Incorrect Rate Research Articles

Electron transfer rate in the Marcus inverted regime beyond the perturbation theory

Two possible quantum mechanical methods, the flux–flux correlation function formula in time domain and quantum S-matrix approach in energy domain, are used to evaluate the electron transfer rate in the Marcus inverted regime. One dimensional test calculations show that both methods give the same results in the whole range of the coupling strength from adiabatic to diabatic limits. It is also shown that the perturbation theory in the strong coupling regime predicts incorrect electronic transfer rate as expected. Potential application of both quantum methods to complex systems is discussed.

Use of failure mode and effects analysis in improving the safety of i.v. drug administration

Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) was used to identify dosing and administration errors associated with i.v. medications and evaluate the effectiveness of subsequent system improvements. A multidisciplinary medication safety team conducted an FMEA to identify and reduce common medication errors and selected wrong-dose errors for process improvement. In 2002, wrong-dose errors comprised 17% of all medication errors at the hospital (59 of 347 errors). The most common reason for administering the wrong dose was error in programming the i.v. infusion pump (41%). Potential errors (i.e., failures) identified were misinterpretation of the order, removing the wrong medication or wrong concentration of the correct medication, using the wrong diluent or drug to prepare the drip, and entering the wrong concentration or infusion rate on the pump. Errors in programming the i.v. infusion pump was the step in the medication-use process associated with the highest criticality index. Based on the results of the FMEA, two main interventions were performed. First, standard order sets were revised after streamlining the formulary and eliminating the use of unapproved abbreviations. Second, an i.v. pump with enhanced safety features was implemented. One-year follow-up data revealed that the number of medication errors related to dosing (wrong dose or incorrect infusion rate) had decreased slightly (from 59 in 2002 to 46 in 2003); however, a dramatic reduction was noted in the percentage of pump-related errors. In 2003, pump-related errors accounted for 22% of dosing errors, compared with 41% in 2002. Medication errors related to i.v. infusion pumps were reduced by conducting an FMEA and implementing the process changes needed.

Mapping drug calculation skills in an undergraduate nursing curriculum

The ability to calculate drug dosages correctly is an essential skill for registered nurses to possess. Performing drug calculations accurately is not a skill that new graduates have the luxury of developing over time. Drug errors are in many instances directly related to either the administration of an incorrect dose or incorrect infusion rate caused by calculation errors. A strategy for implementing drug calculation skills into our new under graduate nursing curriculum was initiated to assist students in developing proficiency in drug calculations. The aim of this program is to promote the development of calculation skills in undergraduate nursing students, rather than simply assessing their skills.

Native specific activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx‐1), phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) does not differ between normo‐ and hypomotile human sperm samples

Native specific activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx‐1), phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) does not differ between normo‐ and hypomotile human sperm samples

Meta-Analytic Methods of Pooling Correlation Matrices for Structural Equation Modeling Under Different Patterns of Missing Data.

Three methods of synthesizing correlations for meta-analytic structural equation modeling (SEM) under different degrees and mechanisms of missingness were compared for the estimation of correlation and SEM parameters and goodness-of-fit indices by using Monte Carlo simulation techniques. A revised generalized least squares (GLS) method for synthesizing correlations, weighted-covariance GLS (W-COV GLS), was compared with univariate weighting with untransformed correlations (univariate r) and univariate weighting with Fisher's z-transformed correlations (univariate z). These 3 methods were crossed with listwise and pairwise deletion. Univariate z and W-COV GLS performed similarly, with W-COV GLS providing slightly better estimation of parameters and more correct model rejection rates. Missing not at random data produced high levels of relative bias in correlation and model parameter estimates and higher incorrect SEM model rejection rates. Pairwise deletion resulted in inflated standard errors for all synthesis methods and higher incorrect rejection rates for the SEM model with univariate weighting procedures.

Signals from R-parity violating top quark decays at LHC

We evaluate the potential of the CERN LHC collider to observe rare decays of the top quark in channels involving R-parity violating ( ) interactions. We stress the importance of calculating top quark production and decay simultaneously as a true 2→4 process. The process of t pair production followed by decay of one of the top quarks is analyzed with fast detector simulation. We show that intermediate supersymmetric particles can be observed as resonances even if they are heavier than the top quark due to the significant off-shell top quark mass effects. The approach where the top quark is produced on-mass-shell and then decays into 2- or 3-body final state would in general lead to incorrect kinematical distributions and rates. The rates of the 2→4 process with top quark production and 3-body decay depend on the total width of the heavy intermediate sfermion which could, therefore, be measured indirectly. We find that the LHC collider offers a unique potential to study rare top quark decays in the framework of supersymmetry with broken R-parity for branching fractions of top decays as low as 10−6.

Abnormal speech perception in schizophrenia with auditory hallucinations.

The neurobiological mechanism of auditory hallucination (AH) in schizophrenia remains elusive, but AH can be caused by the abnormality in the speech perception system based on the speech perception neural network model. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether schizophrenic patients with AH have the speech processing impairment as compared with schizophrenic patients without AH, and whether the speech perception ability could be improved after AH had subsided. Twenty-four schizophrenic patients with AH were compared with 25 schizophrenic patients without AH. Narrative speech perception was assessed using a masked speech tracking (MST) task with three levels of superimposed phonetic noise. Sentence repetition task (SRT) and auditory continuous performance task (CPT) were used to assess grammar-dependent verbal working memory and non-language attention, respectively. These tests were measured before and after treatment in both groups. Before treatment, schizophrenic patients with AH showed significant impairments in MST compared with those without AH. There were no significant differences in SRT and CPT correct (CPT-C) rates between both groups, but CPT incorrect (CPT-I) rate showed a significant difference. The low-score CPI-I group showed a significant difference in MST performance between the two groups, while the high-score CPI-I group did not. After treatment (after AH subsided), the hallucinating schizophrenic patients still had significant impairment in MST performance compared with non-hallucinating schizophrenic patients. Our results support the claim that schizophrenic patients with AH are likely to have a disturbance of the speech perception system. Moreover, our data suggest that non-language attention might be a key factor influencing speech perception ability and that speech perception dysfunction might be a trait marker in schizophrenia with AH.

Effect of initial conditions on the near-field development of a round jet

This paper examines the effects of using different grids, placed at the nozzle exit plane, on the subsequent development of a subsonic round air jet. Modifications to the initial development of the jet are achieved in a passive manner by placing different grids at the nozzle exit plane. Time-averaged statistics of the velocity, including spectra, are combined with a numerical linear instability investigation. The grids suppress the initial shear layer instability whereas they damp the jet column instability. As a result, the streamwise decay and radial spreading of the perturbed jets are reduced. The instability analysis yields realistic values for the fastest growing instability frequency but incorrect growth rates.

Designing a Degradation Experiment with a Reciprocal Weibull Degradation Rate

Degradation experiments are usually used to assess the lifetime distribution of highly reliable products which are not likely to fail under the traditional life tests or accelerated life tests. Several factors, such as the inspection frequency, the sample size and the termination time, are closely related to the experimental cost and the estimation precision. Obviously, an inappropriate setting of these decision variables not only wastes the experimental resources but also reduces the precision of data analysis. Recently, Yu and Tseng [17] addressed the problem of how to determine the optimal setting of these decision variables for a linearized degradation model where the degradation rate follows a lognormal distribution. In practical applications, Weibull and lognormal distributions may fit the lifetime data quite adequately. However, their predictions may lead to a significant difference. To overcome this difficulty, we first deal with the optimal design of a degradation experiment where the degradation rate follows a reciprocal Weibull distribution. Under the constraint that the total experimental cost does not exceed a pre-determined budget, the optimal decision variables are solved by minimizing the mean squared error of the estimated 100pth percentile of the lifetime distribution of the product. An example is provided to illustrate the proposed method. Finally, we also discuss the effects of using incorrect degradation rates on the optimal test plans.

GPS fault detection and exclusion using moving average filters

A new approach based on the moving average (MA) is proposed to perform satellite failure detection and exclusion (FDE). By taking the average of the last few sums of the squares of the GPS range residual errors, the MA filter is applied to speed up failure detection. The detection threshold cannot be obtained directly because the cumulative distribution of a random process with an MA filter is unknown. Therefore, the Markov chain approach is applied to resolve the threshold. In addition, variations in the number of visible satellites may cause problems in data fusion. The probability integral transformation (PIT) method is adopted to overcome this. After a satellite failure is detected, the multivariate MA filter is used to reduce the incorrect exclusion rate (IER) by taking the average of the last few parity vectors. Simulation results show that, in comparison with the conventional least-squares-residuals method, the MA filter demonstrates higher performance in detecting small failures and a similar level of performance in detecting large failures. Moreover, simulation results also verify that the proposed method has lower IER than the conventional parity space method.

Quality assessment of malaria laboratory diagnosis in South Africa

To assess the quality of malaria diagnosis in 115 South African laboratories participating in the NationalHealth Laboratory Service Parasitology External Quality Assessment Programme we reviewed the results from 7 surveys from January 2000 to August 2002. The mean percentage incorrect result rate was 13.8% (95% CI 11.3–16.9%), which is alarmingly high, with about 1 in 7 blood films being incorrectly interpreted. Most participants with incorrect blood film interpretations had acceptable Giemsa staining quality, indicating that there is less of a problem with staining technique than with blood film interpretation. Laboratories in provinces in which malaria is endemic did not necessarily perform better than those in non-endemic areas. The results clearly suggest that malaria laboratory diagnosis throughout South Africa needs strengthening by improving laboratory standardization and auditing, training, quality assurance and referral resources.

Timing of bimanual alternating finger-tapping sequences in adolescents with mental retardation: a pilot study.

We examined differences between the synchronization and self-pacing tasks using repetitive tapping with alternate hands. 9 adolescents with mental retardation made faster and more variable movements on the self-pacing task than on the synchronization task at target intervals of 400 and 800 msec. This suggests that they were able to coordinate the timing of individual responses with individual stimuli on the synchronization task but on the self-pacing task they controlled the timing by memory or generation or setting of an incorrect timer rate.

New electron-energy transfer rates for vibrational excitation of O2

We report on our computation of electron-energy transfer rates for vibrational excitation ofO2.This work was necessitated by inadequacies in the electron-impact cross section databasesemployed in previous studies and, in one case, an inaccurate approximate formulation tothe rate equation. Both these inadequacies led to incorrect energy transfer rates beingpublished in the literature. We also demonstrate the importance of using cross sections thatencompass an energy range that is extended enough to appropriately describe theenvironment under investigation.

Working Memory and Sleep in 6- to 13-Year-Old Schoolchildren

To study the associations between sleep quality/quantity and performance in auditory/visual working memory tasks of different load levels. Sixty schoolchildren aged 6 to 13 years from normal school classes voluntarily participated. Actigraphy measurement was done during a typical school week for 72 consecutive hours. It was timed together with the working memory experiments to obtain information on children's sleep during that period. The n-back task paradigm was used to examine auditory and visual working memory functions. Lower sleep efficiency and longer sleep latency were associated with a higher percentage of incorrect responses in working memory tasks at all memory load levels (partial correlations, controlling for age, all p values < .05, except in visual 0-back and auditive 2-back tasks); shorter sleep duration was associated with performing tasks at the highest load level only (partial correlations, controlling for age,p < .05). Also in general linear models (controlling for age, gender, and socioeconomic status), sleep efficiency (F = 11.706, p = .050) and latency (F = 3.588, p = .034) were significantly associated with the mean incorrect response rate in auditory working memory tasks. Sleep quality and quantity affect performance of working memory tasks in school-age children. In children with learning difficulties the possibility of underlying sleep problems should be excluded.

Mortality estimates from age distributions: Critique of a method used to study seagrass dynamics

Age structure of seagrass samples has been used to estimate survival and recruitment and then used to estimate population growth rate. Survival rate can be estimated from age structure only if the population is neither growing nor declining (r = 0), so the age distribution is both stable and has stationary structure. If survival is estimated from age structure, it must be assumed that r = 0 or additional information about the population must be known. If a decaying exponential model is used for number (N) in each age class, ln N versus age has a slope of −(M + r), and so an incorrect survival rate, exp (−M), would be estimated if r ≠ 0. Simulations show that when r &gt; 0, the slope of the regression of ln N versus age is too steep and hence mortality rate would be overestimated, and the reverse when r &lt; 0. Ignoring the assumption of r = 0 is a fundamental flaw in many seagrass studies and calls into question the mortality and population growth rates that have been published.

Reducing wear pad usage in a trepanning manufacturing process: a diagnostic methodology

To identify the cause(s) for high consumption of wear pads in a trepanning manufacturing process, a diagnostic methodology was employed systematically. The methodology revealed that the first eight causes poor drill head design, manufacturing defect in drill head, manufacturing defect in wear pad, incorrect surface footage, incorrect feed rate, incorrect coolant flow and faulty work methods, had no impact on the wear pads usage. The problem identified was the ninth cause, the incorrect coolant mixture. By ensuring a proper coolant mixture level, it was possible to reduce wear pad usage between 125% and 280% in the three trepanning machines.

Ombudsman's fourth report

Complaints were down to half of previous years, and dominated by subscription/communication matters (panel). At an informal level, the ombudsman was also drawn into Lancet readers' debate on genetically modified foods. Panel Tabled 1Complaints July, 1999, to June, 2000 Editorial Verdict 1 Rejection of paper over 8 months after receipt: appeal to editorial conference arranged, but unsuccessful there on reconsideration. Rejected Subscriptions 2 Subscriber chose incorrect subscription rates: refund request turned down, but 5 years' free subscription offered in lieu. Rejected 3 Subscription not honoured following accounting mishap: generous allowance activated. Upheld Communication 4 Authentication code for connecting to Lancet Interactive unsuccessful: corrected with apologies. Upheld 5 Faulty journal copies not replaced despite requests: corrected with apologies. Upheld 6 Unsatisfactory delay with new mailing Arrangements for Lancet correspondence going overseas: investigated and action initiated Upheld Open table in a new tab Tabled 1Complaints July, 1999, to June, 2000 Editorial Verdict 1 Rejection of paper over 8 months after receipt: appeal to editorial conference arranged, but unsuccessful there on reconsideration. Rejected Subscriptions 2 Subscriber chose incorrect subscription rates: refund request turned down, but 5 years' free subscription offered in lieu. Rejected 3 Subscription not honoured following accounting mishap: generous allowance activated. Upheld Communication 4 Authentication code for connecting to Lancet Interactive unsuccessful: corrected with apologies. Upheld 5 Faulty journal copies not replaced despite requests: corrected with apologies. Upheld 6 Unsatisfactory delay with new mailing Arrangements for Lancet correspondence going overseas: investigated and action initiated Upheld Open table in a new tab Brown-Séquard and his syndromeThe physical signs of classic Brown-Séuard syndrome are shown in figure 2. The points to note are total loss of sensation and flaccid paralysis at the level of the lesion due to destruction of nerve fibres at that segment of the spinal cord. The spinothalamic tracts enter the cord and travel ipsilaterally for one to two levels before crossing over, and, therefore, the contralateral loss of spinothalamic sensation begins a few spinal levels below the site of the lesion (figure 3). Full-Text PDF

Studies of the Influence of Graded Storm Layers on 210Pb and Heavy Metals Profiles in Great Barrier Reef Sediments

Intense storm activity can resuspend surficial sediments in coastal regions resulting in the formation of graded layers in the sediment. This occurs in the Great Barrier Reef area of northeastern Australia where tropical cyclones are common. The vertical redistribution of 210Pb and heavy metals in these graded sediment layers has been examined mathematically using a model based on Stokes's Law of settling and experimentally using laboratory simulations. The vertical profiles of 210Pb and heavy metal concentrations show an increase with the increasing proportion of fine particles toward the sediment−water interface. The calculated and experimental results mimic 210Pb-depth profiles produced where there has been a constant rate of sedimentation. The use of 210Pb as a geochromometer in sediments including unidentified graded storm layers may yield incorrect sedimentation rates and false geochronologies. The redistribution of heavy metals is similar and may incorrectly suggest recent increases in heavy metal inputs. This misinterpretation is significant where the results are used in making environmental management decisions.

Enantioselectivity in Enzyme-Catalyzed Electron Transfer to and from Planar Chiral Organometallic Compounds

Asymmetric cyclopalladation of dimethylaminomethylferrocene in the presence of N-acetyl-(R)- or (S)- leucine afforded enantiomerically en- riched palladacycles (S)- and (R)- (Pd{C5H3(CH2NMe2)FeC5H5}(m-Cl))2, respectively. Carbonylation of each enantiomer followed by iodomethyla- tion and reduction by sodium amalgam gave (S)- and (R)-2-methylferrocene carboxylic acid (1) with an optical purity of 80 and 93 %, respectively. (S)- and (R)-1 readily undergo one-electron (1e) oxidation to form the corresponding ferricenium cations by hydrogen perox- ide, catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and chloroperoxidase (CLP) from Caldariomyces fumago (258C, pH 5 - 8 and 2.75, respectively). In the case of HRP, the reaction is strictly first- order with respect to (S)- and (R)-1 (ratea k(HRP)(1)), whereas Michae- lis - Menten kinetics are observed for CLP. The strongly pH-dependent kinetic enantioselectivity is, however, only ob- served in the case of HRP. HRP-gener- ated cations (S)-1 a and (R)-1 a have been used to demonstrate that their enzymat- ic reduction by reduced glucose oxidase (GO) is also enantioselective; the (S)-1 a enantiomer is more reactive than (R)-1 a by a factor of 1.54. The existence of the planar chiral enantioselectivity in the GO catalysis was also confirmed by the cyclic voltammetry study of (S)-1 and (R)-1 in the presence of GO and b-d- glucose with glassy carbon and pyrolytic graphite electrodes. The corresponding enantioselectivity factors k(S)-1 a /k(R)- 1 a are 1.7 and 1.6, respectively. Based on the known X-ray structural data for the active site of GO, it has been tentatively suggested that the enantioselectivity originates from the hydrophobic contact between the enzyme tyr-68 residue and the h 5 -C5H5 ring of 1 a , and a hydrogen bond network formed by his-516 and/or his-559 residues and the carboxylic group of the ferrocene derivative. The findings reported confirm the existence of enantioselective electron transfer be- tween oxidoreductases and organome- tallic compounds with a planar chirality. The lack of kinetic enantioselectivity may be a result of i) the incorrect rate- limiting step, ii) unfavorable pH region, and iii) the deficit of charged groups attached to ferrocenes.

FOLLOW-UP TO: “RECENT INSIGHTS INTO MESOPOTAMIAN ACCOUNTING OF THE 3RD MILLENNIUM B.C.:” CORRECTION TO TABLE 1.

In the following, the corrected version Table 1 to the above-mentioned paper [Mattessich, 1998] is shown. The author apologizes for having supplied (on p. 16) an obsolete version (based on incorrect conversion rates). In consequence, the figures this table did not match with the figures the first 17 lines the commentary in the subsequent section, UNEXPLAINED DISCREPANCIES AND OTHER ITEMS TO BE CLARIFIED (p. 17). The present version does match this original commentary (a proof that two versions the table got switched erroneously). However, I ask the reader to regard my interpretations Nissen et al. [1993] as a preliminary attempt by an accountant, hardly familiar with the intricacies Sumerian language and measurement systems. As was repeatedly hinted at, this area is worthy continuing research. The figures the new Table 1 conform to the original conversion rates (for translating such Sumerian volume measures, such as gur, barig, ban and sila, into each other and into liters) and to the conversions various types raw material and various finished products (types flours) into their barley equivalents [for both types conversion rates, see Mattessich, 1998, fn. 10, p. 14]. Above all, the new table matches with the commentary in Mattessich [1998, p. 17]. 1 This commentary may require (on p. 17, four lines from the bottom) the insertion the following addition after the expression of Table 1):