Incorrect Understanding Research Articles

“I’ve got ninety-nine problems…”: a starting point for investigating the risk prioritisation paradox

It has been shown in several previous studies that the implementation of risk-reducing interventions or adoption of safer behaviours is considerably less amongst individuals with low sociodemographic status. In turn, this has led to an increasing inequality of mortality risk and a considerable challenge for societal actors. Decreasing economic hurdles, that is, making safety interventions cheaper, and increasing knowledge has often been the chosen strategies to reduce inequality and although some success has been shown in terms of specific risks, the overall trend is towards increased inequality. An assumption underlying the sociodemographic differences in prevention has been that individuals with low sociodemographic status have an incorrect understanding of their risk. However, several recent studies have shown that individuals with objectively high risk also perceive their risk as higher therefore raising the question of why—despite having a sound knowledge of risks—they more often refrain from risk-reducing interventions. One hypothesis is that individuals with low sociodemographic status (correctly) experience that they have a higher risk in relation to many different hazards. Given the greater number of risks needing to be handled, these individuals need to prioritise which risks to focus upon, thereby not necessarily prioritising the risks that society would like them to prioritise. Using a large dataset on the self-reported perception of a large number of different risks, the differences between sociodemographic groups are analysed to investigate whether an underlying issue in the inequality of risk is that lower sociodemographic status groups perceive more risks as greater than those of higher sociodemographic status.

Feasibility of a 10-week community-based mobile health rehabilitation program using the WalkWithMe application in late sub-acute and chronic stroke survivors in a low resource setting: A pilot study

ABSTRACT Physical functioning can be increased in people with stroke by using a mobile health application. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of a 10-week community-based program using the WalkWithMe (WWM) application in people with late sub-acute and chronic stroke in Benin. An interventional pilot study with mixed methods research design was used examining the application of an unsupervised individualized mobile Health (mHealth) instructed training program. Main outcome included the application usage, safety, adherence, perceived enjoyment, mHealth quality, patient experiences and pre-post efficacy measures. Nine adults, five males, median age of 60 years and time since stroke of 12 months participated in this study. For most participants adherence with the application was over 70%. However, some usability problems were observed due to incorrect understanding and use by participants and technical problems. The application was very fun, stimulating and enjoyable. Significant improvements were found with median (pre/post measures) of locomotors skill (1.4/3.4); impairments (38/40), Barthel Index (85/95), activity limitation (2.1/3.1), and quality of life (194/218). A trend towards significant improvement was found with 6 minutes walking test (181/220, p = 0.06). The WWM application is perceived as a potential approach to increase physical activity and functioning among people with stroke in Benin.

Racism, not race: Quantitative analysis of the use of race and racism in the addiction literature

RationalePrior research has demonstrated that medical journals rarely mention racism, potentially contributing to an incorrect understanding of and inappropriate interventions for health inequities affecting Black and Brown communities in the US. While this infrequency of mentions of racism has been documented in the general medical literature, it is unknown if this pattern extends to the addiction literature, where some have argued that structural racism has played a specific role in shaping policy and treatment. ObjectiveTo assess how frequently the addiction literature for the last 30 years has mentioned race and racism and if these rates vary with social movements. MethodsWe created an algorithm to download and process over 30,000 published articles published from 1990 to 2022 in five major addiction journals: Addiction, Addictive Behaviors, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, Journal of Substance Abuse and Treatment, and International Journal of Drug Policy. Using this data, we reported temporal patterns of mentioning both race and racism across journals and article types. Further, we utilized interrupted time series analysis to identify if the social movements against police violence and the murder of George Floyd in 2020 were associated with significant changes in rates of mentioning racism. ResultsWhile over 30% of the articles in addiction medicine journals included the word race, only 1.5% of articles mentioned racism. Based on an interrupted time series model, after the racial reckoning following the murder of George Floyd in 2020, mentions of racism increased in the addiction literature (OR = 3.21, 95% CI: [2.39, 4.32], P<.001). ConclusionsA large chasm remains between how often authors mention race versus racism in addiction medicine, a field with a unique history intertwined with structural racism. Addressing inequities in addiction outcomes, including burgeoning inequities in overdose deaths, will require acknowledging racism in the scientific literature.

Emphasizing the Social in Social Emotion Regulation: A Call for Integration and Expansion.

The Future of Affective Science Special Issues illuminate where the field of Affective Science is headed in coming years, highlighting exciting new directions for research. Many of the articles in the issues emphasized the importance of studying emotion regulation, and specifically, social emotion regulation. This commentary draws on these articles to argue that future research needs to more concretely focus on the social aspects of social emotion regulation, which have been underexplored in affective science. Specifically, we discuss the importance of focusing on social goals, strategies and tactics, and outcomes relevant to social emotion regulation interactions, more closely considering these processes for all individuals involved. To do so, we draw on research from neighboring subdisciplines of psychology that have focused on the social aspects of interactions. Moreover, we underscore the need to better integrate components of the process model of social emotion regulation and approach empirical inquiry more holistically, in turn illuminating how piecemeal investigations of these processes might lead to an incomplete or incorrect understanding of social emotion regulation. We hope this commentary supplements the research in the special issues, further highlighting ways to advance the field.

What Next for Eating Disorder Genetics? Replacing Myths With Facts to Sharpen Our Understanding.

Substantial progress has been made in the understanding of anorexia nervosa (AN) and eating disorder (ED) genetics through the efforts of large-scale collaborative consortia, yielding the first genome-wide significant loci, AN-associated genes, and insights into metabo-psychiatric underpinnings of the disorders. However, the translatability, generalizability, and reach of these insights are hampered by an overly narrow focus in our research. In particular, stereotypes, myths, assumptions and misconceptions have resulted in incomplete or incorrect understandings of ED presentations and trajectories, and exclusion of certain patient groups from our studies. In this review, we aim to counteract these historical imbalances. Taking as our starting point the Academy for Eating Disorders (AED) Truth #5 "Eating disorders affect people of all genders, ages, races, ethnicities, body shapes and weights, sexual orientations, and socioeconomic statuses", we discuss what we do and do not know about the genetic underpinnings of EDs among people in each of these groups, and suggest strategies to design more inclusive studies. In the second half of our review, we outline broad strategic goals whereby ED researchers can expand the diversity, insights, and clinical translatability of their studies. Appeared originally in Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:3929-3938.

The Types and Causes of Misconceptions about the Circulatory System in Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri of Pontianak City

The background of this study arose from the need to identify and overcome barriers to understanding crucial concepts in the human circulatory system. This study aims to describe the profile of students’ misconception about the blood circulatory system and their causes in MIN-Kota Pontianak consisting of MIN 1 Pontianak City, MIN 2 West Pontianak, MIN 3 Southeast Pontianak and MIN 1 Filial East Pontianak. The research method used a descriptive quantitative approach with a population of all grade VI students. Sampling was done with a proportionally stratified random sampling technique. Data collected using two-tier tests and semi-structured interviews. The research showed that misconception rate in Madrasah Ibtidaiyah throughout Pontianak City is 47.3%. Results also showed that students' misconception profile consists of: a) incorrect understanding of the role of the lungs. b) The function of the foyer and the chambers of the heart. c) incorrect understanding of the difference in the function of blood vessels in the heart and throughout the body. d) incorrect understanding of the role of capillary vessels in the circulatory system. The causes of misconceptions are: a) Inaccurate or inappropriate sources of information, b) The lack of clarity of concepts in the delivery of the material, c) The continuation of the previous class's understanding, d) Random answers or guessing also play a role in the occurrence of misconceptions.

The Power of Religiosity in Homosexual Adolescents: A Fenomenology Study in North Sumatra

The aim of this research is to examine the religiosity of homosexual teenagers in North Sumatra. This research is qualitative, with a phenomenological research design. Data collection was carried out using interview and observation techniques. Interviews were conducted in depth with homosexual teenagers by developing several questions to reveal five dimensions of religiosity. The research subjects were seven homosexual teenagers. The results of the research show that the religiosity of homosexual teenagers is categorized as good, except for the dimensions of appreciation and practice as well as the dimensions of experience that influence their behavior. Factors that influence the religiosity of homosexual teenagers include an incorrect understanding of religious concepts and a family environment that pays little attention to the appreciation and practice of their religion. The role of religious education in the family is to increase the religiosity of homosexual teenagers. Disputes regarding religion have a big influence on the subject. Feelings of sin and guilt towards religious teachings give rise to doubts about the internalization of religious teachings.

Investigating the physiological ecology of mesopelagic zooplankton in the Scotia sea (Southern ocean) using lipid and stable isotope signatures

The mesopelagic zooplankton community plays an important role in the cycling and sequestration of carbon via the biological pump. However, little is known about the physiology and ecology of key taxa found within this region, hindering our understanding of their influence on the pathways of energy and organic matter cycling. We sampled the eight most abundant zooplankton (Calanoides acutus, Rhincalanus gigas, Paraeuchaeta spp., Chaetognatha, Euphausia triacantha, Thysanoessa spp., Themisto gaudichaudii and Salpa thompsoni) from within the mesopelagic zone in the Scotia Sea during a sinking diatom bloom and investigated their physiological ecology using lipid biomarkers and stable isotopic signatures of nitrogen. Data suggest that the large calanoid copepods, C. acutus and R. gigas, were in, or emerging from, a period of metabolic inactivity during the study period (November 15th – December 15th, 2017). Abundant, but decreasing lipid reserves in the predominantly herbivorous calanoid copepods, suggest these animals may have been metabolising previously stored lipids at the time of sampling, rather than deriving energy solely from the diatom bloom. This highlights the importance of understanding the timing of diapause of overwintering species as their feeding is likely to have an impact on the turnover of particulate organic matter (POM) in the upper mesopelagic. The δ15N signatures of POM became enriched with increasing depth, whereas all species of zooplankton except T. gaudichaudii did not. This suggests that animals were feeding on fresher, surface-derived POM, rather than reworked particles at depth, likely influencing the quantity and quality of organic matter leaving the upper mesopelagic. Our study highlights the complexity of mesopelagic food webs and suggests that the application of broad trophic functional types may lead to an incorrect understanding of ecosystem dynamics.

Toward a brighter constellation: multiorgan neuroimaging of neural and vascular dynamics in the spinal cord and brain.

Pain comprises a complex interaction between motor action and somatosensation that is dependent on dynamic interactions between the brain and spinal cord. This makes understanding pain particularly challenging as it involves rich interactions between many circuits (e.g., neural and vascular) and signaling cascades throughout the body. As such, experimentation on a single region may lead to an incomplete and potentially incorrect understanding of crucial underlying mechanisms. We aimed to develop and validate tools to enable detailed and extended observation of neural and vascular activity in the brain and spinal cord. The first key set of innovations was targeted to developing novel imaging hardware that addresses the many challenges of multisite imaging. The second key set of innovations was targeted to enabling bioluminescent (BL) imaging, as this approach can address limitations of fluorescent microscopy including photobleaching, phototoxicity, and decreased resolution due to scattering of excitation signals. We designed 3D-printed brain and spinal cord implants to enable effective surgical implantations and optical access with wearable miniscopes or an open window (e.g., for one- or two-photon microscopy or optogenetic stimulation). We also tested the viability for BL imaging and developed a novel modified miniscope optimized for these signals (BLmini). We describe "universal" implants for acute and chronic simultaneous brain-spinal cord imaging and optical stimulation. We further describe successful imaging of BL signals in both foci and a new miniscope, the "BLmini," which has reduced weight, cost, and form-factor relative to standard wearable miniscopes. The combination of 3D-printed implants, advanced imaging tools, and bioluminescence imaging techniques offers a coalition of methods for understanding spinal cord-brain interactions. Our work has the potential for use in future research into neuropathic pain and other sensory disorders and motor behavior.

Convergence and Divergence of the United States and the European Union on the Process of State-Building in Afghanistan over the Years (2001 – 2022)

The history of Afghanistan can be characterized by the absence of fundamental and structural governments, although rulers under the name of government governed the country in the past century. However, the lack of responsive governments led the country to remain in a constant state of conflict and chronic violence. After 2001, when a new chapter opened in the political history of Afghanistan, the United States and the European Union directly and indirectly had a hand in all Afghan matters. The incorrect understanding of Afghanistan's structure, cultural and historical fabric, and lack of development can be recognized as the necessity and importance in state-building. The main question is how the convergence and divergence of the United States and the European Union have affected the process of state-building in Afghanistan over the past two decades. Apparently, the European Union and the United States did not have fundamental differences in the issues and aspects of state-building, but they differed in their perspectives on how to achieve goals and the methods to reach them. These differences had a negative impact on the process of state-building in Afghanistan. This research utilizes an analytical-descriptive method and collects information from library resources, articles, and journals. The findings indicate that over the past two decades, the European Union and the United States did not have any differences in creating and supporting a strong government in Afghanistan. However, they had differences in the methods and approaches to achieving their goals, which led to the failure of state-building.

From doing work on your own talk to doing work on others’ talk

Abstract Research on L2 interactional competence (IC) has become increasingly focused on how L2 speakers develop and recalibrate linguistic resources to do interactional work, i.e., how L2 speakers develop a grammar-for-interaction (Pekarek Doehler 2018). In this paper, I use interactional linguistics to track one L2 German speaker’s IC development over 11 months by analyzing her use of German also (English ‘so’) in formulations (see Deppermann 2011; Heritage &amp; Watson 1979, 1980). In initial months, the L2 speaker uses also exclusively to do work on her own prior talk, e.g., in upshots, consequences, and unpackings. The L2 speaker’s initial also uses contribute to moves that maintain intersubjectivity by ensuring her co-interactant’s understanding of her own talk. In later months, the L2 speaker diversifies her uses of also, including uses oriented to co-interactants’ prior talk that address manifest problems of intersubjectivity: to preface an other-correction of an incorrect candidate understanding, and to preface turns addressing a co-interactant’s problem of understanding. The L2 speaker’s changing also uses demonstrate her ability to contribute to interactional organization in increasingly diverse ways, evidencing a developing grammar-for-interaction. I end by calling for more research on the L2 development of linguistic resources that primarily serve interactional functions, such as particles.

Civil Law Analysis of the Category «Public Legal Entity»: A Case Study of such Legal Entities as Public Authorities

The paper analyzes the possibility of applying the categories «public legal entity» or «legal entity of public law» in civil law. The application of this category to legal entities — public authorities — can be explained by the problem of dualism of their legal status. This dualism is manifested in the fact that, participating in civil legal relations as independent entities, legal entities-public authorities do not cease to be part of the public authority mechanism, which affects the independence of their volition and expression of will, calls into question the existence of their independent interest, different from the interest of the entire public legal entity. Under certain circumstances, legal entities-public authorities may participate in civil law relations on behalf of and in the interests of the entire public legal entity. This complicates the differentiation of such forms in practice and requires its resolution in the science of civil law. As the type-forming features of public legal entities, the author highlights their inherent connection with the public legal entity that created them and the specifics of the legal regime of their property regulation. Applying an extensive set of methods, including comparative legal and formal legal methods and from the standpoint of a systematic scientific approach, the author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to exclude the possibility of granting public authorities the legal status of legal entities and defining the public legal entities themselves — the Russian Federation, its constituent entities and municipalities — as public legal entities instead of the legal status sui generis. The paper provides a valuable description of the risks of such an innovation caused by an incorrect understanding of the essence of a public legal entity.

(048) Women's Knowledge about Female Masturbation

Abstract Introduction The scarcity of in-depth studies on female masturbation testifies to the lack of attention paid to this crucial subject and to the cultural hurdles to talking about such a subject. This absence of evidence prevents healthcare practitioners from understanding women's experiences, needs, and challenges regarding their sexuality and sexual autonomy. It is therefore imperative to fill this knowledge gap with research studies that look at the cultural, social, and religious specificities specific to female masturbation. Objective The main objective of this study is to assess the knowledge of women regarding female masturbation taking into consideration their cultural, social, and religious backgrounds. Methods We present a cross-sectional study based on an online 15-item questionnaire posted once per week, 5 weeks in a row from March 14, 2023. The online self-administered questionnaire was presented in the local written dialect. The questionnaire was divided into a sociodemographic section, a general knowledge assessment of genitalia and the sexual female function, and a section about the misconceptions and knowledge about female masturbation. All participants were self-designated female participants over the age of 18, recruited from sports centers' Facebook and Instagram pages. Results The study included 213 participants, 82% of who have attended high education institutions, and 70% were single. The mean age was 25 [18, 45]. Internet was the participants' primary informational source in 64%. Friends were the second source of information with 15%. With regard to the participants' knowledge, the results of the study reveal a diversity of levels of knowledge within our population. Some participants demonstrated a limited or incorrect understanding of female masturbation, often influenced by cultural, and religious beliefs or preconceived ideas. This inaccurate knowledge contributes to the spread of negative stereotypes and judgments about practice. Conclusions It is important to recognize that female masturbation often remains a difficult subject to discuss and is surrounded by social taboos. In light of our findings, it is clear that additional efforts are needed to promote better understanding and acceptance of female masturbation through comprehensive sexuality education programs. Disclosure No.

Как не следует пояснять и тем более исчислять уголовно-процессуальные сроки

The subject of the review is rules for correct calculation of criminal procedure terms as a special type of procedural guarantees established to support and institute in general criminal proceedings of Russia, interests and rights of private stakeholders that are process participants. The author studies positions of the criminal procedure doctrine on this matter, gaps in the applicable laws and regularities of the judicial and investigative practice and gives specific examples to show serious conflicts that may arise as a result of incorrect understanding and calculation of a certain variation of terms in the current criminal procedure.

Comment to the article “A crucial incorrect understanding in the traditional solution theory” from Zhong-Hua Yang and Kun-Peng Yang (J. Molecular Liq. 310 (2020) 112379)

Comment to the article “A crucial incorrect understanding in the traditional solution theory” from Zhong-Hua Yang and Kun-Peng Yang (J. Molecular Liq. 310 (2020) 112379)

Which terms should be used to describe medications used in the treatment of seizure disorders? An ILAE position paper.

A variety of terms, such as "antiepileptic," "anticonvulsant," and "antiseizure" have been historically applied to medications for the treatment of seizure disorders. Terminology is important because using terms that do not accurately reflect the action of specific treatments may result in a misunderstanding of their effects and inappropriate use. The present International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) position paper used a Delphi approach to develop recommendations on English-language terminology applicable to pharmacological agents currently approved for treating seizure disorders. There was consensus that these medications should be collectively named "antiseizure medications". This term accurately reflects their primarily symptomatic effect against seizures and reduces the possibility of health care practitioners, patients, or caregivers having undue expectations or an incorrect understanding of the real action of these medications. The term "antiseizure" to describe these agents does not exclude the possibility of beneficial effects on the course of the disease and comorbidities that result from the downstream effects of seizures, whenever these beneficial effects can be explained solely by the suppression of seizure activity. It is acknowledged that other treatments, mostly under development, can exert direct favorable actions on the underlying disease or its progression, by having "antiepileptogenic" or "disease-modifying" effects. A more-refined terminology to describe precisely these actions needs to be developed.

Not Automation Failures, but Automation Interface Failures

While there is value in thinking about forms of automation failure, the primary role of human factors is to specify how the interface conveys automation state and behavior: when the automation fails and when the automation “performs as designed” but still results in safety events. How do we make automation an effective crewmember? I describe what the flightcrew, ideally, should understand about autoflight state or behavior, using aviation examples to illustrate how that information was not successfully conveyed to the flightcrew, leaving the flightcrew with an incomplete and/or incorrect understanding. Specifically, the interface needs to address automation state, its current targets or objectives, its limitations in achieving those targets, whether it is approaching an operational boundary, data validity, broader checks on what is operationally reasonable, and how to intervene.

Об исламских религионимах и специфике их функционирования в СМИ и социальных сетях

The article examines some Islamic religious names that are actively used in the lan-guage of mass media and social networks. The problem is that most lexical units naming Islamic concepts are not recorded In Russian dictionaries with a complete and correct interpretation of their meaning, which leads to the situation when people professing other religions in Russia get certain ideas about Islam from the press and social networks where Islamic vocabulary is often used in contexts that distort the meaning of these words, which leads to incorrect understanding of Islam. The research methods applied in this study allow to establish that Islamic religious names are used in the Russian language both in their sacred and figurative meanings and perform various functions in the investigated texts.

Exploring the Taxonomy of Commits in Cyber-Physical Systems for Enhanced Error Fixes Investigation

Cyber-physical systems are a symbiosis of multi-level control systems that take into account the physical aspects of the functioning of target objects. Errors in such systems can be associated both with incorrect organization of the code and operation of the hardware, as well as with an incorrect understanding of physical laws and their numerical approximation. Continuing our previous work, we apply technologies for analyzing commits in git repositories of some well-known cyber-physical systems, followed by classification of messages from developers. As a result, we discuss the identified strong keywords and generalized fix messages that can reveal the main classes of bugs in these projects. The results of the work can be used in training and consulting on errors and vulnerabilities in complex systems.

KEMAMPUAN NUMERASI AND NEWMAN PROCEDURE: ANALISIS KESALAHAN MAHASISWA CALON GURU SD DALAM MENYELESAIKAN MASALAH MATEMATIKA

Numeracy is an essential skill that must be possessed to be successful in the 21st century. Numeration contains complex problems that link mathematics to everyday life. It is necessary to know the numeracy abilities of prospective elementary school teacher students as an initial effort to develop the numeracy abilities of future elementary school teachers. Apart from that, knowing what errors arise in solving numeracy questions is necessary to know what actions to use to develop the numeracy of prospective elementary school teachers. One theory that can be used to see student errors in solving numeracy questions is based on Newman's Errors Analysis (NEA). This research used a qualitative approach involving 154 students, of which 124 experienced errors. The research results showed that there were student errors in Reading Errors (R) at 9.68%, Comprehension Errors (C) at 27.42%, Transformation Errors (T) at 22.58%, Process Skills Errors (P) at 35, 48%, and Encoding Errors (E) of 4.84%. These errors are caused by students not being able to understand the basic concept of fractions, incorrect conceptual understanding regarding the concept of fractions, and students not understanding how to write fraction symbols and what two fractions have in common