Incorporation Of Renewable Energy Sources Research Articles

A modified differential evolution algorithm for frequency management of interconnected hybrid renewable system

In recent decades, the insufficiency in power production has led to the incorporation of renewable energy sources into microgrid systems. However, ambiguity in the generation of renewable sources and load variation impacts on the system frequency influencing the stable operation of microgrid system. To augment the stable operation of the system an intelligent controller is required for continuous electric power. The implementation of a modified differential evolution (MDE)-based cascaded PIDFN controller using ITAE is proposed in this work. In order to demonstrate the robustness and efficacy of the proposed MDE optimization technique is compared with DE, TLBO, IWO and PSO.MDE-based cascaded PIDFN controller is implemented for governing the frequency in two-area interconnected microgrid system. The system is substantiated over load perturbations, system uncertainties, communication delay and real time data of solar irradiance and wind speed and action of UPFC in MATLAB<sup>®</sup>/SIMULINK environment.

Optimized cascaded controller for frequency stabilization of marine microgrid system

The trend towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions by dipping the use of traditional sources of energy in marine power grids, as well as the rapid expansion of renewable energy sources (RESs), were the driving forces behind the incorporation of RESs in maritime microgrid systems and enquiry of the ensuing prevalent control mechanism. The frequency stability of a Marine Microgrid System (MMGS) is a critical aspect that directly affects its reliable and efficient operation. This study describes a method for frequency stabilization in independent maritime microgrids consists of diverse renewable energy resources including wind turbine generators, sea wave energy/tidal power generation, solar generation, bio-diesel generator and energy storage systems. This paper aims to develop a new optimal cascaded order proportional integral based proportional derivative for marine load frequency control. Due to the fact that the performance of the controller is highly dependent on the parameters of the controller, optimizing these coefficients can have a significant impact on the output performance of the LFC control. In light of this, this paper presents the sewing training-based optimization (STBO), a new human-based metaheuristic algorithm to optimize the coefficient of the suggested controller. The essential stimulation of STBO is the teaching procedure of sewing to beginner tailors. By utilizing a population of candidate solutions, the algorithm iteratively refines the control parameters to find the optimal set that minimizes frequency deviations and enhances system stability. The responses of the cascaded PI-PD controller are linked to those of the PID and PI controllers in order to demonstrate its superiority. To evaluate the efficiency of STBO, it is compared to well-established recent techniques such as fitness dependent optimization, grey wolf optimization and Jellyfish search optimization. From the results, it is observed that our proposed approach improved the settling time by 25.35%, 45.89%, and 29.35%, reduced peak overshoot by 78.34%, 67.71%, and 78.23%, and similarly reduced undershoot by 81.56%, 56.22% and 76.56% as compared to FDO, GWO and JSO techniques respectively. Finally, the sensitivity analysis is performed under ±50% load variation and ± 40% power system parameters to prove the robustness of the proposed controller.

An Enhanced Hybrid Rhino Herd–PSO Optimizer for Optimal Technical and Economic Operation of Power Systems Considering Environmental Concerns

The distributed generation based on renewable energy is gaining importance due to increased concerns about energy costs, energy security, and environmental issues. To effectively demonstrate the combination of different generators under various limitations, such as those imposed by energy systems using traditional fossil fuel generators and the incorporation of renewable energy sources, this article highlights the great potential for economic and efficient operation with environmental benefits. The reasons why the use of optimal power flow is regarded as the most significant operational challenge in power systems and the use of single- and multi-objective frameworks to analyze various objective functions are investigated. The objective functions are considered to reflect the power system’s technical, economic, and environmental requirements, including generation cost minimization, environmental pollution emission reduction, and voltage profile. Additionally, the article addresses the complexity of irregular mix structures such as solar and wind power and justifies the usage of swarm intelligence and an evolutionary approach to get the best solution. Furthermore, the article utilizes and validates the Rhino Herd Optimizer (RH), which is a modern type of swarm-based meta-heuristic search system, on various electrical power systems to evaluate the outcomes of an RH optimizer and show the capabilities.

Thermoeconomic and environmental impacts of vortex generator-equipped multi-drain heat recovery systems under various renewable sources

In response to escalating energy demands, intensifying climate change concerns, and growing environmental degradation, the incorporation of renewable energy sources has gained traction across diverse sectors and regions. Concomitantly, scientists and engineers have recognized the potential of heat recovery systems in mitigating energy consumption, fostering further investigations into their practical applications. This study introduces an innovative design, integrating vortex generators into a concentric tube heat exchanger for heat recovery from a multi-drain water system that serves 48 accommodations. The design's sustainability is assessed by evaluating its economic, and environmental implications when paired with various renewable energy sources. Specifically, the aim is to quantify both cost and environmental savings engendered by implementing this design in a multi-drain application for a building with 48 accommodations.A numerical investigation elucidates the effects of flow rate variations on heat transfer, overall heat transfer, and thermal enhancement factors. Four types of renewable energy input - solar, wind, biomass, and hydropower - along with one storage system (pumped storage) are analyzed. The study reveals that the design implementation results in an elevation of cold water temperature between 3.5 and 7.5 °C. Furthermore, daily environmental savings for solar, wind, biomass, hydropower, and pumped storage are estimated to be 0.783 €, 0.339 €, 0.141 €, 0.027 €, and 1.356 €, respectively. Conversely, daily economic savings are calculated to be 3.62 €, 2.49 €, 5.05 €, 3.62 €, and 6.70 € for each corresponding energy source. This research underscores the viability of the proposed design in fostering sustainability through both environmental preservation and economic efficiency.

Renewable-Based Microgrids: Design, Control and Optimization

To achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, additional measures must be taken, including the extensive incorporation of renewable energy sources (RESs) [...]

Integration of EVs through RES with Controlled Interfacing

Abstract Electric cars have a lot of promise in future energy markets as a manageable load. A popular vehicle-to-grid control interface, which enables the aggregation of the charging mechanism for energy management in the distribution grid, is one of the most significant road blocks to realize this opportunity. Understanding the ecology of electric transportation and integrating it in local communities to alleviate the energy shortage at peak hours is very complicated. In this research paper, recent standardization initiatives aimed at overcoming obstacles such as the integration of electric cars into smart grids are discussed. A charge control scheme focused on vehicle-to-grid connectivity is implemented. It is observed that the rise of environmentally sustainable energy sources, such as photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy, is straining the power network and their infrequent power generation is causing problems in power system operation, regulation and planning. The introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) into the electricity grid has been proposed to overcome grid load variations. Finally, the article discusses the incorporation of renewable energy sources and latest potential solutions involving electric vehicles.

Integration of Renewable Energy and Electric Vehicles in Power Systems: A Review

Electric vehicles (EVs) represent a promising green technology for mitigating environmental impacts. However, their widespread adoption has significant implications for management, monitoring, and control of power systems. The integration of renewable energy sources (RESs), commonly referred to as green energy sources or alternative energy sources, into the network infrastructure is a sustainable and effective approach to addressing these matters. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the integration of RESs and EVs into power systems. The bibliographic analysis revealed that IEEE Access had the highest impact among journals. In order to enhance the classification of the reviewed literature, we have provided an analytical summary of the contributions made by each paper. The categorization facilitated the recognition of the primary objectives explored in the reviewed works, including the classification of EVs and RESs, the incorporation of RESs and EVs into power systems with an emphasis on emissions, the establishment of EV charging stations and parking facilities, EV batteries and battery energy storage systems, strategies for managing the integration of RESs with EVs, EV aggregators, and the financial implications. In order to provide researchers with a valuable synopsis of the implementation particulars, the papers were bifurcated into two primary classifications, namely mathematical algorithms and heuristic algorithms. The mixed integer linear programming algorithm and particle swarm optimization algorithm were commonly utilized formulations in optimization. MATLAB/Simulink was the primary platform used for executing a considerable portion of these algorithms, with CPLEX being the dominant optimization tool. Finally, this study offers avenues for further discourse and investigation regarding areas of research that remain unexplored.

Frequency Stability of a Wind-based Energy System by Virtual Inertia Controller of an Inverter Connected to Grid

The dwindling inertia of the power system due to the incorporation of renewable energy sources is a vital concern. This is the genesis of the frequency volatility in a system. A non-linear controller formulated on fuzzy logic has been developed for mimicking the operation of a synchronous generator. This non-linear controller is proficient in utilizing the energy present in the rotating blades of the wind turbine and nourishing the requisite quantity of inertia in the system ensuring the alleviation of the frequency variation issues. The system’s improved behavior is evaluated with this innovative controller in comparison with a traditional PD/PID controller for various transients such as sudden addition, deletion of large loads, and faults.

Load Frequency Control and Automatic Voltage Regulation in Four-Area Interconnected Power Systems Using a Gradient-Based Optimizer

Existing interconnected power systems (IPSs) are being overloaded by the expansion of the industrial and residential sectors together with the incorporation of renewable energy sources, which cause serious fluctuations in frequency, voltage, and tie-line power. The automatic voltage regulation (AVR) and load frequency control (LFC) loops provide high quality power to all consumers with nominal frequency, voltage, and tie-line power deviation, ensuring the stability and security of IPS in these conditions. In this paper, a proportional integral derivative (PID) controller is investigated for the effective control of a four-area IPS. Each IPS area has five generating units including gas, thermal reheat, hydro, and two renewable energy sources, namely wind and solar photovoltaic plants. The PID controller was tuned by a meta-heuristic optimization algorithm known as a gradient-based optimizer (GBO). The integral of time multiplied by squared value of error (ITSE) was utilized as an error criterion for the evaluation of the fitness function. The voltage, frequency, and tie-line power responses of GBO-PID were evaluated and compared with integral–proportional derivative (GBO-I-PD), tilt integral derivative (GBO-TID), and integral–proportional (GBO-I-P) controllers with 5% step load perturbation (SLP) provided in each of the four areas. Comprehensive comparisons between GBO-PID and other control methodologies revealed that the proposed GBO-PID controller provides superior voltage, frequency, and tie-line power responses in each area. The reliability and efficacy of GBO-PID methodology were further validated with variations in the turbine time constant and speed regulation over a range of  ± 25%. It is evident from the outcomes of the sensitivity analysis that the proposed GBO-PID control methodology is very reliable and can successfully stabilize the deviations in terminal voltage, load frequency, and tie-line power with a shorter settling time in a four-area IPS.

Closing the Loop: Advances in Materials, Energy, and Waste Management

The notion of “closing the loop” has become a fundamental principle in contemporary society, particularly within the context of sustainable and circular systems. This abstract examines the notable progress achieved in the field of materials science, energy management, and waste reduction methods, all of which play a crucial role in the attainment of a more environmentally conscious and resource-efficient future. The field of materials science has experienced significant advancements, characterised by a notable transition towards the utilisation of sustainable and recyclable materials. The manufacturing and consuming sectors are undergoing significant transformations due to the emergence of many innovations, including biodegradable plastics, smart materials, and the study of innovative composites. These advancements are playing a crucial role in redefining the current landscape of these industries. By incorporating principles of durability, reusability, and recyclability into the design of materials, we are effectively mitigating our dependence on finite resources and mitigating the environmental impact of products. Alongside advancements in materials, the field of energy management has emerged as a prominent focus. The incorporation of renewable energy sources, energy-efficient technologies, and grid optimisation is revolutionising the methods by which energy is produced, distributed, and consumed. These technological advancements not only serve to mitigate the emission of greenhouse gases but also facilitate the achievement of energy self-sufficiency and enhance the ability to withstand and adapt to climate-related adversities. As we explore these notable developments, we uncover the interconnections among materials, energy, and waste management. The convergence of these fields illustrates that a comprehensive approach to sustainability is not just attainable but necessary. Through the integration of these advancements, there is not only a mitigation of environmental consequences but also a promotion of economic growth, the creation of employment opportunities, and the enhancement of societal well-being.

Operation and Control of a Quasi Z-source Converter in a Renewable Hybrid Microgrid

The power sharing need and operational reliability of a renewable hybrid microgrid are addressed in this study. A hybrid microgrid allows for the flexible incorporation of renewable energy sources, overcoming the limitations of AC and DC microgrids in terms of conversion losses and efficiency. To ensure optimal system performance, an interlinking converter (IC) is necessary for the seamless transmission of electric power between the two subgrids while keeping a stable DC bus voltage and appropriate AC sub-grid frequency. In this study, a Quasi Zsource converter (qZSC) with integrated boost capability is introduced as an IC in a PV-Wind based hybrid microgrid. Also, an adaptive dual loop based-PI (ADL-PI) control is proposed which maintains a constant peak DC-link voltage and supports maximum power point tracking while improving the system's overall stability. The proposed system and control approach are assessed using MATLAB/Simulink, and the results indicate its efficacy under various scenarios.

WPT compensation topology optimized for PV embedded electric vehicle

The incorporation of renewable energy sources into Electric Vehicle (EV) integration systems to charge the onboard charger will result in a significant increase in the number of EV and industrial equipment in the next years. Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) technology is a significant source of operation in the field of power transmission, with enormous potential in a wide range of applications. The resonance phenomenon has lately acquired favor as a method of transferring electricity to a load efficiently across a large air gap. This research presents an efficient L2CL-LCL correction in WPT for obtaining electricity from the PV array and charging the EV’s battery. To demonstrate its advantages, the L2CL-LCL method is compared to the DSLCL compensation method. The system adjusts the transmit current of the primary coil to maintain stable output power, maximize power transfer efficiency, and power transferred to the load using an Improved Weighted Chimp Optimization (IWdCH) algorithm that searches for the coupling coefficient 'k' of the elements of the compensation networks. Finally, the proposed system was implemented in Python power electronics software and its superiority was demonstrated by comparing it to conventional optimization algorithms. It outperforms conventional optimization algorithms in terms of efficiency, with anefficiency of 95 %.

Multiobjective Optimization of Power Flow Distribution in EPS with RES under Minimum Number of Transformer’s On-Load Tap Changing

The incorporation of renewable energy sources (RES) such as wind and solar power plants into traditional power systems offers numerous technical and environmental benefits. However, improper operation of power grids with RES may lead to high operating costs and higher system losses, as well as voltage fluctuations. To solve these problems, in this paper a formulation of the dynamic optimal power flow (DOPF) problem has been proposed with the integration of RES in the grid. The maximum allowable number of switching operations in a day for on-load tap-changer (OLTC) of transformers is taken into consideration as practical constraint. For 24 hours, the objective functions were to minimize the total operating cost (including fuel cost and cost of power loss), minimize power loss and the daily number of tap operations for transformer's OLTC. The minimization of the daily number of operations for transformers was taken as the goal to preserve the service life of transformers, reduce maintenance and depreciation. The objectives were minimized by coordination between control variables such as the output power of generators, the voltage of generators, transformer tap changer, and shunt capacitor. The improved practical swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm has been employed successfully to solve DOPF with discrete and continuous decision variables in the electric power system.

Combined Economic Emission Dispatch of Microgrid with the Incorporation of Renewable Energy Sources Using Improved Mayfly Optimization Algorithm

Electricity can be provided to small-scale communities like commercial areas and villages through microgrid, one of the small-scale, advanced, and independent electricity systems out of the grid. Microgrid is an appropriate choice for specific purposes reducing emission and generation cost and increasing efficiency, reliability, and the utilization of renewable energy sources. The main objective of this paper is to elucidate the combined economic emission dispatch CEED problem in the microgrid to attain optimal generation cost. A combined cost optimization approach is examined to minimize operational cost and emission levels while satisfying the load demand of the microgrid. With this background, the authors proposed a novel improved mayfly algorithm incorporating Levy flight to resolve the combined economic emission dispatch problem encountered in microgrids. The islanded mode microgrid test system considered in this study comprises thermal power, solar-powered, and wind power generating units. The simulation results were considered for 24 hours with varying power demands. The minimization of total cost and emission is attained for four different scenarios. Optimization results obtained for all scenarios using IMA give a comparatively better reduction in system cost than MA and other optimization algorithms considered revealing the efficacy of IMA taken for comparison with the same data. The proposed IMA algorithm can solve the CEED problem in a grid-connected microgrid.

Design Analysis of an Optimal Microgrid System for the Integration of Renewable Energy Sources at a University Campus

The integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) is a strategic goal in Saudi Arabia. The energy source diversification plan comprises the penetration of various technologies, including solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy. In this research, an optimal microgrid system design is proposed and analyzed at the Islamic University of Madinah. The research intends to facilitate the decision-making process in the incorporation of RESs in Saudi universities. A pilot project has been established at the Faculty of Engineering and the measured load profile has been incorporated. Three alternatives are investigated, and their technical and economic performance is determined (i.e., PV system, wind system, and hybrid system). To enhance the accuracy of the simulated models, on-the-ground weather data have been utilized to formulate a typical meteorological year profile. The results demonstrate that a PV system of 1.5 MW installed capacity can cover up to 3.03% of the university’s annual electrical consumption, with a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of 0.051 USD/kWh. The PV alternative can generate annual energy of 2.68 GWh with a capacity factor of 20.2% and a simple payback period of 18.6 years. The wind energy system has a capacity factor of 1.1 MW and yields a higher ratio of energy production to installed capacity, owing to a higher capacity factor at 29.5%, and annual energy of 2.71 GWh. However, due to the higher initial cost and insufficiency of wind resources at the proposed location, this wind energy alternative results in higher LCOE at 0.064 USD/kWh and a simple payback period of 23.6 years. The hybrid alternative facilitates the integration of diverse RESs. It has a capacity factor of 1.37 MW, leading to an annual generation of 3.27 GWh and a renewable fraction of 3.7%. The LCOE of the hybrid option is determined to be 0.061 USD/kWh and the simple payback period at 20.7 years. All alternatives help in the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitric oxide (NOx) between 0.11 million kg and 54.6 million kg annually. Each of the systems can provide opportunities at the technical, economic, and environmental levels. The implications of this research facilitate Saudi universities in supporting the integration of RESs, considering the strategic goals of Saudi Arabia.

Significance of SMES Devices for Power System Frequency Regulation Scheme considering Distributed Energy Resources in a Deregulated Environment

Nowadays, the restructuring of power systems is extremely urgent due to the depletion of fossil fuels on the one hand and the environmental impact on the other. In the restructured environment, the incorporation of renewable energy sources and storage devices is key as they have helped achieve a milestone in the form of microgrid technology. As the restructuring of the power system increases, there are several types of generation sources, and distribution companies express their interest in trading in a deregulated environment to operate economically. When considering the power system deregulation, the contract value deviates in some situations, resulting in an imbalance between the generation and the energy consumption, which can bring the system into a power outage condition. In particular, load frequency control has been a great challenge over the past few decades to ensure the stable operation of power systems. This study considers two generation sources: mini-hydro in GENCO-1 and 3 and microgrid (combination of wind, fuel cell, battery storage, and diesel engine) in GENCO-2 and 4. It is two equal-area networks; in area-1, GENCO-1 and 2, and in area-2, GENCO-3 and 4 are considered, respectively. In addition, a FOPID controller and two ancillary devices, such as a unified power flow controller and a superconducting magnetic energy storage system, have been incorporated. Three different test networks have been formed according to the contract value, such as unilateral, bilateral, and agreement violations. The simulation results show that ancillary devices and controller participation significantly enhance the system response by reducing the frequency and tie-line power fluctuation. To validate the efficacy of the proposed method, respective performance indices and percentages of improvement have been obtained. Finally, this study demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed restructured power system in a deregulated environment.

Thermal/Cooling Energy on Local Energy Communities: A Critical Review

One of the most crucial factors for energy transition and the incorporation of renewable energy sources into the existing energy map is citizen engagement. Local energy communities (LECs), which are cooperative-based coalitions aimed at reducing the carbon footprint of the residential building sector, have received increasing attention in the past decade. This is because residential buildings account for almost half of the total energy consumed worldwide. A resounding 75% of it is used for thermal energy consumption, heating and cooling, cooking and bathing. However, the main focus of the literature worldwide is explicitly on electrical LECs, despite the fact that the significant increase in natural gas and oil prices, creates instability in the heating and cooling prices. The scope of this study is to provide an overview of the research field regarding Thermal LECs, using both a thorough literature review as well as bibliometric analysis (VOSviewer software), in order to validate the findings of the review. The results indicate a collective scarcity of literature in the field of thermal/cooling energy communities, despite their proven value to the energy transition. A significant lack of directives, research background and state initiatives in the context of LECs incorporating thermal/cooling energy production, storage and distribution systems, was also observed. Case studies and the applications of such systems are scarce in the available literature, while published studies need further feasibility assessments.

Scenario-Based Fuel Constrained Short-Term Hydrothermal Scheduling

For electric power companies, the economic utilization of existing fossil fuel is currently primary issue because of the diminishing supply of fossil fuel. Thermal power plants have fuel limitations and contractual restrictions that must be adhered to. Therefore this work presented the scenario-based fuel constrained short-term hydrothermal scheduling problem with the incorporation of renewable energy sources. The elephant clan optimization (ECO) approach is offered for short-term hydro-thermal scheduling (STHTS) with thermal generators, cascaded hydro, solar PV plants, wind-turbine-generators (WTG), and pumped-storage-hydro (PSH) with and without demand side management (DSM) for various scenarios. On a typical test system, the suggested approach is shown to be successful. Analysis of the typical test system’s numerical results is compared to those produced via the HPSO-TVAC and grey wolf algorithms (GWO). The comparison shows that the suggested ECO is capable of providing a better solution.

Performance Validation of PV System Incorporated ZSI-Dynamic Voltage Restorer for Long-Lasting Power Quality Improvement

Abstract A power distribution system’s main challenge is to provide consistent, reliable electricity to fulfill high demand. The incorporation of renewable energy sources into the utility grid system can be accomplished. However, renewable sources are intermittent in nature, and the loads work dynamically and cause imbalances to the system voltage within an immediate time frame. Intermittent renewable sources affect the voltage of the power grid system. Photovoltaic (PV) power generation with Z-source inverter (ZSI)–based dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is used to avoid negative effects on the voltage. For step-up low direct current (dc) voltage to require alternating current voltage for the compensation of the voltage disturbance, ZSI with an energy storage impedance network is used. dc-dc converters connect the PV cell and the battery storage to the impedance source network. This article also incorporates an improved second-order generalized integrator (I-SOGI) control system for the generation of reference voltage signals. The I-SOGI control reference voltage generation approach greatly improves system performance and decreases the harmonic voltage. The voltage-related problems in the system connected to the utility grid are mitigated with DVR. In different load and source conditions, the PV generation with DVR performance is verified by the experimental prototype.

Renewable Energy Sector in Bangladesh: The Current Scenario, Challenges and the Role of IoT in Building a Smart Distribution Grid

Advancement in electricity is the key ingredient that can actively take part in alleviating poverty and drastically improve the socio-economic status of the people of Bangladesh. The incorporation of renewable energy sources would help the country meet the energy requirement as well as contribute positively towards building a sustainable planet. The paper has extensively discussed the potential aspects of renewable energy resources in Bangladesh and how the Internet of Things can facilitate the implementation of intermittent sources. The regulatory and socio-economic aspects of the renewable energy industry have been explored and sustainable solutions will be discussed to fast-track the process of integrating various renewable energy sources in the power grid to meet the energy demand. The paper discusses the challenges associated with the RE integration in Bangladesh’s power mix and tries to mitigate it through the IoT. Besides that, an RE map for Bangladesh along with prospective power network has also been discussed in this work.