Incorrect Terms Research Articles

"Vulva," Not "Private Part": The Importance of Accurate Genital Terminology.

Effective communication in pediatric dermatology is critical for accurate diagnosis and treatment, particularly in sensitive areas such as the anogenital region. Unfortunately, children and their families often use euphemisms or incorrect terms when referring to this area, and many adults lack knowledge of anogenital terminology. Pediatric dermatologists can play a unique role in educating children and their families on correct anatomical language, which enhances body awareness, empowers young patients, improves safety, and contributes to accurate medical assessments and treatment adherence. By promoting the use of correct anatomical terms, pediatric dermatologists can improve patient outcomes and foster a healthier understanding of body anatomy and health.

Standardization of terms in reproductive andrology: searching for consensus

The manuscript is dedicated to the fact that even in a narrow specific field of reproductive andrology leading schools of thought may disagree on some definitions, but the disagreements and should not be so significant as to cause professional miscommunication. In reproductive andrology there are many terms, some of which are used incorrectly or are initially inadequately translated from foreign languages. Sadly, several of such incorrect terms are used systematically, and because of that we consider it relevant to highlight this problem on the pages of this journal to get the attention of clinical specialists and initiate further discussion.

Стандартизация терминов в репродуктивной андрологии: поиск консенсуса

The manuscript is dedicated to the fact that even in a narrow specific field of reproductive andrology leading schools of thought may disagree on some definitions, but the disagreements and should not be so significant as to cause professional miscommunication. In reproductive andrology there are many terms, some of which are used incorrectly or are initially inadequately translated from foreign languages. Sadly, several of such incorrect terms are used systematically, and because of that we consider it relevant to highlight this problem on the pages of this journal to get the attention of clinical specialists and initiate further discussion.

Systematic Errors in the Results of Quantitative Chemical Analysis: from Incorrect Terms to Erroneous Concepts

Systematic Errors in the Results of Quantitative Chemical Analysis: from Incorrect Terms to Erroneous Concepts

Critical Approaches on the Changes Taking Place after 24/2014/EU in BIM Adoption Process

In 2014, the European Union introduced the so-called BIM at the attention of the Member States with the European Directive 24/2014/EU to spread this method throughout Europe. Alongside the generally recurrent motivations (education, maturity in the construction sector, technical approaches) to understand the causes of the laborious and not yet wide diffusion of BIM in Europe, this work introduces an original way that still appears not explored well enough in the current research scenario: the analysis of the correctness of the technical terms used in the native text of the ED and the translated texts in the national languages. The goal is to demonstrate that incorrect technical terms can be misunderstood and interpreted, and they move away from the specific and original contents of Charles Eastman’s method. The misunderstanding of the real technical content of the legal obligation has conditioned the clarity, speed and effectiveness of the diffusion of BIM. It is necessary to include the acronym BIM in legal texts instead of the current generic expression “building information electronic modelling”. The strength of the article is to recover clarity with the original indication and definition of BIM and the limit is that, in general, all laws can be interpreted.

Identification of key Risks in Fast-Track Construction projects: A Literature Review

Fast-track construction projects have become more common in recent yearsas a response to increased demand. The sector was known for its high-risk and highcomplexity features. Regardless of the degree of difficulty in construction projects,the construction industry has responded to requirements for faster project deliverydeadlines to meet standards, emergency/disaster preservation, and time-to-marketconstraints. The purpose of this study was to clarify risk management's role in fasttrack construction projects, evaluate how fast-track construction projects impact theconstruction time of such projects, and investigate risks that might occur fromdifferent levels of overlap. To achieve this, the paper undergone a comprehensiveliterature review on several 43 papers that have been published in Scopus. Theresearcher reviewed the literature for several studies, such as papers and books inthis field from 2000 to 2021. The results were: identifying accelerated techniquesand their classification; clarifying risks; risk management processes and theirclassification; and clarifying risks in fast-track construction projects because of anunfair risk distribution between the contractual parties because of specific or incorrect contract terms. This has led to a careful assessment of the scope of thework and how the project will be executed.

ШУХЛЯДИ І СТРУНИ (химерно-єретичний есей)

With this essay, I continue the long-standing heretical polemic with the practice of literary generalizations, which drive the artistic achievements of unique creative people into the drawers of "-isms", uniting them with one or another precedent name, such as "fancy prose" or "fancy novel". Vasyl Zemliak's diverse work does not fit only in these drawers, because he wrote not only epic or lyrical prose, but also prose poetry (it is denoted by as many as four incorrect terms: "prose poems", "prose poems", "prose poetry", " prose poetry"), and also worked in the field of related arts, participating in the creation of film scripts, and some of them (such as "Conscience") do not at all fit into the "quaint" commune. For example, the work "Dialogue with the city" is traditionally classified as "small stories", while in fact it is a prose-lyrical monologue-message in the form of a dialogue, with elements of an ode, meditation, memory, urban landscape and with a rhythmic melody, tropes, rhetorical figures, etc. corresponding to this genre. The essay also includes a comic strip by V. Zemliak's, which was preserved in the archive of the film director and writer M. Mashchenko and was published in his memoirs, posthumously. Written in 1960, this comic belongs to the period of the socalled Khrushchev thaw, but even then it was dangerous for the author, who worked as the chief editor of the film studio named after O. Dovzhenko (1963−1968). However, after the events of the "Prague Spring" in 1968, Vaclav Vacek, a Czech by origin, who took the pseudonym Vasyl Zemlіak, no longer worked at a film studio. I also support my long-standing statement about the need to finally introduce film dramaturgy, just as dramaturgy was introduced, to artistic literature, and its analysis to literary studies as a branch of art studies. And therefore − about the need to explore the creativity of artists in view of their diverse interests, in particular in the genre of film scripts. The world has long been moving towards a new syncretism of the arts, in which the art of the word and its visualization should occupy a prominent place. Not seeing all this is, at best, narrow-minded myopia.

The ICHOM Standard Set for Pregnancy and Childbirth - Translation and Linguistic Adaptation for Germany.

Introduction The gathering of health and quality-of-life issues that matter most to patients over so-called patient-reported outcomes (PROs) is a key aspect of patient-centered healthcare. In obstetrics, this approach has the potential to expand the current understanding of what quality entails by including patient perspectives. The International Consortium for Health Outcome Measures (ICHOM), founded in 2012, is a global organization which aims to standardise the collection of PROs and make the results comparable worldwide. A PRO Set for obstetrics, “Pregnancy and Childbirth”, was published in 2018. The aim of our work was to translate the instruments of this set that are not yet available in German into German. Methods The instruments were translated from English into German using the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) translation method. The translated instruments consisted of the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale – Short Form (BSES-SF), the Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale (MIBS), and the Birth Satisfaction Scale – Revised (BSS-R) as well as a number of individual questions (items). Results The final version of the German translations were found to be easily comprehensible by the target group. During the cognitive debriefing, it became clear that pregnant women and women who had just given birth often used a number of medically incorrect terms to refer to their symptoms or complaints. In the translations great care was taken to ensure that the wording was as close as possible to the general usage of the language while at the same time the terminology was medically correct. To achieve a precise but comprehensible translation, the response structure of the BSES-SF also had to be adapted. Conclusions The instruments of the ICHOM Standard Set “Pregnancy and Childbirth”, which were not previously available in German, were successfully translated into German. This meant dealing with a few challenges such as adapting questions or response structures. The cultural and linguistic comprehensibility of the German translations were confirmed during the subsequent cognitive debriefing. The translations offer the possibility of implementing the complete ICHOM Set for Pregnancy and Childbirth. This would provide an opportunity to expand the existing understanding of quality by including the subjective experience of women during and after childbirth and, in future, to compare outcomes with those of other hospitals across the world.

Analysing Patterns of Errors in Neural and Statistical Machine Translation of Arabic and English


 
 
 This paper provides a comparative analysis of two Machine Translation (MT) engines: Google Translate (GT) and Microsoft Bing (MB). Previously, these MT engines adopted the statistical approach in their system. However, they are currently using the latest neural approach in their engines, which has become a trend in the MT field. The present data discusses the quality of the outputs by comparing the previous data using the SMT engines with the current data from the NMT engines. This paper also analyses the patterns of errors that exist in the MT outputs, which were generated using four Arabic texts and 5 English texts. Results reported a significant decrease of 72.2% and 73.1% in the number of errors found in GT and MB, respectively, with most of them are syntactic errors and incorrect terms. Missing conjunctions and determiners were also reported to be common mistakes in the analysis. Generally, the adequacy of both NMT engines has improved for English-Arabic language pairs. Even though the errors still exist, most of them can be easily corrected if thoroughly revised. 
 
 

How do medical students understand disease behaviors? Evidence from event-related potentials

To investigate how medical students process Western medicine (WM) terms vs . traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) terms and how this is impacted by analogical priming from the perspective of cognitive neuroscience. The experiments were designed as a 2 (TCM terms vs . WM terms) × 2 (correct terms vs . incorrect terms) × 2 (analogical priming task vs . non-priming task) scheme. A total of 26 medical students completed a non-priming judgment task and an analogical priming judgment task on medical terms. During the tasks, the participants were asked to make correct/incorrect judgments on WM terms and TCM terms, and their behavioral data and event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. Behaviorally, the response speed and accuracy of WM terms were higher than those of TCM terms (both P < .001), indicating a prominent concreteness effect. Analogical priming shortened the response time to medical terms ( P < .001), and the response time to TCM terms was shortened more significantly ( P = .001). For ERPs, WM terms induced a larger P200 (an early positive ERP component), a smaller N400 (a negative ERP component), and a higher late positive ERP component, indicating superiority of attention adjustment, smaller-scale semantic activation, and a higher cost of late semantic analysis and integration. However, the analogical priming eliminated the difference between WM and TCM terms in P200 and N400 while maintaining it in the LPC. This suggests that WM terms are sensitive to analogical attention adjustment, and TCM terms are susceptible to analogical semantic integration. Our findings suggest that WM and TCM disease behavior terms may initially differ in concreteness or the use of a verbal-linguistic system. Analogy is more conducive to understanding TCM terms. This research provides important neuroscientific evidence of the difference in thinking between TCM and WM.

Misused terms in analytical chemistry with emphasis on ultrasound application.

A wide number of analytical terms have been applied erroneously for many years by analytical chemists, and they apply at present yet, by considering the time makes their use correct. The question is, may precedents validate the present use of incorrect scientific terms? Misused terms are found along the analytical process, starting with giving the name of the sample to the exiguous fraction of the original sample that reaches the detector or the high-resolution equipment after sample pretreatment and sample preparation. All the steps of the analytical process are considered in this article, with special emphasis on sample preparation and, within this, on the use of ultrasound, mainly for assisting extraction more unequivocally named as leaching or lixiviation. A call of attention in this respect is considered by the author to be of help to the analytical community.

Social and Cultural Features of Trilingual Creativity in Oriental Literature and the Work of Nizami Gandzhavi

This article is aimed at examining the cultural, historical and sociological environment of the peoples known to us as medieval oriental literature - Anatolia, the South Caucasus, Iran and a large part of Central Asia, which created bilingual and trilingual literary examples in "Islamic" cultural geography. As a result of the subjective approach of a number of researchers to this process, incorrect, misleading and harmful terms and concepts were introduced, and we observe the trend of “brand” searches in the history of literature. R. Tagore (India), who wrote excellent works in English, Kafka (Israel), the author of valuable works in German, Nizami Ganjavi (Azerbaijan), who wrote important works in Persian and many others, do they express their national "belonging" in accordance with the language of the works? On the basis of this concept, an attempt is made to analyze the socio-cultural picture of medieval Islamic culture and to identify the "baseless terminology" (which has no scientific basis), to evaluate it on specific examples. The early Islamic culture, the stages of the introduction of the Arabic and Persian languages into everyday life and public life, the process of expanding the Islamic cultural environment as a folk, academic and poetic language are studied and analyzed. We also tried to provide a scientific answer to the erroneous judgments and analyzes of various researchers.

The Role of Statistic Information in the Information Society

The article is dedicated to substantiation of the leading role of the necessity to understand and to apply the main propositions of statistics in scientific society with the aim to ensure its progressive development. In order to substantiate the currency of the solution of this questions there were considered the contradictions occurred in connection with the divergences in understanding the basic concepts, which are very often used by the society, in particular the concert “information”. Very often the concept “data” is replaced by the concept “information” that becomes in many cases the reason for appearance of incorrect terms. It was also noted the insufficient level of statistic competence of the society as to the possible character of any phenomena and processes, in the Universe and in the society, the results of which according to the results of observation, very often become false at all or mistaken conclusions. In particular, using the statistic approach the main conclusions, defined by some scientists-physicists in XX century were considered. It was proved that very often these conclusions were made without taking into account the possible character of all phenomena and processes that take place in the Universe. It’s stressed, that applying the statistic principles as for the collecting the data and creating the useful for making the decision information so for defining the conclusions according to the results of the analysis and prognostication of the phenomena and processes favours the higher of substantiation of managerial decisions. It was pointed to the drawbacks of the set of number, that make the so-called “modern sources of information” – Big Data, Business intelligence, Data mining, Smart-society, in the case of their usage for characterizing the social-economic phenomena and processes. The proposition was made about the necessity to gain the practical knowledge in statistics by all the persons who have to define the conclusions according to the results of observation of the objects and phenomena and also to develop the steps with the aim of their further changes. So while making the prognosis of social-economic phenomena and processes it is obligatory to take into consideration the main regularity of development – cyclicality. There were generalized statistic recommendations as to the forming the statistic information, the application of which will favour to higher the efficiency of the process of creating such information, which in its turn, will become the weighty factor of acceleration of the modern information society.

Typology of Main Errors of Novice Technical Translators (English/Russian)

Introduction. Erratology is a new section of linguistics related to the study of different mistakes. Erratology in the sphere of translation is of particular practical interest since translation errors have a particularly strong effect on areas not even related to linguistics.Methodology and sources. The author analyzed the results of the final test task and developed a typology of the main mistakes of novice technical translators. The classification was not based on a single principle; instead, a comprehensive approach was used. The final classification includes the following types: speech errors, semantic errors, incoherent sentences, terminological errors (incorrect terms and non-unified use of terms), omissions, grammatical errors, misprints, punctuation errors. Since 2014, the author has been conducting e-learning courses on the theory and practice of technical translation for novice and experienced translators who want to improve their skills. Most of the course students were already engaged in translations or planned to start translation activities. For 4 years, 60 people completed most of their homework and the final test task (translation of a technical, medical or legal text (2500 characters with spaces)). The results of the final test task were analyzed and the main types of errors of novice technical translators were identified.Results and discussion. The resulting distribution of the error types is the following: speech errors – 47; semantic errors – 19; incorrect terms – 13; not unified use of terms – 13; omissions – 11; grammatical errors – 7; not unified expression of obligation – 7; misprints – 5; incoherent sentences – 4. The domination of speech errors is caused by a low level of philological literacy of modern Russian society as well as by the removal of proofreaders and editors from the publication process due to cost reduction. Semantic errors are caused by an insufficient level of knowledge in a particular field of knowledge. Other errors are stipulated because of a lack of self-control skills.Conclusion. As a result of the analysis of the test works of novice translators, a practical typology of translation errors was developed. As can be seen from the analyzed examples, all the errors of novice translators can be described using the rule of three “I": inattention, ignorance, inexperience.

Influence of observer preferences and auscultatory skill on the choice of terms to describe lung sounds: a survey of staff physicians, residents and medical students

BackgroundIn contrast with the technical progress of the stethoscope, lung sound terminology has remained confused, weakening the usefulness of auscultation. We examined how observer preferences regarding terminology and auscultatory skill...

ON THE STATE OF AFFAIRS AND PROBLEMS OF TERMINOLOGY STANDARDS IN FORENSIC EXAMINATION

The article discusses the national standards of terms and definitions for six types of forensic science, which appeared in the Russian Federation during 2016-2018. These standards fix terminology which should be used by expert community of the Russian Federation at preparation of the expert opinion, and also other documentation and literature in the field of the types of forensic science specified in standards. The authors, as well as some researchers of these standards, noting the presence of some incorrect and ambiguous terms and definitions in them, consider their preparation an important step in the formation of the forensic science language and its unification.

Validating semantic illusions: Competition between context and general world knowledge.

The RI-Val model of comprehension includes a validation process in which linkages formed by integration are matched against active memory. In five experiments, we investigated factors that influence validation. Reading times were measured on target sentences that contained either correct information or semantically related, but incorrect content. Experiment 1 demonstrated that strong contextual support for shared features between correct and incorrect terms delayed processing difficulty associated with incorrect information. Experiment 2 confirmed that contextual information needed to be available in memory in order to influence validation. Experiments 3a and 3b showed that strong contextual support for distinguishing features between correct and incorrect terms led to immediate processing difficulty associated with incorrect information, whereas features-in-common led to delayed difficulty. Experiments 4 and 5 showed that the timing of validation effects is sensitive to subtle changes in task demands. The combined results are consistent with the assumptions of the RI-Val model. (PsycINFO Database Record

The comparative effects of cumulative and unitary SAFMEDS terms in an introductory undergraduate behavior analysis course

ABSTRACTResearch in precision teaching (PT) and verbal behavior has implications for undergraduate instruction, but effects of PT for under-graduate coursework are not yet fully understood. The authors examined the differences between learning outcomes for Say All Fast Minute Every Day Shuffled (SAFMEDS) cards between cumulative decks where all terms were practiced (fall semester) and unitary decks where terms were split into 10 units with no more than 10 cards each (spring semester). Results showed that the rate of correct terms recited per minute increased over the course of both semesters, the rate of incorrect terms decreased, and the rate of skips remained variable. The changes in rate occurred more quickly throughout the spring semester and more students reached the frequency aims. Other factors examined included timing intervals, multiple checkouts, definition length, and retention. The results have implications for the use of PT, especially SAFMEDS, in college classrooms.

Contribution to the cognizance of raw materials and raw material regions of the Transcarpathian Palaeolithic

On the territory Transcarpathian Ukraine, about 100 Palaeolithic localities are known up to our days. Most of them are surface finds. In spite of the rich archaeological heritage, the elaboration of the material, especially its petroarchaeological evaluation supported by professional scientific analytical methods, is in the initial phase as yet. The aim of the present study is to supply information on the lithic raw materials of the Palaeolithic settlements in Transcarpathian Ukraine, the detailed survey and description of the primary raw materials, their identification, description and terminology, as well as the outlining of the local raw material provinces and study of the distribution of the raw materials on archaeological sites. In the archaeological literature of Transcarpathian Ukraine, lithic raw materials are still described under incorrect petrographical terms. For example, for the raw material of Korolevo Palaeolithic site is, correctly speaking, hyaline dacite, and the “flints” of Beregovo region are indeed rocks of volcanic origin which have undergone metasomatic processes. Field survey for collecting geological samples localized 19 different raw material sources all of which yielded hard rocks with conchoidal fracture that are suitable for tool making with knapping. Out of the 19 raw material types 11 were actually found in archaeological assemblages of the studied area. The most popular raw materials of Transcarpathian Ukraine are the Korolevo hyaline dacite, Rokosovo obsidian, (Carpathian 3 type) and siliceous rhyolite tuff varieties (type I and II), siliceous tuffite (type I and II), siliceous and opalised rhyolite (type I and II) from the Beregovo Hills area, as well as silicified sandstone (type II) and the siliceous argillite. Certain types of potential raw materials were found in archaeological assemblages as yet. These are the Kriva limno-chalcedonite and limnoopalite, radiolarite of Svalyava type I, II and III, the siliceous limestone of Svalyava and Priborzhavske, and the hornfels of Suskovo. The paper also points out patterns in lithic raw material circulation in the prehistoric period of Transcarpathia. In the Palaeolithic, the settlement system and location of sites was largely dependent on the lithic sources. Altogether 9 types of rocks played important role: Korolevo hyaline dacite, the Carpathian 3 type obsidian from Rokosovo, 6 types of metasomatites of Beregovo Hills, and the silicified sandstone (type II). Upper Palaeolithic communities settled close to the outcrops of primary and secondary geological positions and this phenomenon is observable at each important Palaeolithic settlement. On the basis of the principal raw material circulation of the Palaeolithic three territorial groups have been formulated. These are named after the most abundant and used rock types of the given region. Three raw material regions are recognized in Transcarpathia: volcanic, metasomatic, and sedimentary. Furthermore, sub-regions were also established in the volcanic region (Rokosovo-Maliy Rakovets and Korolevo-Veryatsa sub-regions) and in the metasomatic region (Beregovo, Muzhiyevo and Bene- Kvasovo sub-regions).

Segmental hypomelanosis and hypermelanosis arranged in a checkerboard pattern are distinct naevi: flag-like hypomelanotic naevus and flag-like hypermelanotic naevus.

The categorization of congenital hypo- or hyperpigmented skin lesions following a segmental pattern has been a long-lasting matter of debate and have been reported under various and often incorrect terms. To reassess published hypomelanotic and hypermelanotic lesions that did not follow Blaschko lines nor a phylloid pattern of mosaicism, we carried out an extensive and critical review of the worldwide literature. Seventy-four retrieved cases consisted of lateralized hypomelanotic lesions arranged in a flag-like pattern or appearing as large patches of grossly oval or angulated shape and sharp, serrated margins. Sometimes lesions harboured maculopapular melanocytic naevi or cooccurred with other segmentally arranged naevi. A probably non-random association with extracutaneous anomalies was also reported on rare occasions. In 70 cases, lateralized hypermelanotic patches were arranged in a flag-like pattern that often appeared as large quadrangular patches. Sometimes lesions harboured Spitz naevi. Ten cases belonged to phacomatosis melanorosea, whereas several others were part of so far uncategorized cases of phacomatosis pigmentovascularis. Flag-like hypomelanosis is a distinct naevus type, for which the term 'flag-like hypomelanotic naevus' is suggested. Its cooccurrence with extracutaneous abnormalities might represent a specific syndrome. Flag-like hypermelanosis is a distinct naevus type, for which the term 'flag-like hypermelanotic naevus' is suggested. Its co-occurrence with naevus roseus defines phacomatosis melanorosea. Flag-like hypermelanotic naevus should be distinguished from the checkerboard-like areas of darker skin as observed in chimaeras.