Female Incontinence Research Articles

Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence among Pregnant Women of Multan City

Background: Incontinence of urine (UI) is a type of lower urinary tract dysfunction that can occur when the natural urination process is disrupted. During pregnancy, incontinence, particularly stress UI, is a common issue. Aim: To identifying the prevalence, factors associated, and the effects of UI throughout pregnancy on health-related QoL. Methods: A cross - sectional descriptive research was carried out. 220 pregnant women who were attending an outpatient clinic at one of the hospitals in Multan were included in the study. As a means of measuring the results, the ICIQ—International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire—was utilized. The Questionnaire was distributed among pregnant women, and researcher filled the questionnaire by asking questions to them according to their response. Results: UI was present in 48(21.81%) of the study population. According to a frequency distribution analysis of urine incontinence in females, those b/w 29& 28 years of age, who have a B.M.I of range 18. 5 to 24.9 kg/m2 exhibit the most severe incontinence. Chi square test showed that p value is below 0.05 and study concluded that there is a statistically significant association between urinary incontinence and gravida, as well as between urinary incontinence and trimester.Understanding the prevalence of this condition can help healthcare providers to identify the risk factors associated with urinary incontinence in pregnant women and develop targeted interventions to prevent or manage the condition. Conclusion: UI occurs frequently in expectant mothers.Study concluded that there is a statistically significant association between urinary incontinence and gravida, as well as between urinary incontinence and trimester, among pregnant women in Multan CityA higher risk of UI throughout pregnancy was linked to age, the week of gestation & parity. Keywords: Pregnancy; Prevalence; Quality of life; Urinary incontinence

HPV-infection status and urinary incontinence: a population-based analysis of the NHANES 2005-2016.

Urinary incontinence is a common condition and reduces the quality of life. The purpose of this study was to assess the association between HPV infection and urinary incontinence among adult women in the USA. We examined a cross-sectional study using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database. Women who had valid HPV DNA vaginal swab test results and answered the questionnaire about urinary incontinence were selected from six consecutive survey cycles (2005-2006 to 2015-2016). The association between HPV status and urinary incontinence was analyzed using weighted logistic regression. Models adjusted for potential variables were established. In total, 8348 females aged between 20 and 59years old were enrolled in this study. 47.8% of participants had a history of urinary incontinence and 43.9% of women were HPV DNA positive. After adjusting for all confounders, women with HPV infection were less likely to have urinary incontinence (OR = 0.88, 95%CI 0.78-0.98). Low-risk HPV infection correlated with a lower incidence of incontinence (OR = 0.88, 95%CI 0.77-1.00). For women aged below 40years, low-risk HPV infection negatively correlated with stress incontinence (20-29ys: OR = 0.67, 95%CI 0.49-0.94; 30-39ys: OR = 0.71, 95%CI 0.54-0.93). However, low-risk HPV infection positively correlated with stress incontinence (OR = 1.40, 95%CI 1.01-1.95) for women 50-59years old. This study revealed a negative association between HPV infection and urinary incontinence in females. Low-risk HPV correlated with stress urinary incontinence, with the reverse trend for participants of different ages.

Modified lumbo-pelvic exercise to alleviate mild stress urinary incontinence in middle-aged females

Urinary incontinence is one of the common clinical problems of females passing middle age. Traditional pelvic floor muscle training to alleviate urinary incontinence is too dull and unpleasant. Therefore, we were motivated to purpose a modified lumbo-pelvic exercise training incorporating simplified dancing components with pelvic floor muscle training. The objective of this study was to evaluate the 16-week modified lumbo-pelvic exercise program that incorporated dance and abdominal drawing-in maneuvers. Middle-aged females were randomly assigned into the experimental (n = 13) and control (n = 11) groups. Compared to the control group, the exercise group significantly reduced body fat, visceral fat index, waistline, waist-hip ratio, perceived incontinence score, frequency of urine leakage, and pad testing index (p < 0.05). In addition, there were significant improvements in pelvic floor function, vital capacity, and muscle activity of the right rectus abdominis (p < 0.05). This indicated that the modified lumbo-pelvic exercise program can promote benefits of physical training and alleviate urinary incontinence in middle-aged females.

MP60-04 CANNABIS USE IS A PREDICTOR OF HIGHER RATES OF URINARY INCONTINENCE IN BOTH MALES AND FEMALES; ANALYSIS OF THE NATIONAL HEALTH AND NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEY

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023MP60-04 CANNABIS USE IS A PREDICTOR OF HIGHER RATES OF URINARY INCONTINENCE IN BOTH MALES AND FEMALES; ANALYSIS OF THE NATIONAL HEALTH AND NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEY Micah Levy, Christopher Connors, Chih Peng Chin, Krishna T. Ravivarapu, Olamide O. Omidele, and Michael A. Palese Micah LevyMicah Levy More articles by this author , Christopher ConnorsChristopher Connors More articles by this author , Chih Peng ChinChih Peng Chin More articles by this author , Krishna T. RavivarapuKrishna T. Ravivarapu More articles by this author , Olamide O. OmideleOlamide O. Omidele More articles by this author , and Michael A. PaleseMichael A. Palese More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003318.04AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: There is little research exploring the possible association between cannabis use and urinary incontinence (UI). With cannabis legalization on the rise in the United States, it is important to understand how it may impact patients. We identified the impact of cannabis use on the rate and severity of urinary incontinence in male and female populations. METHODS: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was queried from 2013-2018. Respondents were grouped as either using or never using cannabis. The rate of UI and UI subtypes (stress, urge, and overflow) were analyzed based on cannabis use. Symptom frequency was analyzed, with moderate symptoms defined as UI occurring less than once a week, and severe symptoms defined as UI occurring at least once a week. Multivariate analysis including age, race, education, income to poverty ratio, BMI, cigarette use, and parity was used to determine whether cannabis use is an independent predictor of UI. RESULTS: 3,391 males (1,506 [44.4%] used cannabis) and 3,570 females (987 [27.6%] used cannabis) were included in analysis. Cannabis use was associated with a greater rate of urinary incontinence in both males (13% vs. 7%, p<0.001) and females (42% vs. 34%, p<0.001). It was associated with greater rates of all three types of UI; stress UI in males (4% vs. 2%, p<0.001) and females (42% vs. 36%, p=0.008), urge UI in males (12% vs. 7%, p<0.001) and females (28% vs. 19%, p<0.001), and overflow UI in males (3% vs. 2%, p=0.017) and females (11% vs. 6%, p<0.001). Cannabis use was also associated with more severe symptom frequency in females (37% vs. 29%, p=0.009), but there was no difference in symptom frequency in males. Multivariate analysis showed cannabis to be a significant predictor of UI in both males (OR: 2.04, p<0.001) and in females (OR: 1.65, p=0.003) when controlling for other demographic variables. CONCLUSIONS: Cannabis use is an independent predictor of higher rates of urinary incontinence in both males and females and is associated with higher rates of all forms of urinary incontinence in males and females and with more frequent symptoms in females. With legal cannabis use on the rise, it is important to understand how it may affect the rate and severity of urinary incontinence in patients. Source of Funding: NA © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e843 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Micah Levy More articles by this author Christopher Connors More articles by this author Chih Peng Chin More articles by this author Krishna T. Ravivarapu More articles by this author Olamide O. Omidele More articles by this author Michael A. Palese More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Urodynamics/Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction/Female Pelvic Medicine: Female Incontinence: Therapy I (PD14)

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023Urodynamics/Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction/Female Pelvic Medicine: Female Incontinence: Therapy I (PD14) View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003261AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Urodynamics/Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction/Female Pelvic Medicine: Female Incontinence: Therapy II (MP37)

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023Urodynamics/Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction/Female Pelvic Medicine: Female Incontinence: Therapy II (MP37) View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003275AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Urinary Bladder Stone: A Late Complication of Bulkamid® Periurethral Bulking Injection

Polyacrylamide hydrogel bulking agent (Bulkamid® [Axonics, Irvine, California, USA]) injection is used as a minimally invasive treatment for stress and mixed urinary incontinence in females. Several studies have demonstrated the short- and medium-term efficacy and safety of Bulkamid. However, there are limited data available on the long-term safety of this procedure. The authors report an unexpected and late complication associated with Bulkamid periurethral injection. An 80-year-old female, who had undergone Bulkamid periurethral injection for stress urinary incontinence 10 years previously, was referred to the authors’ clinic with recurrent lower urinary tract symptoms and dysuria. Investigations with ultrasound and cystoscopy confirmed a single 2 cm bladder stone adhered to an exposed Bulkamid agent at its injection site. Exposed intravesical Bulkamid can act as a foreign body with lithogenic potential to cause urinary bladder stone formation. This article highlights urinary bladder stone formation as a late potential complication of Bulkamid periurethral injection.

Coexistence of Urinary Incontinence and Osteoporosis in Females – A Systematic Review

Background: Urinary incontinence (UI) is described as the involuntary leakage of urine and is a global problem. The younger age groups have the lowest prevalence (12.0%), while the oldest have the greatest (40.0%); however, there is a surge around the middle age. Osteoporosis (OP) is a medical and socioeconomic hazard characterized by the decrease of bone mass, strength throughout the body resulting in lower bone density and a higher risk of fractures. Females become more vulnerable to these conditions as they grow older. The aim of the study: To assess the available research and find links between coexistence of decreased bone health and urinary incontinence in females. Materials and methods: Electronic databases like, CINAHL, Embase, Trip Medical Database, Cochrane Library and Pub Med were the ones searched for relevant articles from January 2011 to January 2022. The PRISMA Statement for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis was used to conduct this systematic review. Results: There were 416 results found in the databases after eliminating the duplicates and studies that were unrelated to the topic. The review included total of five studies and quality assessment was done by four reviewers. Most studies found a strongly significant link between osteoporosis and urinary incontinence, whereas one study found no association. Conclusion: In this study, the five most common associated risk factors were revealed to be menopause, obesity, smoking, physical inactivity, and hyperlipidemia. Based on recent studies a strong significant link was found between the two health conditions (OP and UI) and coexistence of both conditions was seen in females.

Comparison of Kegel Exercises and Stabilization Exercises for Urinary Incontinence in Postpartum Females

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is the spontaneous urine loss upon any effort or physical activity, or coughing or sneezing. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of Kegel exercises and stabilization exercises on urinary incontinence along with the improvement in the strength of pelvic floor. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study in which purposive sampling was done from postpartum females from Physiotherapy OPDs of Government hospitals of Faisalabad after meeting inclusion exclusion criteria. Thirty females with urinary incontinence were assigned into two groups: Group A and Group B. Group A received Kegel exercises for 4 weeks and group B received stabilization exercises for 4 weeks. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 16. Paired T test was used for inter-group analysis and independent T test was used for intra-group analysis. Results: The study concluded that the incidence of stress urinary incontinence increases with age as 36.7% participants of the study were from 51-60 years of age group. This study also proved that both kegel exercise and stabilization exercise were beneficial in treating stress urinary incontinence and showed significant difference with a p value of 0.012. Conclusions: It showed that stabilization exercises are a better approach in treating stress urinary incontinence by showing greater mean value of 2.533 ± 1.187. In the end, kegel exercises are primary treatment of stress urinary incontinence but when doing them alone, they showed lesser improvement with a mean value of 1.533 ± 0.833.

Update on Urethral Bulking for Stress Urinary Incontinence in Women.

Urethral bulking agents are an effective treatment for stress urinary incontinence in select females. The material and techniques used for urethral bulking are constantly evolving. With the introduction of several new agents, there is an ongoing debate over which agent is the most effective, durable, and safe. Current available bulking agents include Bulkamid®, Macroplastiue®, Durasphere®, Coaptite®, or Urolastic®. Each of these agents has its own biophysical properties that affect its efficacy and safety. Evidence evaluating bulking agents has increased over time but there is no definitive data that suggest superiority of one agent over another. The ideal urethral bulking agent for female stress incontinence has yet been identified. Currently available agents have acceptable short-term and medium-term efficacy with few adverse events.

Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence among married females in Sialkot Pakistan

Impairment in the pelvic floor muscles and nerves that control the continence of urine can occur due to various conditions in the women, which may affect the lifestyle of women. Objective: To find the prevalence of Urinary Incontinence in married females in Sialkot. Methods: This observational study was conducted at public and private settings of Sialkot in six months after ethical approval. A sample of 100 married females was targeted through non-probability convenient sampling. ICIQ-UI (International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire) short form questionnaire was used to collect the data. Middle aged women (35-55Years) were included, while unmarried females, pregnant females, females with any history of spinal cord injury and other comorbid conditions were excluded. Results are expressed as frequencies and percentages using IBM Software SPSS Version 20.0. Results: Mean age± SD of the participants was 38.4±6.615 years. While calculating the amount of urine leaking; 16% (n=16) had none, 57% (n=57) had a small amount, 25% (n=25) had a moderate amount and 2% (n=2) had a large amount. Similarly, interference with everyday life due to leaking urine was found in 79% (n=79) mild to moderate, 16% (n=16) not at all interferes and 5% (n=5) were greatly interfered. Mean ICIQ-UI score± SD was 9.53±0.36 ranging from 0-11. Most of the women reported urine leakage in a small amount, once a day effecting mild to moderately their daily livings usually due to coughing, sneezing or physical activity Conclusions: Most of the females have episodic urinary incontinence mostly associated with cough, sneeze and physical activity.

A retrospective analysis of 47 procedures using a bioresorbable polycaprolactone based injectable for the treatment of mild to moderate stress urinary incontinence in adult females

Over the recent years, potential longterm complications of permanent implants for urinary incontinence has become a topic of debate. As a result there is an increasing interest in less invasive and bioresorbable procedures from both healthcare professional as well as patients that ideally can be performed in an out-patient setting. This brief report describes our initial results using a novel bioresorbable injectable product for the treatment of female mild to moderate stress urinary incontinence. The results show that the majority of patients respond well to treatment and remain continent for the initial 12 months following injection. Complication rate is low and consisted of mild and transient events. These initial results are promising and merit further investigation into using this procedure as first-choice after unsuccessful conservative treatments such as pelvic floor muscle therapy.

Correlation between nutritional status and perineal muscular strength in women with urinary uncontinence in the brazilian state of Roraima / Correlação entre o estado nutricional e a força muscular perineal nas mulheres com incontinência urinária no estado brasileiro de Roraima

Introduction: To evaluate the muscular strength of pelvic floor in women with complaints of voiding dysfunction and to associate it with their nutritional state. Specifically, the current work focuses on evaluating the force of contraction of the perineal muscles in women with voiding dysfunction and correlates the degree of muscular contraction of the pelvic floor through biofeedback and manual palpation. Material and Methods: This case-control study presents comparative laboratory tests of nutritional analyses and the degree of muscle contraction of the pelvic floor between the cases and the control groups. Urination disorders were evaluated through urodynamic study and King’s health questionnaires. Results: The force of contraction between normal and urinary incontinent females as measured by Ortiz’s scale was statistically insignificant. Perineal muscle function was negatively correlated with age and positively with perineal contraction while biofeedback was negatively correlated with knee height and globulin level and this difference was statistically significant. The biochemical tests for nutritional analysis were comparable between cases and control indicating no effect on urinary incontinence. Conclusions: The force of urinary contraction is independent of the state of urinary incontinent. With age, the strength of perineal muscle function goes down.

Urodynamics/Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction/Female Pelvic Medicine: Female Incontinence: Therapy I (PD06)

Urodynamics/Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction/Female Pelvic Medicine: Female Incontinence: Therapy I (PD06)

Urodynamics/Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction/Female Pelvic Medicine: Female Incontinence: Therapy II (PD34)

Urodynamics/Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction/Female Pelvic Medicine: Female Incontinence: Therapy II (PD34)

Effect of Pelvic Floor Muscle Training with Biofeedback on Stress Urinary Incontinence in Females, Kelantan, Malaysia: A pilot study

Various interventions are available for preventing and treating urinary incontinence, including medication, medical devices, and surgery. Some of the patients are not keen on surgical intervention, and pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) will be another treatment option for female urinary incontinence. The current research aims to assess the effect of pelvic floor muscle training with biofeedback on improving the strength of the pelvic floor muscle, the severity of SUI, and quality of life among females with stress urinary incontinence. A random sampling of 10 patients with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) referred to the physiotherapy department by urogynecology department, Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II (HRPZ II), were recruited into the study of PFMT with biofeedback after a baseline assessment of the severity of stress urinary incontinence, strength, and quality of life. They were evaluated at baseline, at the 4th week, the 8th week of intervention, and a follow-up was done at the 12th week. The outcomes were measured with the incontinence severity index, perineometer, and incontinence impact questionnaire—Short Form IIQ-7. The results showed that there was a significant difference in mean SUI severity (F = 37.81, p= 0.001), strength (F = 15.44, p = 0.002), and quality of life (F = 104.11, p = 0.001) based on time. As a conclusion, pelvic floor muscle training with biofeedback is an assistive device that has significant effectiveness in the conservative treatment of stress urinary incontinence in female patients.

Association between chronic conditions and urinary incontinence in females: a cross-sectional study using national survey data.

Background:Urinary incontinence affects up to half of women, yet few speak to their health care provider about or receive treatment for the condition. To aid with identifying subpopulations at risk for urinary incontinence, we examined the associations between 10 chronic health conditions and urinary incontinence among Canadian adult females.Methods:We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of survey data from the Canadian Community Health Survey (2013–2014) involving female respondents aged 25 years or older living in a private dwelling. Presence of chronic conditions and urinary incontinence were measured by self-report. We used logistic regression modelling with sampling weights, controlling for age, income, ethnicity, body mass index and smoking. Multiple imputation and probabilistic bias analysis were used to address missing covariate data and unmeasured confounding from parity.Results:Our analysis included 60 186 respondents representing more than 12 million Canadian females, of whom 45.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 45.0%–46.6%) reported at least 1 chronic condition. Chronic conditions were associated with more than twice the odds of urinary incontinence (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.42, 95% CI 2.02–2.89). Associations were largest for bowel disorders (adjusted OR 2.92, 95% CI 2.44–3.49); modest for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (adjusted OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.63–2.45), asthma (adjusted OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.52–2.19), arthritis (adjusted OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.74–2.24) and heart disease (adjusted OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.48–2.02); and smallest for diabetes (adjusted OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.02–1.41) and high blood pressure (adjusted OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.12–1.44). Results slightly attenuated but did not substantively change after imputation and bias analysis.Interpretation:We found that chronic conditions are associated with significantly higher odds of comorbid urinary incontinence among Canadian adult females, which is consistent with previous research. Our findings support routine inquiry regarding urinary incontinence symptoms among women accessing health care for chronic conditions.

Pelvic Floor HIFEM in Men Improves Ejaculation

ABSTRACT Introduction High-Intensity Focused Electromagnetic (HIFEM) field technology utilizes rapidly changing magnetic fields that generate electrical currents in the underlying tissue where it depolarizes motor neurons and causes muscle contractions. BTL Emsella provides non-invasive electromagnetic stimulation of pelvic floor musculature for the purpose of rehabilitation of weak pelvic muscles and restoration of neuromuscular control for the treatment of male and female incontinence. Novel protocol U2 is intended for men and uses a field intensity max of 2.5 T and a 10 cm depth of penetration for 28 minutes. Objective Determine the effects of High-Intensity Focused Electromagnetic (HIFEM) field technology on the intensity and duration of ejaculation in men, with additional observations on erectile function using the IIEF-15 and urination using the IPSS. Methods We looked at the effects of HIFEM on ejaculation, erectile function, and urination. Our IRB-approved protocol was one 28 minutes pelvic floor treatment per week for 4 weeks. At baseline, end of treatment, and one month post-treatment, the patient completed the IIEF-15, IPSS, and the LuBE Score, a four-question 5 point Likert style questionnaire created specifically for this study to investigate patient-reported aspects of orgasm, including volume, force, duration, and intensity of ejaculation. 0 is no change, 1 is increased, 2 is dramatically increased, -1 is decreased, -2 is dramatically decreased. Men participated with their sexual partners who also received four weekly treatments. Results 12 men, average age of 57, completed the protocol. The range of the LuBE score is -8 to 8. The LuBE Score increased from baseline 0 up to 2.1 (median is 3 with a range of -1 to 5) to 2.7 (median of 3 with a range of 0 to 4) one month after the completion of treatment. The IIEF-15 increased from 54 at baseline to 60.3 at the completion of treatment and 60.4 one month after the completion of treatment. The IPSS declined from 7.1 to 4.6 at the completion of treatment and down to 3.3 one month after th Conclusions We conclude that the U2 protocol for HIFEM boosts the strength of the bulbocavernosus and ischiocavernosus muscle and the pelvic floor resulting in an increase in volume, force, duration and intensity of ejaculation. In addition, there was a six-point increase in IIEF-15 score. There was a 3 to 4 point drop in IPSS score. We were surprised to see improvements in IIEF-15 and IPSS, and this should be investigated further. COVID limited patient recruitment, but the results indicate that pelvic HIFEM potentially improves ejaculation. Based on patient communications, I believe that more treatments than the four provided will add to the benefits. I plan on studies with more participants and extended treatment sessions. Disclosure Yes, this is sponsored by industry/sponsor: BTL Clarification: No industry support in study design or execution Any of the authors act as a consultant, employee or shareholder of an industry for: AFFIRM Science

Effect of Maximum Repetition of Pelvic Floor Stabilization Exercise in Stress Urinary Incontinence

Introduction: Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in females is a common gynecological issue that impedes lifestyle. Exercise had a significant effect; however, studies did not determine the exercise frequency and intensity for pelvic floor stabilization in stress urinary incontinence. Aim: The aim of the study is to determine if maximum repetition of pelvic stabilization exercise impacts the management of stress urinary incontinence in females. Methodology: One arm quasi-experimental study design was used. 40 patients having SUI and associated musculoskeletal complaints were recruited from the outpatient unit of Physiotherapy department of the Centre for the Rehabilitation of the Paralysed (CRP), Bangladesh. The study was conducted over 4weeks. Outcome measurement was included pelvic floor and abdominal muscle strength, endurance, and incontinence measurement. Result: Pelvic floor muscle and abdominal strength, and endurance had a positive and significant result in maximum repetition (P.001). Pelvic floor strength has been significantly improvement in week 2 (P.001), and week 3 (P.01). Interference in activities (P.003), and ICIQ total (P.001) had improvement but majority of the improvement was noted in weeks 2-3. There was a significant improvement in the frequency of urine leakage in the first week (P.001), and week 3 (P.005) and week 4 (P.001). Conclusion: Pelvic floor exercise with increasing repetition is an effective approach to improve stress urinary incontinence in women. The study also found its significant impact on incontinence frequency, amount, and associated quality of life for women with stress urinary incontinence with pelvic floor exercise with maximum repetition.

Frequency of Stress Urinary Incontinence during Third Trimester in pregnant female with Referral for the Physiotherapy

Introduction &#x0D; .Objectives of the study are:-&#x0D; 1) To determine the frequency of stress incontinence in pregnant females,&#x0D; 2) To determine the frequency of urinary incontinence is increased in primigravida (pregnant for first time), or multigravida.&#x0D; 3) To determine how many of the females are referred for physiotherapy.&#x0D; Methodology:&#x0D; A Cross-sectional survey was conducted among 600 pregnant females from January to June 2018 selected via the convenience sampling technique. Data was collected from different major cities of Pakistan using validated questionnaires including “The Questionnaire for Urinary Incontinence Diagnosis” (QUID) and “International consultation on incontinence questionnaire” (ICIQ-SF) and self-structured questions assessing the reference of pregnant women to physiotherapy, for urinary incontinence. Subjects were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria with the consent and approval of the participants. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS v.20.&#x0D; Results&#x0D; Out of 600 females, 84.3% (506/600) had experienced stress urinary incontinence in pregnancy and a 64.5% urinary incontinence was found in multigravida females. According to the results, the complaints of urinary incontinence were increased during the 9th month to 35.5%. 6.2% of the participants were referred to a physiotherapist for exercise, out of which, 3.7% were prescribed daily exercise and 1% followed the exercise regime regularly.&#x0D; Conclusion&#x0D; This Study concludes that the frequency of stress urinary incontinence in third-trimester pregnant women especially during 9th-month multigravida is severed. Referral to physiotherapy for urinary incontinence in pregnancy is extremely low.