Incorrect Data Research Articles

Stability investigation of the Pix2Pix conditional generative adversarial network with respect to input semantic image labeling data distortion

The peculiarities of image generation by a pretrained conditional generative adversarial network on the basis of semantic scene labeling are investigated. Semantic labeling can be inaccurate and can contain defects that result, for example, from transforming the graphic file formats in which it was stored or transmitted. Cases are discussed of image generation based on such incorrect data—with modification of the hue, saturation, and brightness of the colors in the color labels of various classes of objects. It is determined that changing the hue of the label has an especially strong negative effect on image generation and could result in altering the class of the labeled object. Thus, the distribution uniformity of the label color parameters through the color spaces should be taken into account. Additional requirements should be introduced on the accuracy with which the color labels are represented.

Experimental study of hygrothermal conditions in a wooden room for numerical comparisons

The use of hygroscopic materials indoors has a significant impact on the hygrothermal balance of a room air. It affects both the temperature and the relative humidity. Numerical tools still lack of accuracy in predicting these parameters and some discrepancies are observed between their predictions and experimental measurements. It may be caused by the model itself or by incorrect inputs data (materials properties, occupancy schedule, ventilation rate, etc…) Therefore, an experimental study has been carried out at the room scale under real climate to obtain an experimental dataset as a basis for numerical comparisons. The hygrothermal parameters of the room air have been measured for different loads while all the inputs (heat and moisture generation, air exchange and materials properties) have been properly quantified. This article presents the experimental setup and some of the experimental data obtained.

Essence - A New Electrochemical Platform

There is a great demand for a fast, on-site screening test, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, most point-of-care (POC) sensors usually suffer from insufficient sensitivity and selectivity. Often these devices have a very high rate of false positives and false negatives. The incorrect data could result in low customer usage (both the patient and the doctor) due to decreased confidence in the results. Portable ELISA-based kits can have low rates of false-positive and false negatives. However, ELISA is inherently complicated and often requires a specialist on-site to ensure the success of each sample's high costs and time.Here we show a new electrochemical platform called ESSENCE. ESSENCE is an Electrochemical Sensor that uses a Shear-Enhanced, flow-through Nanoporous Capacitive Electrode. ESSENCE can overcome current electrochemical sensors' selectivity and sensitivity limitations. The ESSENCE sensor architecture is a microfluidic channel sandwiched between two gold micro-electrode glass slides, formed a non-planar interdigitated porous electrode that improved electric field penetration compared with the traditional planar interdigitated electrode. The porous electrode structure used in this research has a high Zeta potential compared to the bare glass surface. This results in a significantly smaller Debye double-layer (EDL) length than in a clear channel. Due to a smaller EDL length, the relaxation frequency increases, which shifts the EIS signal to a higher frequency range (1kHz to 100MHz) and results in a fast response with a higher signal-to-noise ratio in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy(EIS) measurements.Further, the modular fabrication of the ESSENCE chip allows ESSENCE to target different biomolecules from DNAs to protein cancer biomarkers by simply changing the packed transducer material. However, the packing material’s conductivity represents a significant challenge to the electrochemical response of ESSENCE. The high conductivity of the transducer material shorts the system leading to a pure resistive response. Impedance spectroscopy (EIS) response of ESSENCE cannot be distinguished enough to determine if the sensor is working. ESSENCE has a switchable electrode system for usage in multiple configurations like a material electrode, clear electrode, and working electrode to overcome these limitations. For carbon nanotube (CNT) transducers with functionalized oligos on the CNT, a 20-fold jump in the signal is noticed from the working electrode configuration compared to the other configurations. It is worthwhile to note that depending on the biomolecule (DNA or Protein), the surface charge transfer resistance (Rct) in the EIS signal of ESSENCE can either show a decrease (DNA) or increase (protein) on the binding of the target bio-molecule (target DNA to DNA or target protein to protein). The change in the Rct depends on the charge of the molecule. It has been seen that on the binding of a target protein, the active area of the electrode surface decreased, leading to a reduction in current and a concomitant increase in Rct. On binding of the target DNA, the capture-target DNA pair essentially becomes a part of the electrode due to its charge. This increase in charge is more significant than any reduction in the surface area due to the DNA's binding. This leads to an increase in current to the packed electrode, leading to a concomitant decrease in Rct.The fluid flow through the porous electrode increases mixing, minimizes diffusion, and generates a significantly enhanced fluidic shear force. This force e can unbind most of the false-positive signals generated by non-specific binding, such as physical adhesive or biofouling. The porous electrode also provides a high surface area to volume ratio to capture the target analyte leading to increased sensitivity. We have an automatic fluidic control system in ESSENCE that minimized any errors in the operation of ESSENCE. Our system has high selectivity and sensitivity for DNA (fM sensitivity, selective against non-target DNA), breast cancer biomarker proteins (p53, pg/L sensitivity, selective against non-target HER2). Figure 1

Towards Good Statistical Practice. CORSTAN Validated Questionnaire for Assessing the Correctness of Statistical Analysis in Medical Research.

In evidence-based medicine, the research methodology is determined by the risks of systematic biases and incorrect data analysis. Minimizing both risks increases the internal validity of the study. There are numerous recommendations and guidelines for data analysis and reporting, but the international community has not yet developed a questionnaire for reviewers to assess the quality of statistical analysis. To develop a tool for formalized assessment of the quality of statistical analysis presented in scientific medical publications. The questionnaire was developed based on the authors' decades of experience in statistical data analysis and reviewing the statistical aspects of biomedical articles and dissertations. The SAMPL guidelines, ICH E9, and other guidelines were taken into account when developing the questionnaire. Internal validation of the questionnaire was based on an independent assessment by two experts of 20 randomly selected articles on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from elibrary.ru, and further statistical analysis of the agreement of experts' conclusions. The CORSTAN (CORrect STatistical ANalysis) questionnaire was developed, which consists of two parts: the first part (10 questions) is intended for evaluating studies of any designs, while the second (following eight questions) is for additional assessment of RCTs. A stratification of the risk of incorrect statistical analysis is proposed. The evaluation of the questionnaire's internal validity showed its substantial and almost perfect agreement for each question and each article both in the sum of points and risk level. The use of the questionnaire will simplify and harmonize the statistical review of publications and manuscripts in various institutions - scientific journals, dissertation boards, etc. The questionnaire can also be helpful for authors during preparing manuscripts; it will also help improve the quality of publications and research itself. We plan to improve the questionnaire as we gain experience in its application.

Laser Actuated Non-Invasive Smart Instrumentation - Enabling Lab-on-Chip

Non-invasive optical instrumentation provides non-destructive, reliable, and precise control in industrial process regulation, especially when chemical compounds or organic material surfaces are always a point of care. Nanomaterial dynamics intrinsically exhibit higher order of visual scanning complexities, associate wholly or partially to the poor scanning instrumentations. Additionally, growing trends in analytical instrumentation towards smart Lab-On-a-Chip (IoT sensing nodes) have shifted the emphasis on sensitivity and robustness tailoring Product Specific Environment (PSE). This work presents a hybrid laser actuated scanning mechanism, rastered back and forth 3-D imaging technique enabling Microscopy to its widest application in biological and material sciences and hence rose challenge of predicting large missing or incorrect data obtained during experiments. Our Confocal Self Calibrated Interferometry based fabricated Laser Sensor demonstrates its efficacy in non-invasive scanning microscopy to achieve a high-resolution 3D topographical view, eventually an add-on to the analytical model of microorganisms and nanomaterial. In contrast to linear controllers, PI controllers demonstrate better stability in controlling the laser leakage at tip, which consists of two channel tube adjustments and successively in laser reflector lens, Photo Multiplier Tube (PMT), and Data Acquisition Unit (DAU). We expose our results for error propagation across various grid patterns over a 1mm² section, plotting the intensity of a key band or bands over the PMT grid. We observe that the instrumentation errors can be nullified by modeling the ergodicity of information flow along with the SLM instrumentation.

The IAEA remote and automated quality control methodology for radiography and mammography.

Radiography remains the most widely used imaging modality throughout the world. Additionally, while it has been demonstrated that a quality control (QC) program, especially in mammography, improves image quality, weekly technologist QC testing might be lacking even where there is clinical qualified medical physicist (CQMP) support. Therefore, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) developed simple QC phantoms that can easily be used on a regular basis (daily/weekly) for radiography and mammography. These are simple in design and use materials that are easily accessible in most parts of the world. A software application is also developed that automatically analyzes images and Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) header information. It exports data to a comma‐separated values (CSV) file that is read by a Microsoft Excel® spreadsheet for documentation and graphical analysis. The phantom and the software were tested in four institutions (in Costa Rica and the United States of America) both on computed radiography and direct digital mammography and radiography systems. Data were collected over a 3‐year period. No corrective actions were taken on the data, but service was performed on two of the units. Results demonstrated noise that could be attributed to suboptimal placement of the phantom and incorrect data being put into the DICOM header. Preliminary evaluation of the IAEA methodology has demonstrated that it can provide meaningful QC data that are sensitive to changes in the imaging systems. Care must be taken at implementation to properly train personnel and ensure that the image data, including the DICOM header, are being correctly transmitted. The methodology gives the opportunity for a single CQMP to provide QC services even to remote sites where travel is prohibitive, and it is feasible and easy to implement.

Notice of Retraction: Adaptive Decentralized Tracking Control for Nonlinear Large-Scale Systems

This article has been retracted at the request of the first and corresponding author, Dr. Karthik Chandran. The author has alerted the Editor-in-Chief of IJUFKS the reasons for the retraction: The proposed system was modelled with the incorrect data set. The system response has become incorrect because of this incorrect data set. Two percent of the information (mathematical assumptions) was taken from one paper without proper citation of the source.

The Prevalence of Ground-Glass Opacity and Consolidation Symptoms of Covid-19 By Meta-Analysis

In this study, it was aimed to apply the meta-analysis method of the results obtained from the published studies to provide a more precise Covid-19 detection by examining the results of ground glass opacity (GGO) and consolidation, which are the most common imaging findings in chest computed tomography (CT). Published peer-reviewed articles reporting the image characteristics of real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) positive cases and confirming Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) infection were included in the study. The study type of articles were case series, retrospective or prospective cohort studies. The studies under the scope of the research were reached from the National Library of Medicine, the research network for a Secure Australia (RNSA) and The Science Direct databases by searching the keywords Covid-19, SARS-Cov-2, computed chest tomography, Consolidation and GGO. As a result of the search terms, in total 310 articles were collected from three databases and articles were scanned, 250 articles were removed due to lack of GGO and Consolidation information, 24 studies were eliminated due to study type, 7 studies were unsuitable for day criteria, and 9 studies were eliminated due to missing and incorrect data. After all, 20 studies were included in our meta-analysis study. In the positive CT findings, it is known that the GGO is present for up to 5 days, the GGO turns into consolidation on the fifth and the following days, and according to the analysis result; for the early stage of Covid-19, the GGO Prevalence is 82% and Consolidation Prevalence is 40%.

Using a Digital Implant Catalog Improves Data Quality and Reduces Administrative Burden in the Dutch Breast Implant Registry.

Correct registration of implant characteristics is essential to monitor implant safety within implant registries. Currently, in the nationwide Dutch Breast Implant Registry (DBIR), these characteristics are being registered manually by plastic surgeons, resulting in administrative burden and potentially incorrect data entry. This study evaluated the accuracy of manually registered implant data, possible consequences of incorrect data, and the potential of a Digital Implant Catalog (DIC) on increasing data quality and reducing the administrative burden. Manually entered implant characteristics (fill, shape, coating, texture) of newly inserted breast implants in the DBIR, from 2015 to 2019, were compared with the corresponding implant characteristics in the DIC. Reference numbers were employed to match characteristics between the 2 databases. The DIC was based on manufacturers' product catalogs and set as the gold standard. A total of 57,361 DBIR records could be matched with the DIC. Accuracy of implant characteristics varied from 70.6% to 98.0%, depending on the implant characteristic. The largest discrepancy was observed for "texture" and the smallest for "coating." All manually registered implant characteristics resulted in different conclusions about implant performance compared with the DIC (P < 0.01). Implementation of the DIC reduced the administrative burden from 14 to 7 variables (50%). Implementation of a DIC increases data quality in the DBIR and reduces the administrative burden. However, correct registration of reference numbers in the registry by plastic surgeons remains key for adequate matching. Furthermore, all implant manufacturers should be involved, and regular updates of the DIC are required.

Retraction: miR-330-5p suppresses glioblastoma cell proliferation and invasiveness through targeting ITGA5.

This article is being retracted from Bioscience Reports at the request of the Editor-in-Chief and the Editorial Board following receipt of a notification from a reader, alerting the Editorial Board to incorrect data in Figure 4A, as well as a duplicated panel in Figure 3E. Post publication review by the Editorial Office also identified signs of image manipulation in the original versions of Figures 3B, 3C and 3E which were replaced by the authors during the revision process.The authors have been contacted in regards to the Retraction, and have not responded to the Journal's queries and the concerns raised. Given the extent of the issues raised, the Editorial Board stand by the decision to retract the article.

Transferring more than one embryo simultaneously is justifiable in most patients

Elective single embryo transfer (eSET) was first introduced to IVF in 1999, and its subsequent integration into mainstream reproductive endocrinology and infertility has been hugely consequential. It can be viewed as the first (among many since) ‘add-ons’ to IVF that has significantly and adversely affected how IVF is practised, resulting in astonishing declines in live birth rates after fresh non-donor IVF cycles worldwide. We propose that, like most ‘add-ons’ to IVF over recent years, the almost universal use of eSET worldwide lacks proper validation of its underlying hypothesis and is based on statistically incorrect assumptions and incorrect data interpretation. As with most recent ‘add-ons’ to IVF, eSET lacks evidentiary support, and, therefore, its remarkable success in the marketplace must be based on expert opinions, the lowest level of evidence in medicine and widely recognized as frequently biased. Like other ‘add-ons' to IVF, eSET-practice must be reassessed because it does not offer the benefits it has widely claimed to provide, prolongs time to conception and adversely affects live birth chances for many women. Moreover, by ignoring that infertile women value quick conception over most other considerations, provider-insistence on eSET frequently deprives them of the right to self-determination.

Corrigendum to: Ecosystem dynamics of crop–pasture rotations in a fifty‐year field experiment in southern South America: Century model and field results

Soil Science Society of America JournalVolume 85, Issue 5 p. 1866-1866 CORRIGENDUMFree Access Corrigendum to: Ecosystem dynamics of crop–pasture rotations in a fifty-year field experiment in southern South America: Century model and field results This article corrects the following: Ecosystem dynamics of crop–pasture rotations in a fifty-year field experiment in southern South America: Century model and field results Walter E. Baethgen, William J. Parton, Valentina Rubio, Robin H. Kelly, Susan M. Lutz, Volume 85Issue 2Soil Science Society of America Journal pages: 423-437 First Published online: March 24, 2021 First published: 28 September 2021 https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20316AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL In the original publication (Baethgen et al., 2021), Table 1 contains incorrect data. A corrected version of the table is presented below. The authors apologize for this error. TABLE 1. Century model simulation for 100 yr in CS2 and CS5, for five scenarios: (a) using a sequence with 3 yr of pastures followed by 3 yr of annual crops (C3P3); (b) using a sequence of 6 yr of crops and 3 yr of pastures (C6P3); (c) using a sequence of 9 yr of crops and 3 yr of pastures (C9P3); (d) using a sequence of 4 yr of crops including cover crops (CC); and (e) using a sequence of only annual crops (CONT—no pastures and no cover crops). Results are shown for the average grain yields during grain producing years, total grain production during a 100-yr time period, total C inputs from aboveground plant biomass during a 100-yr time period, and total C inputs from belowground biomass during the 100-yr time period Avg. grain yield Total grain production Total C input abovegrounda Total C input belowgroundb Scenario g C m−2 yr−1 g C m−2 in 100 yr CS2 (a) 175 12,655 20,558 12,613 CS2 (b) 142 13,071 19,441 11,178 CS2 (c) 136 13,663 19,643 10,907 CS2 (d) 130 15,486 17,823 9,280 CS2 (e) 96 11,975 15,647 8,221 CS5 (a) 196 14,210 22,426 14,030 CS5 (b) 161 14,757 21,704 12,378 CS5 (c) 144 14,368 20,567 11,434 CS5 (d) 140 16,644 19,365 10,084 CS5 (e) 100 12,518 16,480 8,631 a Crop stover + pasture + cover crops (i.e., all biomass that remained on soil) in 100 yr. b Total root biomass produced in 100 yr. REFERENCE Baethgen, W. E., Parton, W. J., Rubio, V., Kelly, R. H., & Lutz, S. M. (2021). Ecosystem dynamics of crop–pasture rotations in a fifty-year field experiment in southern South America: Century model and field results. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2021, (85), 423– 437. https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20204 Volume85, Issue5September/October 2021Pages 1866-1866 ReferencesRelatedInformation

A review of occurrence, distribution and alien status of Notodiaphana atlantica Ortea, Moro and Espinosa, 2013 and Liloa mongii (Audouin, 1826) (Mollusca: Heterobranchia) in the Mediterranean Sea

Abstract Notodiaphana atlantica and Liloa mongii are two cephalaspidean species described respectively from the Atlantic Ocean and the Red Sea, and considered widespread in their native ranges. Both species have also been recently recorded from the Mediterranean Sea, prompting some authors to consider them alien. Notwithstanding clear morphological differences in their shells, the two species have often been confused or misidentified in the literature, or specimens have been described with incorrect locality data. We hereby review the occurrence, distribution and status of both species in the Mediterranean Sea based on published data and examination of new material. Notodiaphana atlantica is considered a cryptogenic species with a range spanning from the western to eastern part of the basin. The presence of L. mongii in the Mediterranean is questioned until specimens that can be reliably assigned to this taxon or to any congeneric species are found in the area. Alien species inventories play an important role in regional policy and management decisions, thus requiring a high degree of confidence in the validity of species identification and their non-indigenous status. The present paper adds further evidence of the excess of “bibliographically introduced” alien records and reiterates the need for periodic re-evaluation of published data.

Lightweight Microcontroller with Parallelized ECC-Based Code Memory Protection Unit for Robust Instruction Execution in Smart Sensors.

Embedded systems typically operate in harsh environments, such as where there is external shock, insufficient power, or an obsolete sensor after the replacement cycle. Despite these harsh environments, embedded systems require data integrity for accurate operation. Unintended data changes can cause a serious error in reduced instruction set computer (RISC)-based small embedded systems. For instance, if communication is performed on an edge, where there is insufficient power supply, the peak threshold is not reached, resulting in data transmission failure or incorrect data transmission. To ensure data integrity, we use an error-correcting code (ECC), which can detect and correct errors. The ECC parity bit and data are stored together using additional ECC memory, and the original data are extracted through the ECC decoding process. The process of extracting the original data is executed in the instruction fetch stage, where a bottleneck appears in the RISC-based structure. When the ECC decoding process is executed in the bottleneck, the instruction fetch stage increases the instruction fetch time and significantly reduces the overall performance. In this study, we attempt to minimize the effect of ECC on the transmission speed by executing the ECC decoding process in parallel to improve speed by degrading the bottleneck. To evaluate the performance of a parallelized ECC decoding block, we applied the proposed method to the tiny processing unit (TPU) with a RISC-based von Neumann structure and compared memory usage, speed, and reliability according to different transmission success rates in each model. The experiment was conducted using a benchmark that repeatedly executed several 3*3 matrix calculations, and reliability improvement was compared by corrupting the stored random date to confirm the reliability of the transmission success rate. As a result, in the proposed model, using the additional parity bits for parallel processing, memory usage increased by 10 bits per instruction, reducing the data rate from 80 to 61%. However, it showed an improvement in overall reliability and a 7% increase in speed.

DAM: A Theoretical Framework for SensorSecurity in IoT Applications

As IoT applications are pervasively deployed across multiple domains, the potential impact of their security vulnerabilities are also accentuated. Sensor nodes represent a critical security vulnerability in the IoT ecosystem as they are exposed to the environment and accessible to hackers. When compromised or manipulated, sensor nodes can transmit incorrect data which can have a damaging impact on the overall operation and effectiveness of the system. Researchers have addressed the security vulnerabilities in sensor nodes with several mechanisms being proposed to address them. This paper presents DAM (Detect, Avoid, Mitigate), a theoretical framework to evaluate the security threats and solutions for sensor security in IoT applications and deployments. The framework leads to the classification of sensor security threats and categorization of available solutions which can be used to either detect vulnerabilities and attacks, recover from them or completely avoid them. The proposed framework will be useful for evaluating sensor security in real-world IoT deployments in terms of potential threats and designing possible solution

Corrigendum] Synergic effect between 5‑fluorouracil and celecoxib on hypoxic gastric cancer cells

Following the publication of the above article, the authors have realized that Fig.2 was published with an incorrect data panel: Essentially, Fig.2D was erroneously selected from the representative images of the Fig.1C data group during figure compilation. The authors were able to locate their original data, and the corrected version of Fig.2, featuring the corrected data panel for Fig.2D, is shown below. All the authors agree with this Corrigendum, and are grateful to the Editor of Molecular Medicine Reports for allowing them to publish it. The authors also regret that this inadvertent error was included in the paper, even though it did not substantially alter any of the major conclusions reported in the study, and apologize to the readership for any inconvenience caused. [the original article was published in Molecular Medicine Reports 11: 1160‑1166, 2014; DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2783].

Ceramide accumulation accelerates nucleus pulposus cells degradation by p38MAPK activation.

The article "Ceramide accumulation accelerates nucleus pulposus cells degradation by p38MAPK activation, by W.-J. Wu, J. Wang, J. Liang, Q. Zhou, Y. Liang, published in Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2020; 24 (19): 9787-9796-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202010_23187-PMID: 33090381" has been withdrawn from the authors due to inaccuracies (there are some errors and incorrect data). The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. https://www.europeanreview.org/article/23187.

Design Pipeline Architecture with Fuzzy Logic

This paper aims to design the pipeline who is considered a set of related data processing elements in a series where the result of one element is the introduction of the next one, and it can be used to increase performance and speed at the same time, and we use it in computer systems or home appliances. Increasing the voltage in the pipeline increases the power. When the clock frequency increases to increase the performance of the pipeline, the power increases but at the same time the possibility of an error increases. System errors will lead to a wasted in energy consumption which in turn reduces system efficiency. The problem is how to reduce the power in the pipeline system without effecting the process speed or frequency so that we mention the same throughput with this power. We will deal with N bit full adder and study the effect of increasing these bits on both the time delay and the power consumption of the pipeline gate, and the results show that there is a direct relationship between the number of bits and the power. The razor circuit is used with the pipeline so that the errors that will occur in the pipeline will be detected and corrected within one clock cycle instead of wasting the time and energy on incorrect data, thus the power consumption will be reduced. By introducing a Fuzzy logic controller to the pipeline, it was possible to minimize the power consumption of the system by monitoring the number of bit errors and the consumed power. Also, we will make a comparison of the pipeline when using the controller and when not in use, and we will notice the effect of the controller in reducing the power consumption of the pipeline.

Analysis of Student Errors in Solving Mathematics Problems Based on Watson's Criteria on the Subject of Two Variable Linear Equation System (SPLDV)

The purpose of the study was to describe the types of student errors and the factors that caused students to make mistakes in solving a two-variable system of linear equations based on Watson's criteria for class VIII MTs Pattuku. This type of research is descriptive research using a qualitative approach. The subjects in this study were students of class VIII MTs Pattuku then chose 3 subjects to be interviewed who had the most types of errors based on Watson's criteria. The research instrument used was a diagnostic test consisting of 3 questions about a two-variable linear equation system and interview guidelines. From the results of this study, it shows that there are no students who make mistakes in missing data (committed data) and indirect manipulation (undirected manipulation). 16% made incorrect data errors (innapropriate data), 40% made incorrect procedural errors (innapropriate procedure), 68% made an omitted conclusion error, 24% made a response level conflict error, 36% made mistakes in the skill hierarchy problem, and 48% made mistakes other than the 7 categories above (above other).

An Australian collector's authority file, 1973-2020.

BackgroundBiodiversity databases contain omissions and errors, including those resulting from data entry mistakes and from the use of outdated or incorrect data sources. Some of these omissions and errors can be minimised by the use of authority files, such as expert-compiled taxonomic name databases. However, there are few publicly available authority files for collecting events, and the "where", "when" and "by whom" of specimen data are typically entered into biodiversity databases separately and directly, item by item from specimen labels.New informationHere I describe a publicly available compilation of 3829 of my own collecting events over a 48-year period in Australia. Each record contains a unique combination of date, georeferenced location and location notes.