Inconsistent State Research Articles

The Mind Could Accommodate Inconsistencies

The mathematical language of function is an important part of natural science since its inception. Its influence leaves visible traces in social science, in the theory of cognitive dissonance and prevailing systems approaches. They postulate that mental activities are analogous to mechanical principle, complying with the language of function. Yet, an inward introspection reveals that the mind is not thoroughly bounded by mathematical principles. An individual could experience an inconsistent mental status at a given time, which detaches itself from the prison of function. A preliminary survey demonstrates that the existence of inconsistent mental state at a given time is possible. The mechanists compel people to abide by mechanistic design. This approach is likely to make some innate characters, not amenable to mechanistic explanations, vanished. It also involves pointless applications of abstract mathematical operations on mental activities.

Legal Guarantees and Inconsistency of State Recognition to the Right of Religion/Belief in Indonesia

The right to freedom of religion/belief has been guaranteed by law in Indonesia, but there are still going on some violations of the right to freedom of religion/belief in the various regions. The purpose of this study was to determine the form of the legal guarantee of the right to freedom of religion/belief in Indonesia, shape inconsistencies state recognition of the right to religion/belief in Indonesia, and efforts to improve the rights of religion/belief in Indonesia. This paper uses a normative study. It was found that there are some rules that apply in Indonesia, which may hinder the implementation of the right of religion/belief, thus causing the occurrence of cases of rights violations religion/belief in some areas, should therefore rules should be immediately revoked. The conclusions of this paper are contained inconsistent state recognition of the right to religion/ belief in Indonesia.

Legal Guarantees and Inconsistency of State Recognition to the Right of Religion/Belief in Indonesia

The right to freedom of religion/belief has been guaranteed by law in Indonesia, but there are still going on some violations of the right to freedom of religion/belief in the various regions. The purpose of this study was to determine the form of the legal guarantee of the right to freedom of religion/belief in Indonesia, shape inconsistencies state recognition of the right to religion/belief in Indonesia, and efforts to improve the rights of religion/belief in Indonesia. This paper uses a normative study. It was found that there are some rules that apply in Indonesia, which may hinder the implementation of the right of religion/belief, thus causing the occurrence of cases of rights violations religion/belief in some areas, should therefore rules should be immediately revoked. The conclusions of this paper are contained inconsistent state recognition of the right to religion/ belief in Indonesia.

A novel effort estimation approach for requirement changes during software development phase

Managing software changes and achieving an effective change acceptance decision is one of the crucial factors in ensuring the software project success. Accepting too many changes will cause expense and delay and rejecting the changes may cause customer dissatisfaction. One of the inputs that help in achieving an effective change acceptance decision is by having reliable estimation on the change effort. From software development perspective, the estimation has to take into account the inconsistent states of software artifacts across project lifecycle i.e., fully developed or partially developed. These inconsistent states require different ways of estimation such as the fully developed artifacts may have different calculation compared to the partially developed artifacts. Many change effort estimation approaches have been developed and one of them is using impact analysis. One main challenge of this technique from software development perspective is that this technique is specifically used for software maintenance phase in which all software artifacts have been completely developed. This research introduces a new change effort estimation approach that is able to use different estimation techniques for different states of software artifacts. The outcome of this research is a new change effort estimation approach for software development phase using the extended version of the static and dynamic analysis techniques from our previous works.

Telemedicine: Innovation Has Outpaced Policy.

There have been advances in telehealth, but barriers to the adoption of telemedicine remain, including lack of coordination between federal agencies and inconsistent state medical board regulations, payment coverage restrictions, and lack of investment in broadband connectivity.

Biological rhythm, sleep and jet lag

Sleep is an active recovery process, which is governed by biological rhythms. This rhythmic variation influences almost all bodily functions and dictates the optimal time for sleep. Sleep itself is an inconsistent state mainly characterized by the alteration between REM and NREM sleep. Vital regenerative processes occur during sleep. Sleep is a basic prerequisite for wellbeing, health and performance. If the synchronization between sleep and the biological rhythms is disturbed, malfunctions of the organism have to be expected. Such a state can be found by a sudden shift of local time by travelling across time zones (jet lag). Therapeutic strategies can reduce the symptoms associated with the state of jet lag.

Towards a forensic-aware database solution: Using a secured database replication protocol and transaction management for digital investigations

Databases contain an enormous amount of structured data. While the use of forensic analysis on the file system level for creating (partial) timelines, recovering deleted data and revealing concealed activities is very popular and multiple forensic toolsets exist, the systematic analysis of database management systems has only recently begun. Databases contain a large amount of temporary data files and metadata which are used by internal mechanisms. These data structures are maintained in order to ensure transaction authenticity, to perform rollbacks, or to set back the database to a predefined earlier state in case of e.g. an inconsistent state or a hardware failure. However, these data structures are intended to be used by the internal system methods only and are in general not human-readable.In this work we present a novel approach for a forensic-aware database management system using transaction- and replication sources. We use these internal data structures as a vital baseline to reconstruct evidence during a forensic investigation. The overall benefit of our method is that no additional logs (such as administrator logs) are needed. Furthermore, our approach is invariant to retroactive malicious modifications by an attacker. This assures the authenticity of the evidence and strengthens the chain of custody. To evaluate our approach, we present a formal description, a prototype implementation in MySQL alongside and a comprehensive security evaluation with respect to the most relevant attack scenarios.

An unsupervised anomaly-based detection approach for integrity attacks on SCADA systems

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems are a core part of industrial systems, such as smart grid power and water distribution systems. In recent years, such systems become highly vulnerable to cyber attacks. The design of efficient and accurate data-driven anomaly detection models become an important topic of interest relating to the development of SCADA-specific Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) to counter cyber attacks. This paper proposes two novel techniques: (i) an automatic identification of consistent and inconsistent states of SCADA data for any given system, and (ii) an automatic extraction of proximity detection rules from identified states. During the identification phase, the density factor for the k-nearest neighbours of an observation is adapted to compute its inconsistency score. Then, an optimal inconsistency threshold is calculated to separate inconsistent from consistent observations. During the extraction phase, the well-known fixed-width clustering technique is extended to extract proximity-detection rules, which forms a small and most-representative data set for both inconsistent and consistent behaviours in the training data set. Extensive experiments were carried out both on real as well as simulated data sets, and we show that the proposed techniques provide significant accuracy and efficiency in detecting cyber attacks, compared to three well-known anomaly detection approaches.

Differential Associations of Dopamine-Related Polymorphisms with Discrete Components of Reaction Time Variability: Relevance for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Background: Reaction time variability (RTV) is considered a valid endophenotype of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is also often used to examine the efficacy of drug treatment or individual patients' treatment responses and has been furthermore suggested to significantly reduce the potential number of false-positive diagnoses. Among the most commonly investigated candidate genes for ADHD are DRD2, SLC6A3 (DAT), COMT and MAOA. Genetic associations have, however, proven inconclusive or inconsistent. Methods: Due to the complexity of dopaminergic neurotransmission in the two distinct prosencephalic dopamine pathways, we examined whether the effects of dopamine-related candidate polymorphisms in the genes DRD2, SLC6A3, COMT and MAOA may be differentially associated with discrete subcomponents of RTV, rather than global RTV. A total of 260 healthy volunteers were genotyped for the aforementioned polymorphisms and performed a reaction time paradigm able to distinguish between sensory and motor reaction time. Results: We found that functional polymorphisms in the genes encoding for dopamine-catabolizing enzymes (i.e. COMT and MAOA) are associated with motor RTV but not with sensory RTV, whereas vice versa the gene DRD2 influences sensory but not motor RTV. No significant associations for the gene SLC6A3 (DAT) were found. Conclusions: Our results give new insight into the inconsistent state of the literature regarding genetic associations of RTV and clearly show that the examination of subcomponents thereof explains far more variance compared to global RTV. This could be of great relevance to the use of RTV in basic research, clinical diagnostics and pharmacological studies examining the efficacy of novel drug treatments.

Balancing Performance, Accuracy, and Precision for Secure Cloud Transactions

In distributed transactional database systems deployed over cloud servers, entities cooperate to form proofs of authorizations that are justified by collections of certified credentials. These proofs and credentials may be evaluated and collected over extended time periods under the risk of having the underlying authorization policies or the user credentials being in inconsistent states. It therefore becomes possible for policy-based authorization systems to make unsafe decisions that might threaten sensitive resources. In this paper, we highlight the criticality of the problem. We then define the notion of trusted transactions when dealing with proofs of authorization. Accordingly, we propose several increasingly stringent levels of policy consistency constraints, and present different enforcement approaches to guarantee the trustworthiness of transactions executing on cloud servers. We propose a Two-Phase Validation Commit protocol as a solution, which is a modified version of the basic Two-Phase Validation Commit protocols. We finally analyze the different approaches presented using both analytical evaluation of the overheads and simulations to guide the decision makers to which approach to use.

The Use of Aspects to Simplify Concurrent Programming

Developers who create multi-threaded programs must pay attention to ensuring safe implementations that avoid problems and prevent introduction of a system in an inconsistent state. To achieve this objective programming languages offer more and more support for the programmer by syntactic structures and standard libraries. Despite these enhancements, multi-threaded programming is still generally considered to be difficult. The aim of our study was the analysis of existing aspect oriented solutions, which were designed to simplify concurrent programming, propose improvements to these solutions and examine influence of concurrent aspects on complexity of programs. Improved solutions were compared with existing by listing differing characteristics. Then we compared classical concurrent applications with their aspect oriented equivalents using metrics. Values of 2 metrics (from 7 considered) decreased after using aspect oriented solutions. Values of 2 other metrics decreased or remained at the same level. The rest behaved unstably depending on the problem. No metric reported increase of complexity in more than one aspect oriented version of program from set. Our results indicate that the use of aspects does not increase the complexity of a program and in some cases application of aspects can reduce it.

PAŃSTWOWA REGULACJA RYNKÓW. PRZESŁANKI I SKUTKI REGULACJI RYNKU PAPIEROSÓW W POLSCE

The conditions and effects of government market regulations ARE The subject of discussion in this article. The first part of the study covers the discussion of the different interpretations of market failure and the consequent doubts about the application of this criterion as a condition for adjustment. The second part of the article attempts to make the hypothesis about inconsistent state market regulations plausible, based on a case study OF cigarette market in Poland.

Static Application-Level Race Detection in STM Haskell using Contracts

Writing concurrent programs is a hard task, even when using high-level synchronization primitives such as transactional memories together with a functional language with well-controlled side-effects such as Haskell, because the interferences generated by the processes to each other can occur at different levels and in a very subtle way. The problem occurs when a thread leaves or exposes the shared data in an inconsistent state with respect to the application logic or the real meaning of the data. In this paper, we propose to associate contracts to transactions and we define a program transformation that makes it possible to extend static contract checking in the context of STM Haskell. As a result, we are able to check statically that each transaction of a STM Haskell program handles the shared data in a such way that a given consistency property, expressed in the form of a user-defined boolean function, is preserved. This ensures that bad interference will not occur during the execution of the concurrent program.

Using model checking to analyze the system behavior of the LHC production grid

DIRAC (Distributed Infrastructure with Remote Agent Control) is the grid solution designed to support production activities as well as user data analysis for the Large Hadron Collider “beauty” experiment. It consists of cooperating distributed services and a plethora of light-weight agents delivering the workload to the grid resources. Services accept requests from agents and running jobs, while agents actively fulfill specific goals. Services maintain database back-ends to store dynamic state information of entities such as jobs, queues, or requests for data transfer. Agents continuously check for changes in the service states and react to these accordingly. The logic of each agent is rather simple; the main source of complexity lies in their cooperation. These agents run concurrently and communicate using the services’ databases as a shared memory for synchronizing the state transitions. Despite the effort invested in making DIRAC reliable, entities occasionally get into inconsistent states. Tracing and fixing such behaviors is difficult, given the inherent parallelism among the distributed components and the size of the implementation.In this paper we present an analysis of DIRAC with mCRL2, process algebra with data. We have reverse engineered two critical and related DIRAC subsystems, and subsequently modeled their behavior with the mCRL2 toolset. This enabled us to easily locate race conditions and livelocks which were confirmed to occur in the real system. We further formalized and verified several behavioral properties of the two modeled subsystems.

The Role of Managerial and Organizational Intelligences

Organizational intelligence and inefficacy set limits to the capabilities of achieving high levels of performance in organizations. Managerial and organizational cognition emerge from organizational intelligences. In this paper we aim at providing theoretical foundations for understanding how managerial cognition in turn can have either a positive or a negative influence on the intelligences and by that can promote or constrain performance. Within the theory of organizational coherence and trajectory the concepts of managerial and organizational intelligence constitute a theoretical counterpoise to the literature on management paradox. What numerous management scholars call ‘a paradox’ and understand as ‘a simultaneous existence of two inconsistent states’ is the normal state of a well-functioning organization, reflecting a necessary and indispensable constituting element of the organization as a viable system. The paper is part of a theory-building endeavor. Parts of the model and a comprehensive questionnaire (OCT-NP Instrument 2013) were empirically tested.

Passivity and complementarity

This paper studies the interaction between the notions of passivity of systems theory and complementarity of mathematical programming in the context of complementarity systems. These systems consist of a dynamical system (given in the form of state space representation) and complementarity relations. We study existence, uniqueness, and nature of solutions for this system class under a passivity assumption on the dynamical part. A complete characterization of the initial states and the inputs for which a solution exists is given. These initial states are called consistent states. For the inconsistent states, we introduce a solution concept in the framework of distributions.

Energy drinks: An emerging public health hazard for youth

Energy drinks are emerging as a public health threat and are increasingly consumed by youth internationally. Energy drinks contain high levels of caffeine, sugar, and novel ingredients, and are often marketed through youth-oriented media and venues. We review these practices and the current inconsistent state of labeling. We also examine international support for regulation of these products, including a survey showing that 85 per cent of United States parents agreed that regulations requiring caffeine content disclosure and warning labels on energy drinks are warranted. We then examine the regulatory structure for energy drinks in the United States, analyzing legal and self-regulatory strategies to protect consumers, especially youth, from these potentially dangerous products. Recommended government interventions include revised labeling requirements, addressing problematic ingredients, and enacting retail restrictions. We conclude by identifying areas for future research.

Extraterritoriality and the Dormant Commerce Clause: A Doctrinal Post-Mortem

Among the various branches of the dormant Commerce Clause doctrine (“DCCD”) — the judge-made rules grounded in the Constitution’s grant of power over interstate commerce to Congress — is that which prohibits so-called “extraterritorial” state legislation. As recently as 1989, the Supreme Court held that the DCCD “precludes the application of a state statute to commerce that takes place wholly outside of the State's borders, whether or not the commerce has effects within the State...” That broad articulation of the principle, however, represented extraterritoriality’s high tide. The Court has since retreated; in 2003 it seemed to limit the extraterritoriality principle dramatically, rejecting arguments that a Maine prescription drug subsidy program actually attempted to fix prices outside the state. At this point, the extraterritoriality principle looks to be quite moribund. This essay, then, is an autopsy of sorts. Assuming, as I do, that extraterritoriality — at least the strong form articulated by the Court in the 1980s — is dead, and unlikely to be revived by the current Court, its passing offers an opportunity to examine the lifecycle of constitutional doctrine, from birth to death. In Part I, I describe extraterritoriality’s early emergence. In its early form, it was not exclusively yoked to the DCCD. The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment was also cited as a source, as were less clause-bound structural principles. Beginning in the early twentieth century, however, the doctrine became closely linked with the DCCD; it emerged as a robust branch of that doctrine in the 1980s. This association is described in Part II. Its decline is detailed in Part III; in Part IV, I return to the question of what “killed” extraterritoriality. I conclude that extraterritoriality’s demise was likely overdetermined. Factors contributing to its demise include what Kermit Roosevelt calls a “loss of fit” between the doctrine and the purposes of the DCCD generally, as well as the doctrine’s calcification; the lack of a limiting principle that would prevent it from curtailing legitimate state regulatory power; the Court’s decision to locate limits on punitive damage awards in the Due Process Clause after flirting with the notion that those limits grew out of DCCD extraterritoriality; and shift in attitude on the Court itself from robust enforcement of the DCCD to a desire to limit the doctrine. In Part V, I consider the impact of extraterritoriality’s demise on a related doctrine: the Court’s periodic invalidation of state laws that presented the problem of “inconsistent state regulations.” A brief conclusion follows.

"Study of Java Access Control Mechanism”

class as a collection of data and One of the important object-oriented techniques is hiding the data within the class and making it available only through the methods. This technique is known as encapsulation because it seals the data (and internal methods) safely inside the capsule of the class, where it can be accessed only by trusted users. Another reason for encapsulation is to protect your class against accidental or willful stupidity. A class often contains number of interdependent fields that must be in consistent state. If you allow users to manipulate those fields directly, he may change one field without changing important related fields, thus leaving the class in an inconsistent state. If, instead, he has to call method to change the field, that method can be sure to do everything necessary to keep the state consistent. Similarly, if class defines certain methods for internal use only, hiding these methods prevents users of the class from calling them. The goal is : All the fields and methods of class can always be used within the body of the class itself. Java defines access control rules that restrict members of class from being used outside the class that is done through keeping the data (and internal methods) safely inside the capsule of the class, where it can be accessed only by trusted users.

A Study on Sex Offenders Registration and Notification Act of the U.S.

Congress enacted the sex offender registration and notification act in order to prevent sexual offenses and protect public safety in the U.S.. Namely, in 2006, the Jacob Wetterling Act and Megan's Law were integrated into the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act as a comprehensive sex offender supervision and management scheme. The AWA aims to eliminate loopholes and gaps formed by inconsistent state laws and statutes as well as to provide the federal standards for sex offender registration and notification. However, the AWA contains over-inclusive sex offender registration requirements and punishments. For this reason, the implementation of the AWA may cause problems for states, sex offenders, and citizens, both as taxpayers and as beneficiaries of the AWA. Therefore, the AWA that does not differentiate between violent and non-violent offenders should be reformed to allow law enforcement officials to focus on sex offenders convicted of violent and heinous crimes. That is, the AWA should not apply to sex offenders who are not dangerous, not likely to recidivate, and who committed non-violent crimes. In addition, because the AWA requires juvenile offenders to registrate on public notification forums, it may result in a greater risk to community safety and potential risk of reoffense. Accordingly, juvenile offenders convicted of non-violent sex offenses and not likely to recidivate will be provided appropriate treatments to be rehabilitated as members of community.