Incorporation Of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Research Articles

Physicochemical Properties and Antibacterial Activity of Gellan Gum Incorporating Zinc Oxide/Carbon Nanotubes Bionanocomposite Film for Wound Healing.

Wound healing dressing based on a natural polymer of gellan gum incorporating zinc oxide nanoparticles and multiwall carbon nanotubes (GG/ZnONP + MWCNT) bionanocomposite film was fabricated via the solution casting method. The physicochemical properties of the film were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, the antibacterial properties of the bionanocomposite film were investigated for wound healing applications. The characterization results confirmed the reinforcement of the gellan gum (GG) matrix with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONP) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), as an amorphous GG/ZnONP + MWCNT bionanocomposite film was obtained. SEM morphological analysis shows that the addition of ZnONP and MWCNT nanofillers changed the film microstructure into a sponge-like structure that is more suitable for fluid uptake and thus more useful for wound healing. The GG/ZnONP + MWCNT bionanocomposite film demonstrated good antibacterial activity against all strains tested. Furthermore, macroscopic analysis shows that the wound treated with GG/ZnONP + MWCNT bionanocomposite film recovered completely (100%) in 14 days, compared to pure GG film (90.76%) and negative control (77.40%). As a result, the GG/ZnONP + MWCNT bionanocomposite film could be a promising wound dressing material.

Variation of pH and Composite Dosage on the Photocatalytic Activity for ZnO/epoxy Nanocomposites

In this research, Zinc oxide (ZnO)/epoxy nanocomposite was synthesized by simple casting method with 2wt. % ZnO concentration. The aim of this work was to study the effect of pH and composite dosage on the photocatalytic activity of ZnO/ epoxy nanocomposite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique images proof the homogeneous distribution of ZnO nanoparticles in epoxy. A synthesized nanocomposite samples were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer (FTIR) measurements. Two spectra for epoxy and 2wt.% ZnO/epoxy nanocomposites were similar and there are no new bonds formed from the incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles. Using HCl and NaOH were added to Methylene blue (MB) dye (5ppm) to gat pH values 3 and 8. The degradation of the dye was 90.816% were pH =8 after 180 min. under sun-light. The degradation was 6.131% were pH=3 after 240 min. under sun-light irradiation. It is found that the base solution help in accelerating the photocatalytic process, pH with high value provides greater concentration of hydroxyl ions which interact with h+ to form hydroxyl radicals OH- that give an enhancement degradation rate of dyes. The dose of ZnO was increased from 3g to 6g with Methylene blue MB (5ppm) the degradation was 94.3755% after 240 min. under sun-light irradiation. This means that increasing the dose of ZnO, the photocatalytic activity will be increased.

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Exhibit Favorable Properties to Promote Tissue Integration of Biomaterials.

Due to the demographic change, medicine faces a growing demand for tissue engineering solutions and implants. Often, satisfying tissue regeneration is difficult to achieve especially when co-morbidities hamper the healing process. As a novel strategy, we propose the incorporation of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) into biomaterials to improve tissue regeneration. Due to their wide range of biocompatibility and their antibacterial properties, ZnO NPs are already discussed for different medical applications. As there are versatile possibilities of modifying their form, size, and function, they are becoming increasingly attractive for tissue engineering. In our study, in addition to antibacterial effects of ZnO NPs, we show for the first time that ZnO NPs can foster the metabolic activity of fibroblasts as well as endothelial cells, both cell types being crucial for successful implant integration. With the gelatin sponge method performed on the chicken embryo’s chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), we furthermore confirmed the high biocompatibility of ZnO NPs. In summary, we found ZnO NPs to have very favorable properties for the modification of biomaterials. Here, incorporation of ZnO NPs could help to guide the tissue reaction and promote complication-free healing.

A comparative study: Physical, mechanical and antibacterial properties of bio-composite gelatin films as influenced by chitosan and zinc oxide nanoparticles incorporation

This study focuses on a comparison of bio-nanocomposites films with the addition of chitosan nanoparticles (organic) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (inorganic) in order to evaluate their affinity with bovine gelatin. The addition of organic and inorganic nanoparticles into gelatin/tapioca starch films were evaluated on its thickness, thermal, structure, barrier, mechanical and antibacterial properties. The addition of nanoparticles increased the film thickness. However, inorganic nanoparticle films showed more thermal stable compared to organic nanoparticle films. Moreover, the formation of Amide A, Amide I, and Amide II bands in the films structure, affecting the barrier properties of the film (p < 0.05). The incorporation of inorganic nanoparticles increased tensile strength (0.20–0.22 MPa) and decreased the elongation at breaks (131.80–94.55%) as well as film solubility. Furthermore, the gelatin-based bio-nanocomposite films showed antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The inorganic nanoparticles had larger inhibition zone as compared to the organic nanoparticles. These findings indicate that inorganic nanoparticles have the potential to be incorporated with gelatin films to produce bio-nanocomposite films with better characteristics as food packaging.

Enrichment a Study of Structural, Optical and Dielectric Properties of Mowiol 4-88 (Pva) Filled Zno Nanocomposites

The use of ZnO nanoparticles in the fabrication of PVA (Mowiol 4-88) nanocomposites with different ‘x’ filling compositions through solvent casting technique leading to the enrichment of the host's physical properties is presented. The sol-gel approach synthesizes Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles. The formation of ZnO nanoparticles of size 100 nm was confirmed through X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Field Effect Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) techniques. The XRD technique determines the appearance of nanocomposites and their structural properties. The improvement in filling concentration enhances the particle size up to 150 nm and percentage crystallinity by 41 % for optimum filler composition. The FTIR spectra demonstrate ZnO nanofillers' binding with OH group of host Mowiol 4-88 through intra or inter hydrogen bonding leading to a complex conformation. The optical studies indicate a decrease in the energy gap with the rise in filler composition up to 15 wt%, and frequency-dependent dielectric constant characterization shows the enhancement in the dielectric constant with an optimum filling concentration 15 wt% ZnO nanofillers. FESEM image confirms homogenous distribution and complex particle size of incorporated ZnO nanoparticles in the PVA matrix. HIGHLIGHTS ZnO nanoparticles with Fabrication of PVA (Mowiol 4-88) nanocomposites through solvent casting technique ZnO nanoparticles of size 100 nm was confirmed Filling concentration enhances the particle size and percentage crystallinity SEM and EDS illustrate ZnO nanofiller’s systematic distribution Dielectric measurements show that these fabricated polymeric composites are polar GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Fabrication of Cellulosic Nonwoven Material Coated with Polyvinyl Alcohol and Zinc Oxide/Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Wound Dressing Purposes with Cephalexin Delivery

Wound dressings with antibacterial properties have emerged as a promising material to accelerate wound healing treatments. The present study explores the fabrication of non-woven fabric treated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel including zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs), and mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MS-NPs) to develop wound dressings that can help to heal the wound. In addition, the antibiotic cephalexin was loaded to the composite coating to aid in mitigating the establishment of opportunistic bacterial infection. Accordingly, the antibacterial efficiency was evaluated against two common pathogenic bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E.coli). To characterize the coated nonwoven, SEM images, XRD pattern, FTIR spectra, swelling ratio, drug release, and MTT assays were employed to describe the potential wound dressing. It was observed that the fabricated nanocomposite possesses a considerable capacity to take up water through swelling, and incorporation of ZnO-NPs and MS-NPs into the hydrogel network increased the swelling ratio of the samples to about 8 times. Moreover, the fabricated composite appeared to have significant properties of degradation: the release of the loaded drugs from the nanocomposite displayed a burst release at the first hours and by 80% release of the cephalexin happened after 32 h. Lastly, the treated composite demonstrated excellent antibacterial properties against the selected bacteria. The results of this study indicate that the novel nanocomposite wound dressing may be a significant innovation for the medical treatment of infected skin wounds.

Analysis of Biofilms from Biosynthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

Abstract: Kappa-carrageenan, a natural polymer that is a product derived from seaweeds has been gaining vast attention on researches because of its biodegradability and low cost production. On the side, Nanotechnology, the emerging Science of nanoparticles has been indulging the world with its new approaches on improving the characteristics of the medium used. This study differentiated the physicochemical properties of the films without and with the incorporation of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnOnps) to kappa-carrageenan (kc).&#x0D; Materials and Methods: Incorporation of ZnOnps to kc was prepared, the physicochemical properties: moisture content, degradation time, structural composition, and surface morphology were differentiated between bio composite films with and without the ZnO nps.&#x0D; Results and Conclusion: After several tests, zinc oxide nano particles incorporated to kappa-carrageenan exhibited some changes to its physicochemical properties, that is the lowering of moisture content and longer degradation time was observed; using SEM magnifications ZnOnps was seen in the surface of the biocomposite film. However, structural composition analysis showed that no new formation of the functional group was seen. The biocomposite films could be a substitute with the existing drug capsule because of its longer decomposition, low water content and secured safety of the drug's quality.

Investigating the release of ZnO nanoparticles from cement mortars on microbiological models

Incorporating zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) into cement mortars may provide additional functions, e.g., self-cleaning and antibacterial or electroconductive ability. However, these NPs are also known for their potential toxicity. During the life cycle of a cement mortar, various abrasive forces cause the release of admixtures to the natural environment. The effect of the released NPs on model microorganisms has not been extensively studied. Previous studies have shown that nanomaterials may affect various microorganisms’ physiological responses, including changes in metabolic activity, biofilming, or growth rate. In this study, we have focused on evaluating the response of model microorganisms, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans, towards ZnO nanoparticles released from cement mortars in different deterioration scenarios. The addition of ZnO nanoparticles to cement mortars had a noticeable effect on impeding the strength development. We have also detected that depending on the deterioration scenario, the release of ZnO nanoparticles was varied. Our studies have also shown that even though the release of nanoform ZnO could be limited by poor dispersion or the used filtration technique, the eluates have caused slight but statistically significant changes in the physiological features of studied microorganisms showing relatively low toxicity.

Effects of incorporating ZnO on characteristic, performance, and antifouling potential of PSf membrane for PRW treatment

Numerous researchers around the world have developed the separation process by membrane technology. The application of membrane-based separation in industrial activity is limited due to its low production capacity due to the fouling formation on the surface of the membrane. The incorporating of nanomaterial has been developed to enhance membrane performance and productivity. In this study, we introduced the zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles to process the petroleum refinery wastewater (PRW). The SEM result shows the presence of ZnO nanoparticles on the surface of the polysulfone (PSf) membrane, and it increased the porosity of the membrane. The addition of ZnO nanoparticles has been successfully increasing the hydrophilicity, increase the water uptake ability, and also increase the tensile strength and elongation break of the modified membrane. The investigation of the performance of the membranes shows that incorporating ZnO nanoparticles into the membrane has resulted in the higher of permeate flux and pollutant removal efficiency compared to the pristine membrane. The quantitative analysis of the fouling behavior by the model shows the addition of ZnO nanoparticles has been successfully reduced the resistances during filtration that mean the decreasing of the fouling tendency on the surface of the membrane. These also proved by the antifouling potential analysis at the addition of 1 %-wt ZnO nanoparticle decreased up to 39% of total resistance and increased the flux recovery ratio up to 72%.

Ultra-sensitive stripping SWV for determination of ertapenem via ZnONPs/MWCNT/CP sensor: Greenness assessment

The present work concerns with operation of a chemically improved carbon paste electrode via incorporation of zinc oxide nanoparticles and multi-walled carbon nanotubes in an ultra-sensitive electrochemical sensor for determination of ertapenem (EP) in authentic material, marketed products and human plasma. The proposed adsorptive stripping square wave voltammetric technique was advantageously found as a nano-sensitive method that facilitated to quantify EP selectively in plasma without metabolite interference. The sensor fabrication was introduced and morphological structure was elucidated by X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopies. The sensor surface was characterized by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, chronocoulometry and stripping voltammetry. EP has showed a linear dependence over the ranges; 0.4–4.0 and 0.4–3.2 μM for two peaks and detection limits of 85.0 and 78.0 nM were achieved. Practically, ZnONPs/MWCNT/CP electrode can efficiently act as a multi-purpose analytical sensor. Cmax of EP and sensor efficacy favorably encouraged clinical application in plasma. Meanwhile, it is capable to determine EP in vials and in presence of different degradates for QC laboratories application. The results declare the excellent performance of the utilized sensor presented by detection limits at nano-levels, ultra-high sensitivity, diverse applications and green chemistry analysis achievements.

A Review of Polysaccharide-Zinc Oxide Nanocomposites as Safe Coating for Fruits Preservation

Safe coating formulated from biopolymer can be an alternative for better packaging for fruits. Among biopolymers used for safe coating, polysaccharides attracted more attention due to its biocompatibility and edibility. However, polysaccharide-based materials have weaknesses such as low water barrier and mechanical properties which result in lower capability on preserving the coated fruits. Hence, the incorporation of nanoparticles (NPs) such as zinc oxide (ZnO) is expected to increase the ability of polysaccharide-based coating for the enhancement of fruit shelf life. In this review paper, the basic information and the latest updates on the incorporation of ZnO NPs into the polysaccharide-based safe coating for fruit are presented. Various research has investigated polysaccharide-ZnO nanocomposite safe coating to prolong the shelf life of fruits. The polysaccharides used include chitosan, alginate, carrageenan, cellulose, and pectin. Overall, polysaccharide-ZnO nanocomposites can improve the shelf life of fruits by reducing weight loss, maintaining firmness, reducing the ripening process, reducing respiration, reducing the oxidation process, and inhibiting microbial growth. Finally, the challenges and potential of ZnO NPs as an active agent in the safe coating application are also discussed.

A new method for single step sonosynthesis and incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles in cotton fabrics for imparting antimicrobial property

An efficient and effective sonosynthesis technique for the synthesis and simultaneous incorporation of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on cotton fabrics is developed. The surface plasmon resonace (SPR) of ZnO NPs was studied using UV–visible spectroscopy and the average hydrodynamic diameter of the particles was determined by dynamic light scattring (DLS). The ZnO NPs incorporated cotton fabrics were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The tensile strength, flexural rigidity, air permeability, and water contact angle of the ZnO NPs deposited cotton fabrics were measured and compared with the pristine cotton. The SEM images showed excllent deposition of the NPs on the cotton yarns. Textile engineering characterization revealed that the inherent properties of cotton fabric remain in acceptable limits after deposition of the NPs. The ZnO NPs deposited cotton fabrics exhibited excellent antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.

Incorporation of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in RHA-MTW Zeolite and its Application for Degradation of Dye

White rice husk ash (RHA), an agricultural waste, was used as a silica source forMTW zeolite synthesis. The RHA-MTW zeolite derived from RHA was preparedby hydrothermal method at 150 °C in the presence of tetraethylammoniumhydroxide. ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were grown in zeolite substrates using asolid state reaction. The synthesized nanocomposite (NC) was characterized byXRD, SEM, DRS and TEM and tested as photocatalytic degradation of methyleneblue (MB) dye from aqueous solution under ultraviolet (UV) light. The BET resultsindicated that pore volume and surface area of ZnO/RHA-MTW NC was smallerthan RHA-MTW zeolite. On the basis of the obtained experimental results, it wasfound that zinc oxide NPs were encapsulated into the channels of RHA-MTWzeolite. The SEM and TEM images of ZnO/RHA-MTW NC confirmed the formationof RHA-MTW particles with size diameter of 2.5 μm and locating of zinc oxideNPs in channels of zeolite with an average size of between 35 nm. The resultsshowed MB degradation had reached 85 % under UV light. The MB indicatedmaximum adsorption at pH=9. The photocatalytic activity of ZnO was enhancedin the presence of zeolite due to reduction of recombination rate of the electrohole in ZnO semiconductor.ARTICLE INF O

Effect of Incorporated ZnO Nanoparticles on the Corrosion Performance of SiO2 Nanoparticle-Based Mechanically Robust Epoxy Coatings.

This paper presents the studies of the development of a high-performance epoxy coating for steel substrates. To this end, it investigated the synergistic effect of incorporating zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles into nanosilica containing epoxy formulations. The mechanical properties of the epoxy coating formulations were improved by modifying the surfaces of the silica nanoparticles (5 wt.%) with 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane, which ensured their dispersal through the material. Next, the ZnO nanoparticles (1, 2, or 3 wt.%) were incorporated to improve the corrosion performance of the formulations. The anticorrosive properties of the coatings were examined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of coated mild steel specimens immersed in 3.5% NaCl solution over different time intervals (1 h to 30 days). Incorporation of the ZnO nanoparticles and the nanosilica into the coating formulation improved the corrosion resistance of the epoxy coating even after long-term exposure to saline test solutions. Finally, to evaluate how the nanoparticles affected the chemical and morphological properties of the prepared coatings, the coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD).

The Effect of Nitrogen and Oxygen Dopants on the Morphology and Microstructure of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Incorporated Electrospun Poly(acrylonitrile) Based Activated Carbon Nanofibers

The effect of doping with nitrogen or oxygen on the morphology and microstructure of activated carbon nanofibers incorporated with zinc oxide nanoparticles is reported. Zinc oxide nanoparticles incorporated poly(acrylonitrile) nanofibers with average nanofiber diameter in the range of 66–119 nm (doped with nitrogen) and 104–168 nm (doped with oxygen) were electrospun. The diameter of the nitrogen doped zinc oxide incorporated nanofibers, increased from 66 to 98 nm and 114 to 119 nm for 5 and 10% w/w zinc oxide, respectively after pyrolysis, as a result of the carbothermic reduction of zinc oxide nanoparticles. With oxygen doped nanofibers, diameter increased from 104 to 140 nm for 5% w/w zinc oxide and decreased from 168 to 145 nm for 10% w/w zinc oxide after pyrolysis. Doping led to a higher weight loss during the activation of nanofibers. The higher amount of dopants, the higher was the weight loss. Although the incorporation of zinc oxide nanoparticles increased the crystallinity index of poly(acrylonitrile) nanofibers from 21 to 74.4%, doping with nitrogen and oxygen did not lead to a considerable crystallinity change either before or after pyrolysis. No reaction or interaction was found between zinc oxide and either poly(acrylonitrile) or activated carbon because of doping.

Gelatin-Based Nanobiocomposite Films as Sensitive Layers for Monitoring Relative Humidity in Food Packaging

Gelatin-based nanocomposite films were prepared by casting and characterized as a sensitive hybrid material to relative humidity changes in the development of electrical sensors. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) and glycerol (Gly) were incorporated as reinforcing and plasticizing agents, respectively, and their effects on the sensibility property of films were investigated. The proposed sensors were investigated at 25 °C. The behavior of gelatin-based films as a function of water presence was analyzed in terms of moisture content (MC), water vapor permeability (WVP), and water contact angle (WCA). The incorporation of ZnO-NPs and Gly induced morphological and structural changes in the composite films. Increased WCA (7.51%) and reduced WVP (18%) were observed for the nanocomposite films. In addition, ZnO-NPs and Gly significantly contributed to a further improvement of relative humidity sensibility of films compared to the control film. Electrical characterizations, carried out at different environments for gelatin-based films, revealed a positive responsive relative humidity behavior of materials and a sensibility of 99.47% for hybrid materials, suggesting the development of a new promising nanocomposite material for monitoring relative humidity conditions at 25 °C.

A Wireless Implantable Strain Sensing Scheme Using Ultrasound Imaging of Highly Stretchable Zinc Oxide/Poly Dimethylacrylamide Nanocomposite Hydrogel.

We are introducing a wireless and passive strain sensing scheme that utilizes ultrasound imaging of a highly stretchable hydrogel embedded with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles, named "ZnO-gel". The incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles into a polymer network of the hydrogel improves both its elasticity and strength. It also serves as an ideal biocompatible ultrasound contrast agent that allows remote interrogation of the changes in volume or dimensions of the hydrogel in response to mechanical strains through simple ultrasound imaging. A systematic study of various ratios of ZnO nanoparticle fillers (ranging from 0 to 40% w/w), cross-linked within the poly (DMA-co-MAA) hydrogel, was performed to identify the appropriate ZnO-to-gel ratio that provided the optimal mechanical and ultrasound imaging properties. The results of these investigations showed that 10% w/w of ZnO nanoparticles provided the highest stretchability of 260% with the effective amount of contrast agents to achieve clear visibility of the hydrogel dimension during ultrasound imaging. In general, the applied strain deforms the ZnO-gel specimens by reducing the cross-sectional area at a linear rate of 0.24% area change per % of applied strain for strain levels of up to 250%. Biocompatibility tests with stromal cells (fibroblasts) did not show any acute toxicity of the hydrogel and the ZnO nanoparticles used in this technology. It is anticipated that this technology can be applied to a broad range of wireless and passive monitoring of physiological functions for which microenvironmental strain matters throughout the body, simply by tuning both the mechanical properties of the hydrogel and ZnO nanoparticle concentration.

Antibacterial polyethylene - Ethylene vinyl acetate polymeric blend by incorporation of zinc oxide nanoparticles

In this work, a Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) - Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) polymeric blend with antimicrobial activity was obtained. The main objective was to develop an antibacterial LDPE-EVA polymeric blend from the incorporation of antibacterial nanoparticles to increase the antimicrobial and sanitary safety of this polymeric blend when applied in the manufacture of medical products. The antibacterial activity was obtained from the incorporation of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) in the LDPE-EVA polymeric blends and the thermal properties were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry and the mechanical properties by tensile stress tests for different percentages of ZnO-NPs. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the morphological characteristics of the ZnO-NPs and also the characteristics of the distribution of nanoparticles in the polymer blends. The dispersive energy of x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy was used to study the chemical composition of the nanoparticles. Microbiological tests were performed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the LDPE-EVA polymeric blends without and with ZnO-NPs against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (gram-negative). The results obtained were excellent for the future application of the antibacterial LDPE-EVA polymeric blends to the manufacture of medical products. The Young's modulus values decreased and the tensile strength values showed small reductions and the thermal properties of the LDPE-EVA were not modified. However, the antibacterial activity of LDPE-EVA with 4 wt% of ZnO-NPs was excellent, eliminating the gram-positive bacteria in just 2 h and the gram-negative bacteria in just 2.5 h on their surfaces.

Effect of incorporation of zinc oxide nanoparticles on properties of PEMA based polymer electrolyte

High performance Polymer electrolytes are widely discussed nowadays on account of their physical and electrochemical properties. The present work involves modification of structural and electrical properties of PEMA based plasticised polymer electrolyte by incorporation by nano sized zinc oxide nanoparticle. It has been observed that the overall value of conductivity increased almost by 100 times when varying concentration of zinc oxide nanoparticles was added to matrix. Complex Impedence spectroscopy was used to measure the conductivity of the fabricated nano composites using various cole–cole plot. Perfect complexations among various components are affirmed by FTIR studies while XRD confirmed the variation in crystallinity of the prepared sample. Surface morphology of the samples was studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy.

Comparative Fluoride Release and Antimicrobial Analysis of Commercial and Experimental Bioactive Glass/Nano-Oxide-Based Dentifrices.

Objectives The objectives were to measure fluoride release and assess the antimicrobial behavior of fluoride-doped nano bioactive glass (F-nBG) and nano zinc oxide (ZnO)-enriched novel dentifrices. Materials and Methods Experimental dentifrices were synthesized by incorporating ZnO nanoparticles and F-nBG (1.5 wt% and 4 wt%) as active ingredients. The fluoride release behavior of suspensions and elutes of samples were analyzed by ion selective electrode. Antimicrobial activity and minimum bactericidal concentration against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei were evaluated. Microbial stability against contamination was also assessed by a challenge test. Results The fluoride release behavior of experimental dentifrices was higher than that of commercial dentifrices and was dependent on filler loading. The fluoride release was more from suspensions than elutes. Zones of inhibition (ZOIs) and minimum bactericidal concentration values for novel dentifrices showed direct proportionality with filler loading, and effectiveness was exhibited against both strains. Experimental dentifrices exhibited effective antibacterial potential, which could possibly be due to release of sufficient fluoride and zinc ions in aqueous media from F-nBG and ZnO present in their formulations. Conclusion Combination of F-nBG and ZnO may provide a multi-benefit approach for simultaneously treating early white spot lesions, reducing bacterial growth, and providing core plaque control.