Incorporation Of Titanium Research Articles

Electrolytic coating of titanium onto iron and nickel electrodes in the molten LiF + NaF + KF eutectic

The electrolytic reduction of Ti(III) species in LiF+NaF+KF eutectic on iron and nickel, studied using voltammetric techniques, proceeds reversibly in the 600–700°C temperature range. No interaction occurs between the iron electrode and the titanium coating, whereas the solubility of titanium in nickel has been proved. Chronoamperometric measurements at constant potentials more positive than the Ti(III)/Ti equilibrium potential indicate that the electrochemical incorporation of titanium in nickel is controlled by intermetallic diffusion. Coatings of pure titanium 20 to 30 μm thick were produced on iron at 700°C and on nickel at 600 and 700°C; they were homogeneous and well-crystallized. X-ray fluorescence analysis showed that the pure titanium coating is joined to the nickel supporting metal by a multilayer zone consisting of Ti 2Ni, TiNi and TiNi 3 definite compounds.

Titanium incorporation into LiNbO 3 using scanned electron beam annealing

The use of multiply-scanned electron beam irradiation of Ti films on LiNbO 3 substrates, as a means of Ti indiffusion, has been examined for the first time. Rutherford backscattering and electron microprobe analysis of the transiently annealed material indicates the formation of a Ti compound layer similar in nature to that produced by conventional furnace annealing. Problems associated with this annealing process are discussed.

Selective determination of arsenic (III, V), antimony (III, V), selenium (IV, VI) and tellurium (IV, VI) by extraction and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

Parameters were investigated for the selective determination of arsenic (III, V), antimony (III, V), selenium (IV, VI) and tellurium (IV, VI) by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry combined with extraction using an ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate and chloroform + carbon tetrachloride solvent mixture. Selenium (VI) and tellurium (VI) were not extracted over the entire range of pH studied, although the extraction conditions for the other species were not critical. It was found that the incorporation of titanium (III) chloride as a reducing agent in the extraction procedure made it possible to differentiate the above elements in the higher and lower oxidation states. The four elements at the low oxidation state were first extracted at pH 5 and after the addition of titanium chloride to the aqueous phase, the species in the high oxidation state were extracted at about pH 0.3. High sensitivity for the determination of the eight species was obtained. Interferences by many foreign ions have been studied.

N.M.R. and magnetic study (E.P.R. and magnetization) of BaOB 2O 3SiO 2 glasses containing titanium ions

The structure of the magnetic ions in oxide glasses is usually indirectly inferred from the magnetic properties and magnetic interactions between the ions involved. These measurements include dc and ac susceptibility, EPR, Mossbauer spectroscopy, etc. In this work we have combined low temperature dc magnetization and EPR measurements with NMR structural studies on the host glass constituents to obtain more detailed description of the glass structure. NMR measurements, using the B 11, Ba 137, constituent nuclei have been made on two host glasses, Na 2OB 2O 3SiO 2 and BaOB 2O 3SiO 2, containing various concentrations of titanium ions. The concentration of Ti (as TiO 2) varied from 0–10 mole %, the vcr [Ti +3] [Ti total] range between 0 and 0.8 In addition, low field dc magnetization measurements were carried out at liquid helium temperatures, and x-band EPR spectra obtained over wide temperature ranges. Selected examples of the various behaviors are shown. The most striking result is the extreme sensitivity of the three-fold coordinated B and the Ba resonances to the incorporation of titanium into the glass. The magnetic measurements indicate that at the same time, the titanium ions are acting together in either pairs or larger structures. We suggest that there is a synergistic interaction between the modifier ions (Ba +2), the titanium ions, and the non-bridging oxygens which results in their accumulation in micro-heterogeneities. These microheterogeneities we suggest, surround islands of more continuous networks involving the four coordinated boron. This micro-inhomogeneous glass structure is discussed briefly in relation to dc electrical conduction.

Magnesium chloride supported high‐mileage catalysts for olefin polymerization. I. Chemical composition and oxidation states of titanium

AbstractThe chemical composition of a MgCl2‐supported, high‐mileage catalyst has been determined at every stage of its preparation. Ball milling of MgCl2 with ethyl benzoate (EB) resulted in the incorporation of 95% of the EB present to give MgCl2·EB0.15. A mild reaction with a half‐mole equivalent of p‐cresol (PC) at 50°C for 1 h resulted in near quantitative retention of p‐cresol by the support. The composition is now approximately MgCl2·EB0.15P̌0.5. Addition of an amount of AlEt3 corresponding to half‐mole equivalent of p‐cresol liberated one mole of ethane per mole of p‐cresol, thus signaling quantitative reaction between the two components. The support contains on the average one ethyl group per Al. Further reaction with TiCl4 resulted in the incorporation of titanium of approximately 8, 38, and 54% in the oxidation states of +2, +3, and +4, respectively. The ratio of Al to Ti in the catalyst lies in the range of 0.5–1.0. Only 19% of all the Ti+3 species in the catalyst can be observed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR); these are attributable to isolated Ti+3 complexes. The remaining EPR silent Ti+3 species are believed to be bridged to another Ti+3 by Cl ligands. The total Cl content is equal to the sum of 2 × Mg + 3 × Al + 3.5 × Ti. Most of the p‐cresol moiety apparently disappeared from the support, leaving much of ethyl benzoate in the catalyst. Activation with AlEt3/methyl‐p‐toluate complex reduces 90% of the Ti+4 in the catalyst to lower oxidation states. The ester apparently moderates the alkylating power of AlEt3 to avoid excessive formation of divalent titanium sites. There appears to be a constant fraction of 1/4–1/5 of the titanium which is isolated and the remainder is in bridged clusters independent of the oxidation states of titanium.

Incorporation of stainless steel, titanium and Vitallium in bone

Operative trauma, implant instability and corrosion are recognized as aetiological factors in the production of the soft-tissue capsule often present round a metal implant in bone. In the present experimental study, the isolated effect of corrosion was evaluated under standardized experimental conditions where operative trauma was minimal and implant movement was negligible. The reaction of bone to stainless steel, titanium and Vitallium was studied by histological and biomechanical methods, and compared to that provoked by copper. No soft-tissue capsule was found round the modern materials, but copper gave rise to a marked tissue reaction. It is concluded that atraumatic operative techniques and implant immobility are more effective for stable incorporation of metallic implants in bone than the nature of the implant itself, provided that one of the modern, low-corrosive metals or alloys is used.