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1. This analysis is performed in wide ranges of enclosure inclination angles (0≤ α ≤ 180°), thermal radiation parameters (0≤ Rd ≤ 200), hybrid nanofluid volume fractions (0.1, 0.33, 0.75, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5%), Rayleigh numbers (103≤ Ra ≤ 106), Darcy numbers (10−5≤ Da ≤ 10−2), medium porosities (0.1≤ ε ≤ 0.9), and thermal conductivity ratios (1≤ γ ≤ 10). The Nusselt number increases as the heat sink/source length decreases. This trend is even more pronounced when the length of the sink/source is reduced. Furthermore, the average Nusselt numbers for the fluid and solid matrix gradually increase as the inclination angle of the enclosure varies from 0° to 45°. However, beyond 45°, both Nusselt numbers exhibit a noticeable decrease with increasing inclination angle of the enclosure. The average Nusselt number of the fluid significantly increases with varying thermal radiation parameters. When the thermal radiation parameter ranges from 0 to 2 and 0 to 200, the average Nusselt number of the fluid increases by 192% and 7343%, respectively. The Nusselt numbers significantly improve when the porosity decreases and the thermal conductivity ratio increases. For a porosity of 0.1 and a porous thermal conductivity ratio ranging from 1 to 10, the average Nusselt number of the fluid increases by approximately 129% and 141% when the Darcy number increases from 10−5 to 10−2.