Incorporation Of Women Research Articles

Participation of the Women of Albania in Politics and Their Rights

All Albanian women have the right to take part fully in all aspects of decision taking and decision making. This includes all kind of aspects of political life, family life, cultural and social affairs and the economy.Furthermore, without the active participation of Albanian women, efforts to end poverty are futile: sustainable social and economic development at community and national level and good governance is dependent on women taking part in all decision-making processes. Decision-making that is completely representative advantages not just women, but society as a whole: ‘Without the active participation of women and the incorporation of women’s perspectives at all levels of decision-making, the aims of development and peace cannot be accomplished. The women`s rights to take part equally with men at all levels of decision-making is a human-rights issue. Human-rights standards guarantee women to take part equally and fully in all aspects of economic, political and social life and to get the courage at all levels. The women`s happiness of other human rights is dependent on their skill to participate fully in decision making. This study has investigated that what is the Albanian women`s rights and how much they take part in politics. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2014.v3n6p379

Does having women managers lead to increased gender equality practices in corporate social responsibility?

There is increasing interest in determining what impact having women in management positions may have on corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives. Various authors suggest that gender equality practices should be factored into the broader framework of CSR. This paper examines how the presence of women on corporate boards, in top and middle management and as heads of CSR departments, influences gender equality practices in the field of CSR. Using information collected from companies that have signed up to Women's Empowerment Principles in Spain, we show that the presence of women in the aforesaid posts has a positive impact on CSR activities with gender equality objectives. We thus supplement the justice, business and moral arguments with further arguments in support of the incorporation of women into not only corporate boards but all management positions. Finally, we provide a view of how gender equality can be included in the broader framework of CSR.

Directoras de cine en Cataluña: Un recorrido histórico

Summary: In Catalonia, like in other nations, the incorporation of women directors into the film industry was slow and the number small, with the aggravating situation in Catalan society of forty years of a dictatorship that kept women relegated to the domestic sphere. It is not until the late 80s and during the 90s that a new generation of women directors occupy with their cameras the streets of Barcelona, initiating a creative journey of self-discovering, and creating a cinematic gendered urban space that rejects patriarchal power relations and hegemonic concepts of national and sexual identities, while they give voice to new identities; new subjectsminorities-communities that, like them, started being visible in post-Franco Catalonia. Some directors contextualize their narratives with the construction of a cinematic gaze based on a negotiation with the Other marginal subject. Other filmmakers explore the formation-representation of the city image and its significance in the context of state terrorism and the relation between Catalonia and Spain. The directors and their films contribute to the critical analysis, of city and space, of modernity and gender, of history and memory, and the imposed transformation of the city of Barcelona by globalization. [Keywords: Women directors; Catalonia; Barcelona; cinematic gaze; city image; space]

Feminización de la Licenciatura en Ciencia Política en México. ¿Igualdad de oportunidades o inclusión desigual?

A comparative analysis of the distribution of the enrolment in the academic offer of bachelor degree programs in political science is presented by sex according to the different types of institutions in which the career is taught, as well as in the different geographical areas. The analysis is aimed to support the idea that, because of hierarchical fragmentation that characterizes higher education system in Mexico, the increased incorporation of women to university studies in recent decades does not necessarily mean a step forward in the consolidation of egalitarian structures of opportunities between men and women in the field of higher education, but rather an inclusion on unequal basis.

Eating Habits and Physical Activity in School children: A Comparison Before and After Summer Vacations

In the last two decades the prevalence of childhood obesity has increased considerably and has become one of the biggest challenges for Public Health in Mexico. Childhood obesity causes a wide range of adverse health effects, including chronic diseases that frequently result in premature death. According to the National Survey of Nutrition and Health-2006 (ENSANUT 2006) the combined prevalence of overweight and obesity in schoolchildren has increased from 18.6% to 26% in a period of 7 years, whereas at present one out of three adolescents are overweight or obese. Although obesity is multi-causal, there are more environmental variables which have been linked to the increase in its prevalence. 6-7 Childhood is an excellent opportunity for the prevention of overweight and obesity, as in this period, the habits and lifestyles that largely condition the eating behavior in adulthood are established. For this reason, and due to the fact that children spend many hours in school, has caused big interest in establishing educational programs to help in the prevention of overweight and obesity in children. However, its effectiveness is still controversial; some authors have blamed the schools for causing weight gain in the students by providing processed foods with high energy content and insufficient time for physical activity. In contrast, other studies suggest that school environment is not the most influential factor on the state of child nutrition, especially in urban areas where limitations on sports infrastructure and public insecurity limit outdoor physical and recreational activities, replacing them with the passive entertainment like watching TV or using computers or video games. In addition, the incorporation of women into the professional world has changed the eating habits of the family because the home-cooked meals have been replaced by fast food, which tend to have high energy

La interacción trabajo-familia. La mujer y la dificultad de la conciliación laboral

The information society has alleged significant changes in the social structure. Definitely one of the most important is the incorporation of women into the labor market, far from distance it from its traditional player in the family role, has promoted the double burden of a dual time, torn between her domestic role of care and tasks at home, and his producer role in the labor market. The consequences have led to segregation in the labor market, both vertical differentiation (since women do not reach the levels of men in managerial positions) and horizontal (with jobs traditionally feminine and masculine positions). Its main effects are the wage gap between the genders, the high percentage of part-time, and difficult temporal reconciliation between doubleheader.

The achievement of female suffrage in Europe: on women's citizenship

This article lays out the theoretical framing underlying the gendered construction of citizenship in Western political thought during the transition to modernity; describes the relevant actors in the fight for female suffrage and the impact that the separate spheres of ideology had on both the narratives supporting and resisting female suffrage, and on the selective and piecemeal way in which suffrage was eventually won by women in European countries. Furthermore, it identifies the main factors accounting for women's earlier or later achievement of suffrage in different European nations and, exploring the connection between women's access to voting rights and to civil and social rights, it retells a story of women's citizenship which is an inverted image of that developed by T.H. Marshall on the basis of the male paradigm. It finally brings us to the present to discuss the persistent political under-representation of women in Europe, as well as a growing awareness about the need to ensure women's full citizenship through measures that seek the incorporation of women in male spheres of power and the disestablishment of the sexual contract, something which the historical conquest of suffrage could not achieve by itself.

La mujer profesional en la familia

In this article, the author considers the strategies discussed at the Fourth World Conference on Women, held in Beijing, on the incorporation of women into theworkforce without gender discrimination and on promoting their economic rights and their independence in order to make a reflective analysis on the process of adaptation that women must undergo in arder to access the labor market, while harmonizing with their duties as mothers and wives and successfully running their homes and families.

Participación política de las mujeres: Aspectos de confluencia entre la ética y los derechos humanos

This article explores the links between global ethics and human rights, with a particular focus on women's political participation, as a way of inquiring into possible ramifications within the field of global ethics. To this end, it determines the scope of the concepts of ethics and global ethics as well as that of human rights. It analyses the links between them, particularly the incorporation of ethical considerations on the part of human rights and the validity that the latter assign to them. Finally, the article concentrates onto women's rights and more specifically on their political participation. It analyses the diverse alter - natives of participation, which cover a range that spans from the traditional parliamentary participation up to forms like the establishment of governmental agendas aimed at improving the condition of women and the participation through women's movements. It is concluded that, both from an ethics as well as human-rights point of view, it is necessary an evaluation of ways for achieving the implementation of these rights. These can derive from a more permanent incorporation of women's movements in the decision making process of public policies.

Equality of Opportunities at Spanish Universities?: Learning from the Experience

The relationship between women anduniversities began in Spain little more than a century ago, the moment in whichthe first female students enrolled on university courses- women who decided tobreak with the taboos of their era and to accede to this education level. Fromthat moment onward, the incorporation of women in the university sphere hasbeen a continual process that has been accompanied, in the last few decades, bymeasures based on the principle of equal opportunities between men and women.In this article we present a historical review of the presence of women in theSpanish university sphere, and the case of the measures taken by one specificuniversity (the University of Cantabria) in the wake of this principle. Weconsider that in order to recognise the wide- reaching effect of the arrival ofthese kinds of actions, it is necessary to know the important process of changeundergone in the higher education of women in the last one hundred years.

Narrativas del deseo y locas del desván: Una aproximación a Lola Salvador como autora televisiva durante la Transición

Abstract This article examines the career of the Spanish writer Lola Salvador, also known as ‘Salvador Maldonado’, popular for her work in films like El crimen de Cuenca/The Cuenca Crime (Miró, 1979) and Las bicicletas son para el verano/Bicycles Are for the Summer (Chávarri, 1984). The aim is to analyse her scripts for Televisión Española during the 1970s. The recovery of these works, which have been forgotten, allows us not only to analyse the beginnings of literary adaptations on television, but also to consider the history of television in Spain and its pedagogical role during the Transition. In this regard, it is relevant to reflect on the incorporation of women as creators, who rose to prominence in Spanish television at this time. By focusing on the analysis of the dramas, this article argues that Lola Salvador is a television auteur whose plots and representations of gender reflect the political and social transformations that took place during the Spanish Transition.

The Women’s Suffrage Movement and Feminism in Argentina from Roca to Perón

While most academic works on women’s suffrage in Argentina focus on the Peronist period, Gregory Hammond places the law granting women the right to vote in a long- term context. The main objective of his book is to explain why, even though both the demand for suffrage and active feminist organizations had existed for decades, Argentine women gained the right to vote only in 1947.The author traces female participation in the public sphere since the second half of the nineteenth century, as well as the beginning of feminist movements at the turn of the twentieth century. He offers a thorough analysis of the first experiences of women associations in Argentina, emphasizing that their internal fragmentation, based on factors like class and political ideology, affected both the scope of their aims and their effectiveness. Suffragist arguments aroused controversy among men due to the increased competition for employment caused by women’s entry into the workforce and the extensive consensus on motherhood as women’s fundamental role. But despite the lack of cohesion among feminist groups and the opposition that they encountered, women’s activism constituted a constant presence in Argentine social and political life, and with ups and downs it made its way on to the political agenda. Hammond examines the advances made by the feminist cause between the centennial of Argentina’s independence and the mid-1920s, a period marked in Europe by the passage of suffrage laws and in Argentina by political democratization and the rise to power of radicalism. Among other achievements in Argentina, the author mentions the first proposed suffrage bills, the formation of the National Feminist Party, a new feminist organization led by Julieta Lanteri, the significant reform of the civil code, and the experience of women’s suffrage in the province of San Juan. And Hammond also accounts for the setbacks experienced by the feminist cause, namely the obstruction of suffrage laws after the coup d’etat in 1930, the so- called conservative restoration. Nevertheless, the new military regime of 1943 showed an unexpected willingness to improve women’s social conditions, and its main political consequence — the emergence of Peronism — resulted in the incorporation of women into the political arena.The decision of President Juan Domingo Perón to include women’s suffrage in his regime’s political agenda was based on the central importance to the populist strategy of mobilizing the masses. As the author points out, the suffrage law approved in 1947 aroused the resistance of the suffragist movement even though it corresponded to the agenda sustained by this movement for decades. Feminists opposed the appropriation of their cause by the Peronist government because they considered the regime authoritarian and opportunistic, followed by working- class women over whom the suffragists never had real influence. The split between feminist leaders and Peronism increased with the formation of the Peronist Women’s Party by the First Lady, María Eva Duarte de Perón. This political structure co- opted female support and arranged it vertically, giving birth to a subordinate feminism strictly controlled by the ruling party. As Hammond states, “Ironically, feminism thus helped pave the way for a more paternalistic state” (p. 6). In the conclusion, the author offers some interpretations of the trajectory of feminism since Perón’s overthrow to the present and suggests some perspectives for new research.In sum, this book, grounded in a methodical analysis of primary sources and an updated bibliography, offers a necessary panorama of feminism in Argentina for both academic readers and the general public.

Rewriting the Scottish Canon: the Contribution of Women’s and Gender History to a Redefinition of Social Classes

Over the last two decades, research on women and gender in Scotland has flourished and we have an increasingly full picture of women’s lives at all social levels across the medieval to modern periods. Yet, women’s and gender history has not stopped at filling in the gaps in our knowledge, but has actively shaped the terms in which we engage with the past, altering traditional narratives of the past and requiring new questions and new methodologies as we move forward. This article will explore how the incorporation of women and the implementation of gendered analyses have helped redefine ideas of status/class across the medieval to modern periods in Scottish history.

A real job? Regulating household work: The case of Spain

This article is contextualized within the recent evolution of household employment in Spain. In the context of the strong demand for personal care services – due to rapid population ageing, mass incorporation of women into the labour market and insufficient collective provision of care services – the growth of domestic work is closely related to the overall social organization of care and specific migration policies that have eased, both implicitly and explicitly, the labour supply of foreign women into Spanish households. In line with ongoing debates in the academic literature as well as in the political sphere, this article seeks to explain the extent to which domestic work can or should be considered as any other job in terms of social and employment rights and obligations. To that end, it evaluates changes in the regulation of household employment in Spain since the creation of the Special Regime for Household Employees (SRHE) in 1969 until the most recent 2011 reform. Following the recommendations of the ILO Convention for Domestic Workers (2011), this latest reform puts domestic workers on equal footing with other dependent employees. It thus implies a sea change in relation to the discriminatory treatment embedded in previous legal frameworks. The main hindrance to the effective transposition of the norm however remains the strong presence of the informal economy and a dubious political commitment to ensure its application.

“Engendering” Politics

Globally, there is a significant gender gap in political engagement between men and women; however, this gender gap varies both across countries and within countries over time. Previous research has argued that the inclusion of women in elite political positions encourages women’s political engagement at the citizen level—by augmenting women’s symbolic representation—and can reduce this gender gap. Using Afrobarometer data from 20 African countries across four waves of surveys from 1999 to 2008, we employ an interactive multilevel model that controls for the sex of the respondent, the percentage of women in the legislature, and the interaction of these two variables. We find that as women’s descriptive representation increases, the political engagement gender gap diminishes. This finding is robust across several measures of political engagement. Our findings suggest that the incorporation of women into political institutions encourages the political engagement of women at the citizen level.

Women's Labour in the Islamic Republic of Iran: Losers and Survivors

This article examines the changes in the female class structure of the urban work force in post-revolutionary Iran by investigating the rate and pattern of the exclusion and the incorporation of women in the market between 1976 and 2006. We examine the gender marginalization thesis and test it empirically by focusing on the class nature of women's exclusion and incorporation into the labour force. We rely on decennial census data and present our empirical finding in the context of the social hierarchy of work. Moreover, we provide a comparative empirical analysis of the economic marginalization process for urban women's and men's class locations historically.

Innovation processes navigated by women groups in the Malian shea sector: How targeting of international niche markets results in fragmentation and obstructs co-ordination

The incorporation of women and their associations into international markets and value chains is proposed increasingly as a development pathway in Sub-Saharan Africa. The underlying assumption is that exclusion of individual women from groups specialized in supplying a single international niche market is the main obstacle to their development. Intervention under this assumption focuses on linking women groups to international business and development organizations (NGOs). To validate this pre-analytical choice, we conducted a case study of a community-level co-operative of women in Mali (COPROKAZAN, Zantiébougou) that collects shea kernels from producers and processes them into butter and then trades the shea butter for the export market. The choices made in this co-operative are exemplary for other women Malian co-operatives involved in the production of shea butter. The strategic direction taken by the co-operative results from developmental interventions that encourage exclusive reliance on the links between the women co-operatives and niche markets in the international cosmetics industry. The case study shifted attention to the capacity of the women co-operatives to link their handling of fluctuations in supply to opportunities in a range of markets. We found that this in turn also opened new opportunities to a growing number of non-members. We then applied concepts drawn from the research literature on shea in West Africa, market fragmentation, competition, and path dependency to reframe our research focus, to examine how the co-operative in fact navigated this more complex development pathway through co-ordination at group and sector level. The study concludes that a focus on the provision and use of working capital, a strategic priority identified within the studied co-operative, opens new perspectives on what types of institutional arrangements enable the inclusion of a larger number of women in the sourcing of kernels.

Women’s mental health clinic: A naturalistic description of the population attended in the San Diego VA Health Care System during a one year period

Due to specific gender predispositions to present certain illnesses, increasing incorporation of women in the U.S. military system represents an important challenge to both medical and mental health providers. The aim of this report is to describe the main characteristics of the population attended in a mental health women's clinic at the San Diego Veterans Administration (VA) health care system. Present study is a comprehensive clinical report based on a retrospective analysis of data. The authors searched the San Diego VA Health Care database to find the main epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the population attended during a one year period. Epidemiological and clinical features of the sample are presented. Authors also describe, using clinical examples, the most important psychopathological expressions. The most prevalent psychiatric diagnosis was major depressive disorder (n=28; 19.51%) followed by dysthymic disorder (n=8; 19.51%) and bipolar disorder (n=3; 7.31%). Authors discuss the importance of three variables: social isolation, quality of adaptive mechanisms and the role of self-stigmatization as crucial factors related to patient's clinical outcomes. The main limitation of this review derives from its naturalistic and descriptive methodology. The majority of patients treated in our clinic experience some type of affective disorder. Main factors associated to recovery are: social integration and spiritual support, utilization of mature defense mechanisms and upper-level coping strategies and psycho-educational interventions directed to prevent self stigmatization. Clinicians should be aware of these factors in order to promote "upper-level coping strategies".

Algunas consideraciones sobre igualdad por razón de género en el marco de la seguridad y salud en el trabajo

It is not possible to speak of mass incorporation of women into the job market without referring to the principle of equality and non-discrimination. For a long time now, courses of action and measures taken to guarantee this principle have focused on formal equality and on gender as a distinctive factor. Yet since awareness was first raised of the fact that many of the obstacles facing women on the job market are not a direct result of their gender, but rather, of the social roles they assume according to it, the way has been paved for the conviction that formal equality —blind to these circumstances— is not enough for the purpose of ensuring women's full incorporation into the job market, meaning there is a need to make advances towards achieving material equality. This work attempts to examine this change of perspective within the framework of regulations governing health and safety at work.

Algunos factores que afectaron el salario de la mujer mexicana en la apertura Comercial

The market wage for women in Mexico has undergone major changes. On one hand, there is a growing incorporation of women into this and, secondly, we see a steady growth in average educational levels. Therefore, the present study is directed to investigate the wage changes of these women before and after the commercial opening in Mexico.