Incomplete Survey Research Articles

Substance Abuse and Anesthesiology Training

To the Editor.— Although addiction in anesthesiology has serious and potentially fatal consequences, the conclusions of Menk et al1regarding reentry of the addicted anesthesiology resident are incorrect. This study is an incomplete survey of program directors whose responses may have been altered by their historical perspective or level of understanding of addictive disease. It is plausible that the inherent bias of these studies was exaggerated, in that directors with catastrophic experiences (brain injury or death) would be more likely to respond to the questionnaire than those with minor difficulties. Over a 14-year span, 31 programs did not report a single case of substance abuse, which suggests that the study by Menk et al is missing a number of residents with a less visible expression of their disease. The validity of the recommendation by Menk et al that parenteral opioid abusers be redirected into another specialty depends on the

Recent Achievements in Soviet Ethnomusicology, with Remarks on Russian Terminology

This paper has two parts. The first is a brief and incomplete survey of Soviet advances in the study of traditional music over the last twenty years, paying particular attention to collection, research and teaching, and dissemination of information. The second part is a discussion of some widely used Russian terms in the field of ethnomusicology. Here an attempt is made to clarify certain concepts and theories which are central to recent developments in music research in the USSR.

Epilepsy in Developing Countries: A Review of Epidemiological, Sociocultural, and Treatment Aspects

In this report, aspects of epilepsy that differ in developing and in developed countries are reviewed. This is inevitably an incomplete and impressionistic survey, because data on many aspects in developing countries are scarce, and because it is difficult to generalise meaningfully about the enormous diversity of countries and populations that make up the developing world. Epidemiological studies of prevalence and incidence are reviewed with an emphasis on the problems inherent in work in this area in developing countries. Data concerning seizure type, aetiology, and severity of seizures in the Third World are contrasted with those from developed countries. Sociocultural aspects of epilepsy have been poorly studied, and yet are fundamental to effective medical management. The social effects of epilepsy and the local perceptions of cause and of treatment are discussed from work in Africa, Asia, and South America. The principles and success of treatment in the Third World may differ considerably in developing and developed countries. In the Third World, medical manpower is scarce, and epilepsy is managed essentially by primary care resources, without specialised investigations or personnel. The principles of drug therapy may not be understood by patients, and the supply of drugs is often erratic; and these are major reasons for poor compliance with treatment. World Health Organisation (WHO) initiatives have stressed the extensive use of paramedical personnel and of an essential drugs list, but this emphasis may be misdirected, and in practice neither proposal has achieved much success. The recommendation that phenobarbital be extensively used in the Third World, because of its cheapness and efficacy, is also of doubtful merit, as there are well-known and major drawbacks to the widespread use of this drug. Computations of treatment gap figures in three developing countries suggest that between 80-94% of patients with active epilepsy are not receiving anticonvulsant therapy, and cost is only one of a number of reasons for this. The key to improvements in medical treatment lie with a better understanding of the patients' cultural concepts of epilepsy and its treatment, improved drug supply and availability, and efforts to improve education amongst general practitioners and other primary care medical personnel.

Population size and status of the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina) at South Georgia, 1951?1985

The elephant seal population of South Georgia was surveyed comprehensively during the 1985 breeding season. 87711 females and 10260 adult males were counted. The counts were corrected using a model of the haul-out distribution to adjust for date of count. Annual pup production was estimated to be about 102000. Counts made at various beaches on South Georgia between 1951 and 1964 were examined to compare pup production then with present data. Although the population has fluctuated substantially, the 1985 population estimate was very similar to the estimate based on an incomplete survey in 1951. This contrasts with the Indian Ocean and Macquarie Island populations of this species which recent surveys show to be declining.

Electrochemical instrumentation

Even and incomplete survey on measuring methods of concentrations by potentiometry, amperometry, coulometry and conductometry proves that they have many applications. Continuous process control makes some additional premises, which sometimes are not easy to fulfil. For industrial and economical utility sometimes it is more important to find a new application of old knowledge than to gain principal new knowledge. Often the fundamental elucidation of technical processes has been achieved a long time after their practical application. Nevertheless I should like to remind of the lesson of a wise man: “Sciences destroy in a double manner themselves: By going into the breadth on the one hand and by plunging into the deepness on the other.” This observation by J. W. von Goethe nearly 150 yr ago is now almost a fact.

De Analogia by Santiago Ramírez, O. P.

BOOK REVIEWS 165 De Analogia. By SANTIAGO RAMiREZ, 0. P. Madrid: Instituto de Filosofia 'Luis Vives,' 1971. Editio praeparata a Victorino Rodriguez, 0. P. Being Tomus II of the Opera Omnia of Ramirez in four volumes. Pp. 1947, with indices. ~000 pesatas. (Paper) Father Santiago Ramirez, 0. P. (1891-1967), who in the Twenties published through several issues of La Ciencia Tomista a study entitled " De analogia secundum doctrinam aristotelico-thomisticam," the reading of which has been de rigueur for subsequent students of the subject, spent, as we now know, much of the remainder of a long lifetime in further reflection and writing on analogy in the hope of producing a massive and definitive work. These four volumes, which make up Tomus II of his Opera Omnia now in process of publication, contain the results of that lifelong effort. They are not, however, quite the work he hoped to write. Like the Summa Theologiae of his master, Ramirez's work on analogy remained incomplete at his death but, again as with the Summa, projected parts have been editorially completed by the substitution of earlier work of Ramirez. The editor, Father Victorino Rodriguez, 0. P., gives us in his introduction some idea as to how the work was conceived, planned, executed and prepared for the press, and we can see what the relation between the published version and the definitive plan is. A first part of the work, devoted to the theory of analogy, was to comprise three sections: the notion of analogy; the division of analogy; the properties of analogy. A second part was to comprise two sections, the first of which would examine the use of analogy in philosophy, and the second its use in theology. That was the plan. Father Ramirez did not complete the historical survey of the development of the concept of analogy meant for section one of Part One; he got as far as Plato. The projected treatment of the properties of analogy was not written, but the editor has found a treatment of this subject which dates apparently from the Twenties and has included it here. None of Part Two was written, but Rodriguez was fortunate in finding a lengthy treatise on the analogy of being which dates, he thinks, from 19~1-19~8, as well as lectures on the use of analogy in theology which were given in 1949. In this way, with the exception of the incomplete historical survey, the present work can be said to be the fulfillment of the plan Father Ramirez set himself and Father Rodriguez is to be commended for his devotion, patience, and excellent editorial work. Clearly it is impossible to review in any detail a work which spans some nineteen hundred pages of text. I take my cue in what follows from the editor's claim for what is particularly original in Ramirez' work. "Sed specialiter originalis est nova propriaque interpretatio divisionis authenticae thomisticae analogiae in analogiam attributionis intrinsecae et extrinsecae et in analogiam proportionalitatis propriae et metaphoricae, superando 166 BOOK REVIEWS limitationes et exaggerationes tam cardinalis Thomae de vio Caietani quam Francisci Suarez, et, plus quam limitationem, extenuationem verae analogiae Mcinerny diebus nostris." (p. ix) I need not say how heady it is to find one's name on a list such as that, though the conditions of entry inspire the thought of the man who was tarred and feathered: if it were not for the honor I would forego the celebration. Since my views on analogy, in a book the editor indicates Father Ramirez read (p. xv), amount to the claim that the doctrine of analogy is a logical one, I suspected that this low estimation of my contribution had something to do with that. And indeed, in the text of the work, we find Father Ramirez, after a careful examination of the claim that analogy is logical, rejecting it in favor of the view that analogy is as such metaphysical. One is accordingly not a little surprised to find the following rather solemn remark at the end of the editor's preface: " Quandam retractationem quam auctor me rogavit notandum in textu introductorio, forsitan edendo, malui hie animadvertere, et textum traditum intactum servare...

Behandlung der Trachealstenosen

The conservative and surgical management of the tracheal and laryngo-tracheal stenosis are exposed. The procedures of treatment are classified according to the nature and form of the stenosis. A particular importance is given to the tracheopexy for tracheomalacia and to the one stage open amplification of the tracheal tube for cicatricial stenosis. With these techniques the autor has achieved some experience during the last 20 years. A personal technique for the treatment of parietal and tubular stenosis by means of mucosa and cartilage grafts is described. From this incomplete survey of treatment we may draw the following conclusions:

Pollen morphology of the Onagraceae

This incomplete but comprehensive survey based upon the pollen of 21 genera and over 100 species of the Onagraceae shows the following pollen types: 1. ( 1) Pollen in tetrads and disarticulated tetrads. The single grains usually have a thicker ring at the base of the somewhat aspidote pore. This condition occurs in Epilobium (in part), Zauschneria, Ludwigia (in part), Boisduvalia, Oenothera arenaria and Oenothera cardiophylla. 2. ( 2) Distinctly papillose projections in Heterogaura, Gaura, Xylonogra, Stenosiphon, Circaea, most species of Oenothera, Clarkia (in part) and the 2-pored species of Fuchsia. 3. ( 3) Pollen in which the pore structure is essentially internal, although at times the pores may be slightly aspidote, can be divided into ( a) grains which are sharply triangular as in Diplandra, Riesenbachia, Lopezia; and ( b) the obtusely angled grains as in Semieandra, Pseudolopezia, Gayophyton, Burragea, Gongylocarpus, Hauya, Clarkia (in part), two subgenera of Oenothera, and the 3-pored species of Fuchsia. There are obvious differences in shape, size, marking, pore structure, wall thickness which for the most part readily delimit genera and in many instances a few species in a genus. The pollen morphology in general supports Munz's generic concepts. These preliminary studies indicate the feasibility of a detailed study of all species. However, several samples of the same species should be studied because of the variability in aperture number for some. Other workers have correlated the number of pores and phases of ploidy for certain species. Pore number is not an absolute indicator of polyploidy. It appears to the writer after reviewing much of the genetical studies, the peculiarities of chromosome divisions, that the number and percentage of pores is of biological significance. Deviation from thpical number suggests meiotic irregularities which occur so frequently in this family. Obviously the 1-pored grains seen in many slides are aborted. What will be the phenotypic expression where a normal ovule is fertilized by nuclei from 2-, 4-, or 5-pored pollen grains?

ENZYMES IN THE MUCOSA OF THE SMALL INTESTINE OF THE RAT, THE GUINEA PIG, AND THE RABBIT

The topographical distribution of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, and reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPNH) diaphorase in the small intestine of the normal rat, guinea pig, and rabbit has been studied by histochemical methods. Activity of these enzymes is pronounced in the mucosal epithelium. In the rat, alkaline and acid phosphatase are distributed along a gradient decreasing from duodenum to ileum, and in creasing from the neck of the crypts to the tip of the villi. In the guinea pig and the rabbit, maximal activity of both enzymes is observed in the middle third of the small intestine and at the base of the villi. DPNH diaphorase activity exhibits a gradient decreasing from the duodenum to the ileum in all three species examined. An incomplete survey indicates that monoamine oxidase (MAO) is also distributed along a gradient decreasing from duodenum to ileum in the guinea pig and rabbit; with the method used only traces of it have been demonstrated in the rat.

Schizophrenia: Conditional Reflex Studies.

Christian Astrup, a prominent Norwegian psychiatrist trained at two of the Pavlovian institutes in Russia and also in the Sherringtonian school at Maudsley, here combines these orientations in a comprehensive and scholarly review of the neuroreflexologic approaches to mental disorders. After a theoretical introduction, Astrup devotes Chapter 2 to a description of experimental methodologies that discern measurable neurophysiologic parameters of normal or deviant behavior in animal and human subjects. Chapter 3 offers a brief and necessarily incomplete survey of drug effects, and Chapter 4 explores the parallelisms of human and animal experimental neuroses. In these discussions Astrup employs terms such as neurasthenia and anancasia, long ago retired for infirmity in American psychiatry; nevertheless, he correlates such syndromes with equally questionable Galenic-Pavlovian somatopsychic constitutional types. In Chapter 5, Astrup reaches the somewhat circular inference that disturbances of subcortical activity and dissociative phenomena are important pathophysiologic factors in

Contributions by dermatology to the progress of medicine.

This attempt at listing some fundamental contributions by dermatologists and dermatologic laboratories to the progress of medicine generally, is made to point up the influence of dermatology as a scientific specialty that it is. This admittedly incomplete survey will unquestionably do a grave injustice to many noteworthy contributors. Had I not committed myself to this task of compiling data and had I not received helpful suggestions from many of you, I should long ago have abandoned the idea. However, I feel so strongly that dermatology and dermatologists have, on occasion, been unjustly maligned and not given proper recognition that this effort seems justified. Errors of omission and errors of commission may be numerous, but none will be intentional. Recognizing the inadequacy of a personal and somewhat prejudiced evaluation of what may constitute a real or significant contribution, this summary is an attempt to catalogue

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS IN CHILDREN

CHRONIC arthritis in children was first described not by Still but by Cornile 1 in 1864. In his classic thesis of 1897 Still 2 drew attention to the fact that in a series of 22 cases of chronic arthritis in children the disease occurred in 12 before the second dentition and was accompanied with changes in the viscera, generalized glandular adenopathy and multiple signs of systemic reaction. It is usually asserted that Still's disease is the less commonly occurring childhood manifestation of that disease or group of diseases which in adults is described as rheumatoid or atrophic arthritis. Still's observations have been confirmed by many observers, including Gibney 3 in 1912, Johannsen 4 in 1923 and Genthon in 1937. 5 Assuming for the present that Still's disease and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis are synonymous terms, one is struck by the failure of these contributors to convey more than an incomplete survey

The Lute in Elizabethan Society

the Celtic and other rites in regard to the character of the music employed for hymns. The decipherments provide Celtic melodies that may be dated as being of the 9th, Ioth, and i th centuries at the latest-the only Celtic melodies of any class that may be dated so early on direct evidence, save for certain Chant melodies that seem to be Celtic. The melodies discovered and deciphered by John Cargill include two on the Cross at Canna, one on the Cross at Dupplin Castle, one on the silver case of the Stowe Missal, and one in the Book of Cerne. I have not been able to find his decipherments of these last two, although I know he made them. My only contribution, after an incomplete survey of Celtic ornament, is two melodies on the Cross of Tola at Dysert O'Dea in County Clare.

Seasonal Fur Primeness of the Coyote in the Western United States

logical adaptability to changes brought about by agricultural development have led to serious conflicts with the livestock industry. Annual losses among range sheep have been estimated to be from 1 to 3 per cent of the herds (Bailey, 1931) and some reports indicate losses of 12 to 14 per cent. A recent comprehensive report on the food of the coyote (Sperry, 1941) showed that domestic livestock amounted to 13.5 per cent of the diet, but that rabbits (33%) and rodents (18%) constituted the greater portion. In the control work of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service and cooperators against predators in national forests and on western stock ranges from 1915 to 1925, 186,172 coyote skins were obtained and sold (Adams, 1926). In the fiscal year 1941, 110,495 coyotes were taken in cooperative control financed by federal, state, and county agencies, and by livestock and agricultural association funds (Gabrielson, 1941). Many of the latter skins, however, were taken during the summer and not retained. Fur of the coyote is valuable and is sought by private trappers and predatory animal hunters alike during the season when prime. The skins are Used mainly for garment trimming and for scarfs. Those from the southwestern sections are poorest in quality, while pelts from the northern Rocky Mountain region are better furred, more durable, and of greater value. An incomplete survey of the 1941 fur catch indicates that more than 100,000 coyotes were trapped for fur in addition to those taken by predator control workers. During the same year more than 125,000 coyote pelts were offered for sale by three leading fur auction companies. The average value per pelt varied from $6.00 to $8.00 and select skins from the northern Rocky Mountains brought up to $18.50 in one sale. The meager information available indicates that the total annual value of raw coyote pelts produced in the United States approximates $1,000,000. This study deals with 5,621 pelts taken by Federal hunters in the eleven Western States from August 1940 to April 1941. To compare the length of s ason for prime fur in the several climatic zones within this large area, the data are listed by three geographic regions: Southwestern, Northwestern, and Rocky Mountain. Fur gradings of

MITOTIC AND WOUND-HEALING ACTIVITIES OF THE CORNEAL EPITHELIUM

This investigation was undertaken in an effort to discover the physiologic controls and biochemical aspects of mitotic and wound-healing activities. Some phases of the work have previously been published.1In the present paper we wish to present the general plan of our study and to outline the results so far achieved. These results constitute still a most incomplete survey of the field, and the work is continuing. By physiologic controls we mean the neural and humoral mechanisms by which other tissues and organs influence the mitotic and wound-healing activities of the cornea. Among the biochemical aspects on which we are seeking to obtain light are metabolic processes involved in the mitotic and wound-healing activities. MITOTIC ACTIVITY Method of Assay. —A detailed analysis of the method of assaying mitotic activity has been published elsewhere.1aRoutine counts are made on a meridional strip of the rat cornea, covering an area

The Practice of Depreciation

IN A PREVIOUS article1 I made a brief and incomplete survey of the theory of depreciation. In the present paper I discuss its practice. One obstacle to practical progress in this field is that mathematically trained minds are seldom well informed on what accountants actually do. The latter are therefore more often criticized for methods which they are not using than for those which they are. Even otherwise valuable contributions thus elicit opposition quite unnecessarily. The inappropriate antithesis tends to discredit the rest of the argument and prompts general retorts, for instance that is a of . . . determined by the practices of men.-Where accounting treatment diverges from economic theory, a similar divergence is likely to be found between economic theory and practice.2 Such an attitude, in turn, is not very helpful or progressive, even if the dangerous phrase tool of business is interpreted only in its best possible sense. In the article cited, I probably added to the already existing confusion by calling sample methods by certain names without proper qualification, although the same names are commonly applied to substantially different methods. The truth is that the familiar singlemachine formulae permit of different interpretations. To clarify the situation, the present paper identifies a greater number of methods unequivocally by developing their basic many-machine equations and comparing the results. References to practice and to individual writers' ideas are made wherever possible, before choosing a method which appears best suited to the practical needs of large enterprises and the investing public.

The Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine

THE Annual General Meeting of this Institute was held on June 9, and the Governing Body presented the forty-second Annual Report, in which the activities of the Institute are surveyed. Investigations have been carried out upon vaccinia, tumour-exciting, neurotropic and other virus agents by the director, Prof. J. C. G. Ledingham, and Dr. E. W. Hurst, Dr. C. R. Amies and others. Various serological studies are being continued by Dr. A. Felix and collaborators. Dr. V. Korenchevsky is continuing his work on sexual hormones, and Prof. R. Robison with others is studying phosphate metabolism and tissue calcification. Investigations on rheumatism and the possible presence of a virus agent in this disease are being pursued by Dr. Amies and colleagues in conjunction with King's College Hospital. In the Division of Nutrition, much work upon vitamins and dietary constituents has been carried out by Dr. Harriette Chick and her associates. The Svedberg ultra-centrifuge, referred to in last year's Report, with accessory equipment is now in course of installation. At the Serum Department at Elstree, under Dr. G. F. Petrie, to which the Vaccine Department has now been transferred, work on meningococcus and gas-gangrene anti-sera and on staphylococcus toxin is in progress. This brief and incomplete survey illustrates the important research work now being carried on at the Lister Institute.

LISTER INSTITUTE OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE

THE Annual General Meeting of this Institute was held on June 9, and the Governing Body presented the forty-second Annual Report, in which the activities of the Institute are surveyed. Investigations have been carried out upon vaccinia, tumour-exciting, neurotropic and other virus agents by the director, Prof. J. C. G. Ledingham, and Dr. E. W. Hurst, Dr. C. R. Amies and others. Various serological studies are being continued by Dr. A. Felix and collaborators. Dr. V. Korenchevsky is continuing his work on sexual hormones, and Prof. R. Robison with others is studying phosphate metabolism and tissue calcification. Investigations on rheumatism and the possible presence of a virus agent in this disease are being pursued by Dr. Amies and colleagues in conjunction with King's College Hospital. In the Division of Nutrition, much work upon vitamins and dietary constituents has been carried out by Dr. Harriette Chick and her associates. The Svedberg ultra-centrifuge, referred to in last year's Report, with accessory equipment is now in course of installation. At the Serum Department at Elstree, under Dr. G. F. Petrie, to which the Vaccine Department has now been transferred, work on meningococcus and gas-gangrene anti-sera and on staphylococcus toxin is in progress. This brief and incomplete survey illustrates the important research work now being carried on at the Lister Institute.