Incorrect Category Research Articles

Methodological approaches to fluoroquinolone susceptibility testing of Salmonella

Objective. To evaluate effectiveness of the various approaches to fluoroquinolone susceptibility testing of Salmonella, including S. typhi, taking into account molecular resistance mechanisms. Materials and Methods. The MIC values of ciprofloxacin were compared with the inhibition zone for pefloxacin disc, 5 mg (310 isolates) and nalidixic acid, 30 mg (420 isolates). MIC of ciprofloxacin was determined by gradient diffusion test and broth microdilution method. Muller – Hinton agar and Muller – Hinton broth, antibiotic discs and MICE-tests (Oxoid, UK) were used. Chromosomal mutations in QRDR of gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE genes and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes (qnr, aac-(6’)-1b etc.) were detected in 19 Salmonella isolates by analysis using ResFinder service (Center of Genomic Epidemiology). Genomic DNA libraries were prepared using the MiSeq Nextera XT Library Preparation Kit (Illumina, USA). WGS was performed on MiSeq (Illumina, USA) with MiSeq Reagent Kit v3 600 cycles (Illumina, USA). Genome assembly and analysis were performed using CLC Genomics Workbench 8.0 (Qiagen, USA). Results. Despite the high concordance of ciprofloxacin MIC values and the results of disc diffusion screening with pefloxacin (96.5% of isolates) and nalidixic acid (98.1% of isolates), the results obtained for some resistant isolates were inconsistent. When those isolates were tested by a single method, there was a possibility of incorrect susceptibility categorization. Discordant results were obtained for 19 isolates and had the objective reason (paradoxical resistance phenotype due to the plasmid-mediated resistance, qnrS) in 3 cases. Other discrepancies were noted when the values were equal to the clinical breakpoints: ciprofloxacin MIC – 0.06 mg/l, inhibition zone for pefloxacin – 24 mm. Repeated testing revealed the variations around the clinical breakpoints: the MIC values of 0.06–0.12 mg/l, and inhibition zone of 23 to 25 mm. Conclusions. When performing fluoroquinolone susceptibility testing of Salmonella, it is reasonable to add the category “Area of Technical Uncertainty”: ciprofloxacin MIC value of 0.06 mg/l, and inhibition zone for pefloxacin of 23 to 25 mm. Two discs (pefloxacin and nalidixic acid) should be used for fluoroquinolone resistance screening by disk diffusion method.

PERSEPSI PETANI TERHADAP TEKNOLOGI SISTEM TANAM JAJAR LEGOWO PADI SAWAH (Oryza sativa L) DI DESA TAMANMARTANI KECAMATAN KALASAN KABUPATEN SLEMAN

Tamanmartani is a government program that is the integrated crop planting movement (GP-PTT) program in the year 2015. One of the components is rice planting with Legowo and planting system. But farmers until now still apply loor tile system. That the impact on the average productivity in Tamanmartani Village 5 last year only reached 5 ton/ha, from the year 2014-2018. This study was conducted from January to July 2019, in Tamanmartani Village, Kalasan District, Sleman Regency. The method used is descriptive, data collection using interviews, questionnaires, and observations using a Likert scale with precise, less precise, and incorrect categories. Respondents were determined by Proportionate Random Sampling as many as 39 farmers who participated in the program (GP-PTT). Results showed that the analysis of the perception of farmers from 4 variables on knowledge, interests, attitudes, and needs, turns out the lowest variable with a percentage of 67.09 that is the attitude variable, with the lower statement “The Implementation of Tajarwo System” with a percentage of 58.97%. This means that the attitude of farmers has a negative effect on farmers perception of technology in the Legowo farming system. Keywords: Farmer perception, Technology, Jajar Legowo, Rice paddy ields.

Exploring Students' Descriptions of Mutation from a Cognitive Perspective Suggests How to Modify Instructional Approaches.

Prior studies have shown that students have difficulty understanding the role of mutation in evolution and genetics. However, little is known about unifying themes underlying students’ difficulty with mutation. In this study, we examined students’ written explanations about mutation from a cognitive science perspective. According to one cognitive perspective, scientific phenomena can be perceived as entities or processes, and the miscategorization of processes as entities can lead to noncanonical ideas about scientific phenomena that are difficult to change. Students’ incorrect categorization of processes as entities is well documented in physics but has not been studied in biology. Unlike other scientific phenomena that have been studied, the word “mutation” refers to both the process causing a change in the DNA and the entity, the altered DNA, making mutation a relevant concept for exploration and extension of this theory. In this study, we show that, even after instruction on mutation, the majority of students provided entity-focused descriptions of mutation in response to a question that prompted for a process-focused description in a lizard or a bacterial population. Students’ noncanonical ideas about mutation occurred in both entity- and process-focused descriptions. Implications for conceptual understanding and instruction are discussed.

Erratum to "Identification of atrial fibrillation-associated microRNAs in left and right atria of rheumatic mitral valve disease patients" [Genes Genet. Syst. (2019) 94, p. 23-34

The article appeared in Genes & Genetic Systems Vol. 94, No. 1 (p. 23-34) was listed under the incorrect category. We apologize for this error. The correction is as follows: Incorrect: Mini review Identification of atrial fibrillation-associated microRNAs in left and right atria of rheumatic mitral valve disease patients Yang Yan, Rui Shi, Xiaojiang Yu, Chaofeng Sun, Weijin Zang and Hongyan Tian Correct: Full paper Identification of atrial fibrillation-associated microRNAs in left and right atria of rheumatic mitral valve disease patients Yang Yan, Rui Shi, Xiaojiang Yu, Chaofeng Sun, Weijin Zang and Hongyan Tian.

Targeting separate specific learning parameters underlying cognitive behavioral therapy can improve perceptual judgments of anger

Background and objectivesAnxiety disorders are characterized by biased perceptual judgment. An experimental model using simple verbal instruction to target specific decision parameters that influence perceptual judgment was developed to test if it could influence anger perception, and to examine differences between individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD) relative to generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) or non-psychiatric controls. MethodsAnger perception was decomposed into three decision parameters (perceptual similarity of angry vs. not-angry facial expressions, base rate of encountering angry vs. not-angry expressions, payoff for correct vs. incorrect categorization of face stimuli) using a signal detection framework. Participants with SAD (n = 97), GAD (n = 90), and controls (n = 98) were assigned an instruction condition emphasizing one of the three decision parameters. Anger perception pre-vs. post-instruction and its interaction with diagnosis were examined. ResultsFor all participants, base rate instructions impacted response bias over and above practice effects, supporting the validity of this instructional task-based approach to altering response bias. We failed to find a similarity or payoff instruction effect, nor a diagnosis interaction. LimitationsFuture instructional tasks may need to more closely target core cognitive and perceptual biases in anxiety disorders to identify specific deficits and how to optimally influence them. ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that specific decision parameters underlying perceptual judgment can be experimentally manipulated. Although our study failed to show diagnosis specific effects, it suggests that individual parameter “estimation” deficits may be experimentally isolated and potentially targeted, with the ultimate goal of developing an objective approach to personalized intervention targeting biased perceptual judgments in anxiety disorders.

Characterizing Students' Ideas about the Effects of a Mutation in a Noncoding Region of DNA.

Understanding student ideas in large-enrollment biology courses can be challenging, because easy-to-administer multiple-choice questions frequently do not fully capture the diversity of student ideas. As part of the Automated Analysis of Constructed Responses (AACR) project, we designed a question prompting students to describe the possible effects of a mutation in a noncoding region of DNA. We characterized answers from 1127 students enrolled in eight different large-enrollment introductory biology courses at three different institutions over five semesters and generated an analytic scoring system containing three categories of correct ideas and five categories of incorrect ideas. We iteratively developed a computer model for scoring student answers and tested the model before and after implementing an instructional activity designed to help a new set of students explore this concept. After completing a targeted activity and re-answering the question, students showed improvement from preassessment, with 64% of students in incorrect and 67% of students in partially incorrect (mixed) categories shifting to correct ideas only. This question, computer-scoring model, and instructional activity can now be reliably used by other instructors to better understand and characterize student ideas on the effects of mutations outside a gene-coding region.

Fingerprint Classification Using Kernel Smoothing Technique and Generalized Regression Neural Network and Probabilistic Neural Network

Fingerprint classification is a significant process by which identification procedure can be accelerated. Feature extraction might be afflicted with rotation. Thus, all images get through an introduced criterion to rectify rotated images. The core point of fingerprints is utilized widely in both classification and recognition process. In some cases, however, inaccurate location of it might contribute to incorrect categorization. Therefore, the common point is initiated for the purpose of better performance. Features are extracted according to the way ridges’ angles are distributed across images. Plus, kernel smoothing technique is used to enhance the process. Generalized regression neural network (GRNN) and Probabilistic neural network (PNN) are employed to classify fingerprints in four categories. Fingerprint verification competition (FVC) database is used to evaluate and train the networks. The simulation is performed by MATLAB and 97.4% accuracy is achieved for both GRNN and PNN.

Extracellular volume fraction measurements derived from the longitudinal relaxation of blood-based synthetic hematocrit may lead to clinical errors in 3\xa0T cardiovascular magnetic resonance

BackgroundThe extracellular volume (ECV), derived from cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) T1 mapping, is a biomarker of the extracellular space in the myocardium. The hematocrit (HCT), measured from venipuncture, is required for ECV measurement. We test the clinic values of synthetic ECV, which is derived from the longitudinal relaxation of blood–based (T1blood) synthetic hematocrit in 3 T CMR.MethodsA total of 226 subjects with CMR T1 mapping and HCT measurement taken on the same day as the CMR were retrospectively enrolled and randomly split into derivation (n = 121) and validation (n = 105) groups, comprising healthy subjects (n = 45), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients (n = 60), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients (n = 93), and 28 other patients. Correlation of T1blood with the measured HCT (HCTm) was established in the derivation group and used in both the derivation and the validation groups. The relationships between the ECV values derived from both the synthetic HCT (HCTsyn) and HCTm were explored. In addition, the differences in the ECV values among the HC, T2DMs, and HCMs were compared.ResultsRegression between the HCTm and 1/T1blood was linear (R2 = 0.19, p < 0.001), and the regression equation was: HCTsyn = [561.6*(1/T1blood)] + 0.098 in the derivation group. The measured ECV (ECVm) was strongly correlated with the synthetic ECV (ECVsyn) (R2 = 0.87, p < 0.001) and mildly correlated with the difference between the ECVsyn and ECVm (R2 = 0.10, p < 0.001) in the derivation group. Also in this group, the ECVm was larger in T2DMs than that in healthy cohort (29.1 ± 3.1% vs. 26.4 ± 2.4%, p = 0.002), whereas, the ECVsyn did not differ between T2DMs and healthy cohort (28.3 ± 2.9% vs. 26.9 ± 2.2%, p = 0.064). Compared with the healthy cohort, the HCMs were associated with higher ECVsyn and ECVm of the mid-ventricle in both the derivation and the validation groups. Using our center’s normal cut-off of 31.8%, the use of ECVsyn would lead to a 6–25% incorrect categorization of patients in the derivation and validation groups.ConclusionsECVsyn derived from HCTsyn may lead to clinical errors in 3 T CMR, especially for patients who have only a subtle elevation in ECV.

International management platform for children’s interstitial lung disease (chILD-EU)

BackgroundChildren’s interstitial lung diseases (chILD) cover many rare entities, frequently not diagnosed or studied in detail. There is a great need for specialised advice and for internationally agreed subclassification of...

Associations between feelings of social anxiety and emotion perception

BackgroundAbnormally biased perceptual judgment is a feature of many psychiatric disorders. Thus, individuals with social anxiety disorder are biased to recall or interpret social events negatively. Cognitive behavioral therapy addresses such bias by teaching patients, via verbal instruction, to become aware of and change pathological misjudgment. The present study examined whether targeting verbal instruction to specific decision parameters that influence perceptual judgment may affect changes in anger perception. MethodWe used a signal detection framework to decompose anger perception into three decision parameters (base rate of encountering anger vs. no-anger, payoff for correct vs. incorrect categorization of face stimuli, and perceptual similarity of angry vs. not-angry facial expressions). We created brief verbal instructions that emphasized each parameter separately. Participants with social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and healthy controls, were assigned to one of the three instruction conditions. We compared anger perception pre-vs. post-instruction. ResultsBase rate and payoff instructions affected response bias over and above practice effects, across the three groups. There was no interaction with diagnosis. DiscussionThe ability to target specific decision parameters that underlie perceptual judgment suggests that cognitive behavioral therapy might be improved by tailoring it to patients’ individual parameter “estimation” deficits.

Análise da extração de descritores como sintagmas nominais através do software OGMA

Analisa a indexação automática por sintagmas nominais de documentos compostos por título e resumo de 30 teses e dissertações escritas em português de três áreas do conhecimento diferentes. O método de pesquisa é categorizado como exploratório, com base em revisão de literatura e experimento computacional. O experimento consistiu na análise da saída do software OGMA quando aplicado ao corpus de documentos e a mensuração do nível de revocação das palavras-chaves. Durante a análise, foram observadas quais palavras-chave indicadas pelos autores estavam nos documentos e a partir daí observou-se quais palavras-chave presentes nos documentos foram extraídas ou não como sintagmas nominais pelo software. Foi traçado um perfil descritivo das sequências ou padrões de etiquetas gramaticais de cada grupo de palavras-chaves presentes extraídas e não extraídas como sintagmas nominais. Conclui-se que da totalidade de palavras-chaves informadas pelos autores 68% se encontravam no título ou resumo da tese ou dissertação, destas 66% foram extraídas como sintagmas nominais, correspondendo ao nível de revocação de palavras-chaves presentes alcançado pelo software OGMA. As palavras-chaves presentes e não extraídas na grande maioria apresentavam substantivos ou adjetivos etiquetados com classe gramatical errada pelo software, e por isso não foram extraídas. As palavras-chaves presentes e extraídas eram na maioria substantivos isolados (30%), substantivos seguidos de adjetivo (28%) e substantivo seguido de preposição e substantivo (19%). O nível de revocação das palavras-chaves presentes pode ser aumentado significantemente com ajustes no etiquetador gramatical do OGMA.

Categorizing click trains to increase taxonomic precision in echolocation click loggers.

Passive acoustic monitoring is an efficient way to study acoustically active animals but species identification remains a major challenge. C-PODs are popular logging devices that automatically detect odontocete echolocation clicks. However, the accompanying analysis software does not distinguish between delphinid species. Click train features logged by C-PODs were compared to frequency spectra from adjacently deployed continuous recorders. A generalized additive model was then used to categorize C-POD click trains into three groups: broadband click trains, produced by bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) or common dolphin (Delphinus delphis), frequency-banded click trains, produced by Risso's (Grampus griseus) or white beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris), and unknown click trains. Incorrect categorization rates for broadband and frequency banded clicks were 0.02 (SD 0.01), but only 30% of the click trains met the categorization threshold. To increase the proportion of categorized click trains, model predictions were pooled within acoustic encounters and a likelihood ratio threshold was used to categorize encounters. This increased the proportion of the click trains meeting either the broadband or frequency banded categorization threshold to 98%. Predicted species distribution at the 30 study sites matched well to visual sighting records from the region.

The accuracy of nurse performance of the triage process in a tertiary hospital emergency department in Gauteng Province, South Africa.

Triage in the emergency department (ED) is necessary to prioritise management according to the severity of a patient's condition.The South African Triage Scale (SATS) is a hospital-based triage tool that has been adopted by numerous EDs countrywide.Many factors can influence the outcome of a patient's triage result, and evaluation of performance is therefore pivotal. To determine how often patients were allocated to the correct triage category and the extent to which they were incorrectly promoted or demoted, and to determine the main reasons for errors in a nurse-led triage system. Triage forms from a tertiary hospital ED in Gauteng Province, South Africa, were collected over a 1-week period and reviewed retrospectively. A total of 1 091 triage forms were reviewed. Triage category allocations were correct 68.3% of the time. Of the incorrect category assignments, 44.4% of patients were promoted and 55.6% demoted. Patients in the green category were most commonly promoted (29.4%) and patients who should have been in orange were most commonly demoted (35.0%). Trauma patients were more likely to be incorrectly promoted and non-trauma patients to be incorrectly demoted. Mistakes were mainly due to discriminator errors (57.8%), followed by numerical miscalculations (21.5%). The leading omitted discriminators were 'abdominal pain', 'chest pain' and 'shortness of breath'. Mis-triaging using the SATS can be attributed to incorrect or lack of discriminator use, numerical miscalculations and other human errors. Quality control and quality assurance measures must target training in these areas to minimise mis-triage in the ED.

Visual Category Learning Results in Rapid Changes in Brain Activation Reflecting Sensitivity to the Category Relation between Perceived Objects and to Decision Correctness.

Little is known about the time scales in which sensitivity to novel category identity may become evident in visual and executive cortices in visual category learning (VCL) tasks and the nature of such changes in brain activation. We used fMRI to investigate the processing of category information and trial-by-trial feedback information. In each VCL task, stimuli differed in three feature dimensions. In each trial, either two same-category stimuli or two different-categories stimuli were presented. The participant had to learn which feature dimension was relevant for categorization based on the feedback that followed each categorization decision. We contrasted between same-category stimuli trials and different-category trials and between correct and incorrect categorization decision trials. In each trial, brain activation in the visual stimuli processing phase was modeled separately from activation during the later feedback processing phase. We found activation in the lateral occipital complex, indicating sensitivity to the category relation between stimuli, to be evident in VCL within only few learning trials. Specifically, greater lateral occipital complex activation was evident when same-category stimuli were presented than when different-category stimuli were presented. In the feedback processing phase, greater activation in both executive and visual cortices was evident primarily after "misdetections" of same-category stimuli. Implications regarding the contribution of different learning trials to VCL, and the respective role of key brain regions, at the onset of VCL, are discussed.

PTU-107 The Use of the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool in a Specialist Hospital: An Audit

Introduction The British Association of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition’s (BAPEN) nutritional screening week in 2011 found that 25–34% of patients admitted to hospital were at risk of malnutrition. It results in longer admissions and greater morbidity and mortality, costing in excess of £13 billion per annum. Malnutrition poses a substantial burden both medically and financially, which has resulted in the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE), formulating quality statements and guidelines, which state that all patients must be screened for the risk of malnutrition using a validated screening tool. The Malnutrition Universal Screen Tool (MUST) is a well recognised and utilised screening tool, which is also recommended by NICE and BAPEN. The aim of this audit is to investigate whether inpatients at a specialist hospital are being screened for malnutrition using the validated MUST and whether this is being utilised correctly. Methods Inpatients at a spcialist hospital were identified. All patients’ notes were obtained and searched for the presence of the MUST and a MUST score. Patients’ age and time taken from admission for a MUST score to be calculated were recorded. The MUST score was also independently calculated and checked against documented scores. Results 61 inpatients were identified (31 males and 30 females). The MUST was present for 59 (96.7%) patients and a MUST score was documented for 51 (83.6%) of these patients. The MUST score was calculated after a mean of 2 days. 23 (37.7%) patients had an incorrect MUST score. A total of 33 (54.1%) patients either had no MUST present, no MUST score documented or an incorrect MUST score. 24 (39.3%) of these patients were subsequently allocated the incorrect risk category. Conclusion Malnutrition poses a major medical and financial burden. Whilst the MUST is a well-validated tool and is being completed in the majority of patients, it is not being utilised correctly and a significant number of inpatients at risk of malnutrition are not receiving the correct management. It is evident that unintentional weight loss of patients is not being elicited and in some cases alternative routes to calculating a patients BMI, if weight and height are unobtainable, have not been explored. Healthcare professionals need to be educated on the importance of unintentional weight loss and a patients’ BMI and these must be elicited. Trust guidance on calculating the MUST score must be reviewed by all nurses and doctors. The availability of the MUST application for mobile devices, designed to aid calculating the MUST score, should be promoted. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

The Youth Anxiety Measure for DSM-5 (YAM-5): Development and First Psychometric Evidence of a New Scale for Assessing Anxiety Disorders Symptoms of Children and Adolescents

The Youth Anxiety Measure for DSM-5 (YAM-5) is a new self- and parent-report questionnaire to assess anxiety disorder symptoms in children and adolescents in terms of the contemporary classification system. International panels of childhood anxiety researchers and clinicians were used to construct a scale consisting of two parts: part one consists of 28 items and measures the major anxiety disorders including separation anxiety disorder, selective mutism, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder, whereas part two contains 22 items that focus on specific phobias and (given its overlap with situational phobias) agoraphobia. In general, the face validity of the new scale was good; most of its items were successfully linked to the intended anxiety disorders. Notable exceptions were the selective mutism items, which were frequently considered as symptoms of social anxiety disorder, and some specific phobia items especially of the natural environment, situational and other type, that were regularly assigned to an incorrect category. A preliminary investigation of the YAM-5 in non-clinical (N = 132) and clinically referred (N = 64) children and adolescents indicated that the measure was easy to complete by youngsters. In addition, support was found for the psychometric qualities of the measure: that is, the internal consistency was good for both parts, as well as for most of the subscales, the parent–child agreement appeared satisfactory, and there was also evidence for the validity of the scale. The YAM-5 holds promise as a tool for assessing anxiety disorder symptoms in children and adolescents.

Visual information representation and rapid-scene categorization are simultaneous across cortex: An MEG study

Perceiving the visual world around us requires the brain to represent the features of stimuli and to categorize the stimulus based on these features. Incorrect categorization can result either from errors in visual representation or from errors in processes that lead to categorical choice. To understand the temporal relationship between the neural signatures of such systematic errors, we recorded whole-scalp magnetoencephalography (MEG) data from human subjects performing a rapid-scene categorization task. We built scene category decoders based on (1) spatiotemporally resolved neural activity, (2) spatial envelope (SpEn) image features, and (3) behavioral responses. Using confusion matrices, we tracked how well the pattern of errors from neural decoders could be explained by SpEn decoders and behavioral errors, over time and across cortical areas. Across the visual cortex and the medial temporal lobe, we found that both SpEn and behavioral errors explained unique variance in the errors of neural decoders. Critically, these effects were nearly simultaneous, and most prominent between 100 and 250ms after stimulus onset. Thus, during rapid-scene categorization, neural processes that ultimately result in behavioral categorization are simultaneous and co-localized with neural processes underlying visual information representation.

Semantic processes and individual differences detected through error-related negativities

Abstract We report a study that demonstrates the application of the Error-Related Negativity (ERN), an event-related brain potential that accompanies an overt incorrect response, to the study of semantic processes. Twenty-two adult participants completed a time-pressured semantic categorization task to elicit errors to simple semantic category decisions, e.g., is Africa a country? Our results indicated an increased negativity between 30 and 80 ms following incorrect category judgments, illustrating that the ERN is associated with errors in semantic processing. Furthermore, the magnitude of the ERN response was modulated by the participants' performance in discriminating between category members and non-members, and by off-line measures of word knowledge and vocabulary. These individual differences, both in task performance and in on-line assessments, emerged especially following correct trials. We suggest this is because feedback from knowledge states affects the ERN on correct trials, thus disproportionately affecting the ERNs of better performers and people with more word knowledge.

Efficiency Measurements in Induction Motors: Comparison of Standards

Recently, given the need to reduce the emission of greenhouse effect gases and limiting the steady increase in energy demand, were have proposed new standards of efficiency levels of electric motors. From them have been defined efficiency categories, which determine the limits for so called Standard Efficiency Motors, High Efficiency, Efficiency Premium, etc. Most countries, therefore, have established legal restrictions on the use of motors with low efficiency. A small error in the motor efficiency measurement could lead to an incorrect categorization. In this sense recently have been revised standards that establish testing procedures. Each one, in turn, provides different alternatives more or less accurate to estimate the motor efficiency based on the tools that are included (dynamometer torque sensor, windings temperature measurement, etc.). In this paper a comparison of some of the most commonly used standards for the motor efficiency measurement is presented. The comparison is made in reference to the so-called direct method, where the input and output power of a motor is directly measured with a strict control of ambient (laboratory), engine temperature and feeding conditions. The comparisons allow conclusions about the probable errors in the application of each standard.

Investigating Information Search by People with Cognitive Disabilities

The ability to gather information online has become increasingly important in the past decades. Previous research suggests that people with cognitive disabilities experience challenges when finding information on websites. Although a number of studies examined the impact of various design guidelines on information search by people with cognitive disabilities, our knowledge in this topic remains limited. To date, no study has been conducted to examine how people with cognitive disabilities navigate in different content structures. We completed an empirical study to investigate the impact of different search methods and content structures on the search behavior of people with cognitive disabilities. 23 participants with various cognitive disabilities completed 15 information search tasks under three conditions: browsing a website with a deep structure (4 × 4 × 4 × 4), browsing a website with a broad structure (16 × 16), and searching through a search engine. The results suggest that the participants overwhelmingly preferred the search engine method to the two browsing conditions. The broad structure resulted in significantly higher failure rates than the search engine condition and the deep structure condition. The causes of failed search tasks were analyzed in detail. Participants frequently visited incorrect categories in both the deep structure and the broad structure conditions. However, it was more difficult to recover from incorrect categories on the lower-level pages in the broad structure than in the deep structure. Under the search engine condition, failed tasks were mainly caused by difficulty in selecting the correct link from the returned list, misspellings, and difficulty in generating appropriate search keywords.