Increase In Household Income Research Articles

The Role of SMEs in Enhancing Women’s Employment Opportunities in Nepal: A Data-Driven Perspective

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play a crucial role in Nepal’s economy, making up over 90% of all businesses and providing jobs for around 2.6 million people. Despite this, women are underrepresented in the SME sector, accounting for only 37.75% of the workforce. Most of these women work in informal and low-paying roles, highlighting a significant gender gap. This study takes a data-driven approach to explore the barriers that limit women’s participation in SMEs. These include restricted access to financial resources, insufficient vocational training, deeply rooted societal norms, and poor infrastructure in rural areas. By analyzing secondary data, the research emphasizes how promoting gender inclusion in SMEs could have transformative effects. These include reducing poverty, increasing household incomes, and potentially boosting Nepal’s GDP by up to 16%. The study also reviews successful practices from around the world and evaluates how they can be adapted to Nepal’s unique social and economic conditions. It calls for targeted measures such as expanding women’s access to financial services, providing skill development opportunities, and implementing gender-sensitive policies. These actions aim to create a more inclusive SME sector. Ultimately, the findings underline the critical role of SMEs in driving sustainable economic growth and gender equality. By prioritizing women’s participation, SMEs can become powerful tools for socioeconomic progress in Nepal

Livelihood Enhancement through Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration in Central Rift, Kenya

Over the past few decades, there has been pressure to meet basic needs by citizens in developing countries as a result of conventional livelihood sources to support such provisions which have gradually dwindled for a variety of reasons, key among these being land degradation, climatic changes and land sub-division. Alternative and sustainable livelihoods for poverty reduction and enhanced income for households are desirable for adoption. This paper discusses the effect of the application of Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) in Kenya’s Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASAL) regions by Word Vision (WV) on food security, household income and livelihood enhancement. Case studies of farmers’ success stories supported by WVK are presented. Further, the paper outlines the roles of stakeholders in the implementation of the strategy and associated benefits to farmers in three counties of Baringo, Elgeyo Marakwet and Nakuru. A discussion of the relations between poverty, income and household food security in relation to SDGs 1 and 2 is presented. Major findings from the study include; FMNR has contributed to improved food security, from 42.6% in 2018 to 73.6% in 2021 (31%). Increased household income was reported from 25.2% in 2018 to 52.5% in 2021, representing a rise of 27.3%. Emerging alternative livelihood sources include beekeeping, mango farming and processing, poultry, pasture seed production and coffee farming. The paper concludes that the implementation of FMNR in the Central Rift is still small scale and majorly aided by World Vision Kenya in the three Area Development Programmes (ADPs). The adoption of FMNR as a livelihood enhancement strategy in arid and semi-arid areas to enhance food security, improve household income, reduce poverty and support environmental conservation efforts is recommended.

Rural Industries and Their Role in the Development of Rural Areas and Afghanistan's National Economy

Afghanistan's predominantly rural population faces severe economic and social challenges, such as poverty, unemployment, and migration to urban areas due to over-reliance on agriculture. This study explores the role of rural industries in addressing these issues by examining their potential to improve economic conditions in rural areas and their contribution to the national economy. It also identifies the primary challenges to developing these industries and proposes strategies for overcoming them. Findings suggest that rural industries have the potential to reduce poverty, create employment, and increase household income, contributing significantly to Afghanistan’s rural development. However, inadequate infrastructure, limited investment, and market access remain substantial barriers. This study aims to examine the role of rural industries in the development of rural areas and their impact on Afghanistan's national economy. Additionally, it seeks to identify the challenges and opportunities for developing these industries and propose strategies for improving their current state. In this study, I aim to address the following questions: What role do rural industries play in the economic development of rural areas in Afghanistan? What are the major challenges to the development of rural industries in Afghanistan? And how can the potential of rural industries be harnessed to strengthen the national economy?, This review study utilizes both analytical and descriptive approaches and relies on credible scientific sources and field data. The information collected includes academic articles, government reports, and statistical data related to rural industries in Afghanistan. Data analysis is conducted descriptively and analytically, focusing on the economic, social, and environmental impacts of rural industries. The findings indicate that the development of rural industries can significantly improve the economy of Afghanistan's rural areas. These industries, by creating employment opportunities, increasing income, and reducing poverty, play a key role in strengthening the national economy. Additionally, the identification of challenges such as inadequate infrastructure and insufficient investment highlights the primary barriers to the development of rural industries in the country.

US state minimum wages and rates of maltreatment-related death among children.

The number of U.S. deaths due to child maltreatment (abuse and neglect) has been increasing over several years. Policy-level interventions that increase household income may be effective interventions for lowering child maltreatment death rates. To estimate the effect of state-level minimum wages on child maltreatment-related mortality and assess heterogeneity by race and ethnicity. 24,025 child maltreatment-related deaths in U.S. children under 5years old between 2000 and 2019 were identified via death certificates using International Classification of Diseases codes that (1) identified abuse explicitly and (2) identified injuries predictive of maltreatment ("proxy codes"). State-year maltreatment-related deaths were divided by under-5 population estimates to obtain death rates. Incidence rate differences (IRD) of the effect of a $1 increase in effective minimum wage on child maltreatment-related death rates, were estimated via a linear regression with state and year fixed effects, robust standard errors, population weights, and appropriate confounder adjustment. Heterogeneity in effect by race and ethnicity was examined using stratified models. Fully adjusted estimates using combined explicit and proxy codes were close to the null [IRD: -0.05 deaths per 100,000 children overall, 95%CI: (-0.25, 0.16)], with slight, if imprecise, protective estimates among non-Hispanic Black children [IRD: -0.60 deaths per 100,000 children, 95%CI: (-1.28, 0.08)]. This study did not find compelling evidence of a link between minimum wages and child maltreatment-related mortality. Future research should explore other potential policy levers as potential child maltreatment interventions.

Socioeconomic disparities in mortality from indoor air pollution: A multi-country study.

Indoor air pollution is a major public health concern, contributing to approximately 2.9 million deaths and 81.1 million disability-adjusted life years lost annually. This issue disproportionately affects underprivileged communities that depend on solid fuels for cooking. As a result, these communities suffer from heightened exposure to indoor air pollutants, which increases the risk of morbidity, mortality, and worsening health disparities. This study investigates the association between socioeconomic status and mortality related to indoor air pollution across multiple countries. Data from the 2019 Demographic and Health Survey, WHO, and World Bank were utilized to examine the impact of socioeconomic status on indoor air pollution-related mortality. The primary outcome was mortality associated with solid fuel use, with income quintiles as the independent variable. Linear and logistic regression analyses were applied to assess these relationships. Logistic regression analysis revealed a strong negative association where household income increases and indoor air pollution-related mortality significantly decreases. Specifically, Households in the highest income quartile showed a 22% reduction progressively in the odds of mortality risk compared to the lowest income quintile. Additionally, access to clean fuel correlated with a 0.59 times lower odds of mortality, highlighting the clean energy sources' protecting effect. The findings highlight the critical need to prioritize clean fuel access, particularly in low-income communities, to reduce indoor air pollution mortality. Policies should focus on increasing clean energy accessibility and supporting vulnerable populations through targeted subsidies and poverty alleviation programs to reduce indoor air pollution exposure disparities.

Energy–poverty–inequality SDGs: A large-scale household analysis and forecasting in China

Affordable and clean energy, eliminating poverty, and reducing inequality are important goals of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This paper examines the role of access to clean cooking fuels in promoting income growth and reducing income inequality. Using data from Chinese households, we show that a 10% increase in the adoption of clean cooking fuels would result in an increase in total annual household income of US$37 billion nationwide. Income growth from access to clean cooking fuels is greater for lower-income groups due to a shift to higher household income and reduced downward household income mobility, which contributes to a reduction in income inequality. The effect of access to clean cooking fuels on household income growth is primarily driven by improved health and increased labor supply. The use of clean cooking fuels also saves fuel collection time and cooking time, reducing time spent on household chores by about 0.4 h per day, thereby increasing labor supply in the job market and improving wage income. Improvements in income due to clean cooking fuels are influenced by external conditions, urbanization, education, employment opportunities, and good market conditions. With further promotion of clean cooking fuels, household income and inequality in China are expected to improve further by 2030 and contribute more widely to human well-being and achievement of the SDGs.

Quantifying the Impact of Nonmaterial Services Increasing on Household Livelihood and the Value of Ecosystem Assets—An Example of the Yunhe Terrace Ecosystem

Balancing ecological conservation and economic development is a significant global challenge, particularly in developing countries where rich natural resources often coincide with impoverished areas. This study used the Yunhe Terrace as a case, integrating remote sensing data and statistical analysis to quantify the ecosystem asset value and its changes before and after ecological conservation efforts. Additionally, we assessed the nonmaterial service value and conducted a questionnaire survey to explore the impact of nonmaterial service value on the socio-economic development of local residents. The key findings are as follows: (1) The ecosystem assets of the Yunhe Terrace include four main types: forests, grasslands, wetlands, and cultivated land. In 2020, the Yunhe Terrace ecosystem was primarily composed of forest (56.79%) and cultivated land (36.61%), showing a balance between natural and modified landscapes. (2) The monetary value of ecosystem assets was calculated based on the economic net benefits of ecosystem assets over their expected useful lifespan (20 years in this study). The value of the Yunhe Terrace ecosystem before and after it became a scenic spot was assessed. Results showed that the total value of ecosystem assets increased from 265 million CNY to 523 million CNY over a 20-year period, representing an increase of 257 million CNY. (3) The value of nonmaterial services, represented here by net revenues from eco-tourism, was calculated from 2018 to 2022, covering the period before and after ecological conservation efforts began in 2019. Results showed the value of nonmaterial services rose from 3.07 million CNY in 2018 to 8.90 million CNY in 2022, a growth of 189.77% after ecological conservation. (4) Field surveys and questionnaire analysis of stakeholders’ income sources suggest that ecological conservation and recreational development in the Yunhe Terrace ecosystem have increased household income in terms of both the number of income sources and monetary value. This study demonstrates that ecological conservation and tourism can enhance household welfare, contributing to a better understanding of the dynamics between conservation and economic development.

Drivers of vegetable market participation in southcentral Ethiopia: Heckman two-stage model approach

Vegetable marketing helps to increase household income and ensure food and nutrition security in developing countries, including Ethiopia. However, market participation by vegetable producers is typically low in many parts of Ethiopia. Thus, our study intends to investigate key drivers affecting vegetable market participation and its intensity among smallholder households in the Lemo district of southcentral Ethiopia. The data were collected from a total of 345 randomly selected respondents. Heckman’s two-stage model was employed to analyze the data. The findings show that the intensity of vegetable sales in the study area was 34.32%, implying that the larger proportion of the vegetable output was not marketed but consumed at the producers’ homes.The model results show that the respondent’s sex, age, education level, land size, perception towards weather conditions, access to credit, technology adoption, and market distance influenced vegetable market participation. Similarly, education level, family size, off/non-farm income, perception towards weather conditions, access to credit, technology adoption, and market information determined the intensity of vegetable market participation. Therefore, policies aimed at enhancing the implementation of gender-sensitive development programs alongside providing better access to adult education, credit, market information, improved technologies, better rural infrastructure, and market linkages are recommended to encourage smallholder farmers’ involvement in the market and enhance their livelihood improvement.

Quantification of cultivated edible mushrooms and wild edible mushrooms traded around Virunga National Park, in North Kivu province, Democratic Republic of Congo

The aim of this study was to estimate the quantities of cultivated edible mushrooms (CEM) and wild edible mushrooms (WEM) traded in the Virunga National Park (ViNP) in North Kivu in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Two hundred and sixteen (216) respondents were selected randomly as the sample size and they were divided evenly between growers and gatherers along each of the sites surveyed. The quantitative analysis was conducted using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 26, at the 5% threshold. On the Beni-Mutwanga and Beni-Mangina axes, nine WEM species were identified in total. On the Goma-Rutshuru axis, there were six species, and on the Goma-Kitshanga-Mweso axis, there were five species. In all locations surveyed, only one species, Pleurotus ostreatus, was recognized by any of the growers. Termitomyces microcarpus had been chosen by fifty percent of respondents. The average yield that was acquired was 359 kg per crop cycle for all growers, while pickers got 78 kg during the short season (the rainy season from March to May) and 130 kg during the long season (the rainy season from September to January). Additionally, mushrooms provide essential nutrients, including selenium, potassium, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin D, proteins and fiber. Given their long history as a food source, mushrooms are of significant importance in traditional medicine due to their healing capacities and properties. It has been demonstrated that mushrooms have beneficial effects on human health and the treatment of certain diseases. A number of nutraceutical properties have been identified in mushrooms, including the prevention and treatment of Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, hypertension and high-risk stroke. Additionally, they are employed to diminish the probability of cancer invasion and metastasis due to their anti-tumoral characteristics. That is why, the introduction and training of farmers in the production of particular edible mushroom varieties may provide a new profitable annual income. These findings support the wild edible domestication (WED) (cultivation) of wild edible mushrooms in the surveyed areas, with the goal of increasing household income and thus contributing to in the conservation of the ViNP's ecosystems. Key words: North Kivu, quantification, wild edible mushrooms, cultivated edible mushrooms

The Impact of Agricultural Cooperatives on Farmers’ Agricultural Revenue: Evidence from Rural China

Farmer’s incentive is a core issue in achieving sustainable agricultural development. In many developing countries, smallholder farming is predominant in agricultural production, potentially limiting improvements in agricultural sustainability. Promoting agricultural cooperatives is a widely adopted strategy to help resource-poor farmers obtain higher agricultural revenue. In China, these organizations have expanded rapidly since the early 21st century, reaching 2.22 million by September 2023 and providing services to nearly half of farming households. However, their effectiveness and impact on enhancing agricultural revenue remain subjects of ongoing debate. To provide more empirical evidence on this topic, this paper constructs an agricultural cooperatives database based on the national commercial registration enterprise dataset and matches it with the National Fixed Point Rural Survey (NFP). The findings reveal that the development of agricultural cooperatives in China significantly helps farmers enhance their production revenue, leading to an increase in household income. Furthermore, the paper identifies strong heterogeneity in the positive effects of cooperative development at both the village and household levels. In the mechanism analysis, it is shown that agricultural cooperatives in China facilitate increased investment in capital, intermediate inputs, and technology, optimizing the allocation of production factors in agricultural processes, thereby improving land productivity and ultimately increasing agricultural revenue.

Impact of Socio-Economic Factors on Undernourishment in Central Asia

The Global Hunger Index reports a troubling rise in the global number of undernourished people, increasing from 572 million in 2017 to 735 million in 2023, highlighting persistent global challenges. In Central Asia, undernourishment poses a serious threat to public health and impedes both economic and social progress for millions. This study emphasizes the critical roles of political stability and remittances as primary determinants influencing undernourishment in the region. Utilizing a fixed-effects panel data model, we analyze the impact of these key factors, alongside other economic and social indicators, on food security. Our findings indicate that higher remittance inflows are inversely related to undernourishment, suggesting that increased household income from remittances greatly enhances food access and security. Furthermore, the analysis highlights that political stability plays a crucial role in mitigating undernourishment, with more stable governance correlating with lower rates of food insecurity. These insights emphasize the necessity for targeted policies that foster political stability and encourage remittance flows while ensuring inclusive food access and local production.

Food insecurity and coping strategies of low‐income households in Tshwane, South Africa

AbstractThis study used principal component analysis to provide targeted policy interventions in response to livelihood coping strategies adopted by low‐income households in Tshwane (Pretoria), South Africa. The empirical findings are categorized into four food‐coping strategy groups. The first group comprises households that depend on begging and borrowing to survive. The second group comprises households who use credit to purchase food and subsequently restrict their meals or skip them altogether. The third group comprises households that frequently borrow money to purchase food. These households prioritize buying necessities and sticking to a budget. These households also resort to selling assets to cushion against income shocks. The final group comprises households that do not have food gardens and rely on buying cheap, undesired food that they eat in smaller portions during their meal times. These findings raise concerns about the need for policies that increase household income and food access for the vulnerable urban population. Raising awareness about healthy and nutritious foods that can be obtained at a lower cost is also essential.

Gender Rights Differences in Rural Social Security

The extensive participation of Chinese women in rural economic activities has not only contributed significantly to the construction and development of the rural economy but also played a crucial role in poverty alleviation efforts. Womens involvement in various sectors such as agriculture, livestock farming, handicrafts, and small-scale businesses has helped create employment opportunities, increase household income, and improve living standards for their families. However, despite their immense contributions, there still exist disparities in social security rights, including pension insurance, medical insurance, and maternity insurance, between women and men in rural areas. Rural women's labor remains undervalued, resulting in inadequate social security coverage compared to men. By comparing the discrepancies in social security rights between rural women and men, it becomes evident that the value of women is grossly underestimated. It is imperative for the government to establish and improve a policy and regulatory system that safeguards women's personal rights while incorporating a gender perspective into the process of policy formulation to ensure basic rights protection for rural women and promote sustainable development in new rural areas.

Economic Impact of Government Interventions during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Iran: A Systematic Review and Content Analysis

Background: Iran is one of the hardest hit countries by COVID-19 and has witnessed a high incidence and prevalence of mortality and morbidity cases. This study generally aims to highlight the main economic aspects of government responses to the COVID-19 outbreak in Iran. Methods: In order to benefit from a comprehensive tool to evaluate direct and indirect costs of approvals, a preliminary systematic review was conducted. Qualitative content analysis and simplified method of activity-based costing (ABC) were used in order to calculate the aggregate cost of a given set of activities. The direct and indirect costs of approvals based on the aggregated costs of categorized activities were analyzed. All costs were converted into US dollars using the monthly mean exchange rate. Results: Totally, 164 publications were included in the systematic review. Designed tool was approved by expert opinions (met CVI>0.79 and CVR≥0.6) and seven aspects of economic consequences of COVID-19 interventions were assessed. The overall tangible and calculable costs were estimated about 25,755,700,000 US$. Direct support and compensation for losses of industries and companies accounted for the largest costs (41%) related to COVID-19 interventions (10,587,000,000 US$). Conclusion: Establishing economic security for industries, rapid and simultaneous measures of prevention, treatment and vaccination, and increasing household income can significantly reduce the costs of controlling similar diseases in the future.

Renewable Energy for Gender Equity: Solar Electricity and Women’s Empowerment in Developing Regions

The Sustainable Development Goals recognize women’s empowerment and gender equality as development objectives to combat poverty and advance the development of human resources. Despite these development efforts, women face discrimination and gender inequality globally, particularly in developing countries which impedes their social and economic potential. About 75% of women work in the informal sector and the global unpaid household sector is worth $ 10 trillion, accounting for one-eighth of the world’s GDP (ILO,2019). Access to electricity particularly solar electricity in remote rural areas can enhance women’s empowerment in many ways. This review examines the social, economic, and environmental effects of solar electricity access on women’s empowerment in developing countries like Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Nepal, Kenya, and Ethiopia. Solar electricity is a clean energy source that improves women’s health via a reduction in indoor air pollution, increases women’s indoor and outdoor mobility, increases the sense of security, and saves time from household activity. Therefore, women can spend more time teaching children, socializing, and visiting friends and neighbours. Solar electricity could increase household income by extending working hours and involvement in income- generating activities (IGAs). Based on the literature review we developed a theoretical framework that depicts various channels through which clean and reliable solar electricity might improve women’s empowerment. The framework confirms the pathways that demonstrate how solar electricity empowers women by providing access to human, and social resources, increasing mobility, control over assets, and decision-making capacity to improve the everyday lives of women in developing countries.

Community Empowerment in Processing Starfruit Into Innovative Snack Products As an Effort to Increase the Economic Value of Local Fruits

This community service aims to empower housewives in Ende Tengah Sub-district, Ende Regency, through training in processing starfruit into innovative snack products. This activity was carried out as an effort to increase the economic value of local fruits and community productivity. The method used was training and demonstration of making starfruit processed products. The results of the activity showed an increase in participants' knowledge and skills in processing starfruit into economically valuable products. This activity has the potential to increase household income and encourage entrepreneurial development based on local products

Pathways to common prosperity: unraveling the effect of government-driven rural tourism development on household income in China

ABSTRACT The government-driven Leisure Agriculture and Rural Tourism Demonstration County (LARTDC) policy provides a good quasi-natural experiment to determine the causal effect between rural tourism development and household income in China. Using the staggered difference-in-differences (SDID) method, we find that LARTDC policy implementation leads to a 10.82% increase in rural household income in China. To ensure the robustness of the SDID results, we conduct additional tests, such as the parallel trend assumption, Bacon decomposition, and placebo tests. Mechanism tests indicate that this income effect can be partially attributed to entrepreneurial behaviours, social networks, and infrastructure advancements. Moreover, we discover the inclusive nature of rural tourism development through heterogeneity analysis. Results show that rural tourism development benefits some disadvantaged groups, including households in less-developed regions and those with lower educational attainment, poorer health, higher dependency ratios, and limited assets.

Evaluation of Environmental Parameters and Economic Efficiency of Integrated Farming System on Acidic Soil and Saltwater Intrusion in The Coastal Area: A Case Study of Mekong Delta, Vietnam

The shift to growing sedge plants, combining raising snails and tilapia in coastal areas could improve the soil nutritional environment, income, and land use efficiency compared to rice monoculture. This study aims to evaluate soil and water environmental factors and to compare the financial efficiency of integrated farming with rice monoculture farming. These experiments were arranged on field land affected by drought and saltwater intrusion in two ecological regions of Kien Giang province. The research found the adaptation of crops (rice, sedge) and aquatic species (snails, tilapia) to the characteristics of acidic and saline soils in coastal areas. The results showed that an integrated farming system reduced soil salinity, but increased soil pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and organic matter content more than rice monoculture farming. In addition, this system improved pH, reducing salinity, temperature, and TDS of water more than rice monoculture farming. Acidity and salinity factors affect the rice yield of Winter-Spring crops. The sedge grass (Cyperus malaccensis) grew well under the pH and salinity conditions, but the sedge yield in the dry season was higher than in the rainy season. The weight gain of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was from 0.45 to 0.96 g/day, but fish yield was still low (226 - 541 kg/ha); due to low survival rate (30-36%). Snails (Pila gracilis) adapted well to experimental conditions and the survival rate reached 53-79%. The data analysis of financial efficiency showed that the profit of integrated farming was higher than rice monoculture farming (10,905 to 11,146 USD compared to 904-1,672 USD/ha/year). Therefore, diversified land use in coastal areas to grow sedge grass combined with snails and tilapia increased household income in these study sites.

Analyzing the Impact of Microfinance Initiatives on Poverty Alleviation and Economic Development

This study investigates the impact of microfinance on poverty alleviation, economic development, and social outcomes in low-income communities. Microfinance, through providing small loans and financial services to individuals typically excluded from the formal financial system, has the potential to improve household income, stimulate entrepreneurship, and foster local economic growth. Using a quantitative research approach, the study employed a cross-sectional survey design with stratified random sampling of 250 microfinance beneficiaries and 250 non-beneficiaries. Data were collected through structured questionnaires, interviews, and secondary sources, including government reports and MFI records. Statistical analysis, including descriptive statistics, paired sample t-tests, independent sample t-tests, multiple regression analysis, and Pearson’s correlation, was used to assess relationships between microfinance access and key economic and social indicators. The results show that microfinance beneficiaries experienced a significant increase in household income (mean increase of 28%) compared to non-beneficiaries. Additionally, entrepreneurship rates increased by 15% among beneficiaries, and improvements were reported in health (17% improvement) and education (13% improvement). However, challenges such as high interest rates, limited outreach to marginalized groups, and over-indebtedness were identified. Despite these limitations, microfinance was found to have a positive impact on economic development, though more accessible and tailored programs are needed to maximize its potential. Recommendations for policy improvements, programmatic changes, and areas for future research are provided to enhance the effectiveness of microfinance initiatives.

Determinants of households’ willingness to pay for health insurance in Burkina Faso

BackgroundThe operationalization of universal health insurance in Burkina Faso represents a significant challenge for health coverage. The willingness of households to pay is a crucial aspect of the process. This highlights the necessity of examining the factors that may explain their willingness to pay. The objective of this study is to analyze the determinants of households’ willingness to pay for health insurance in Burkina Faso.MethodsThe data used in this study were collected between March and September 2017 in the territory of Burkina Faso, covering six administrative regions. A total of 211 households were surveyed, 71 in urban areas and 140 in rural areas. The Tobit model was employed to analyze the determinants of willingness to pay, with the contingent valuation method used to obtain willingness to pay.ResultsThe results of the descriptive analysis indicate that households are willing to pay approximately 7,600 F CFA on average for health insurance. The estimation results demonstrate that income has a positive effect on households’ willingness to pay. Additionally, the occupation of the head of household and the insurance reimbursement rate are identified as determinants of willingness to pay.ConclusionThe findings of this study indicate that income, the rate of repayment and the occupation of the head of household are the primary determinants of willingness to pay. In terms of implications, it is essential to ensure that the rate of protection is high, which could encourage households to pay the premium. Furthermore, the results of the evaluation suggest that interventions to increase household income may be beneficial.