Incomplete Map Research Articles

A new place for transport in urban network theory: The urban logistic network

Transport history has developed in close association with urban network theory. However, this association has often remained implicit and not conceptualised. This article starts from an overview of the historiography on urban networks to question the limitations of historical urban network theory by highlighting the connection between an incomplete mapping of hinterlands and the prevalence of a neo-Christallerian model in the interpretation of their network shape. The concept of the “urban logistic network” is proposed as an alternative historical approach that focuses on the interaction between urban systems on the one hand, and transport and mobility on the other hand. In particular, it enables to clarify the conflated concepts of gateways and hinterlands and constructs a taxonomy that allows the examination of network patterns on a variety of geographical scales. It also identifies the variety of network shapes that are created in urban systems by different logistic connections.

Mapping Pitch Accents to Memory Representations in Spoken Discourse Among Chinese Learners of English: Effects of L2 Proficiency and Working Memory.

We examined L2 learners’ interpretation of pitch accent cues in discourse memory and how these effects vary with proficiency and working memory (WM). One hundred sixty-eight L1-Chinese participants learning L2-English listened to recorded discourses containing pairs of contrastive alternatives and then took a later recognition memory test. Their language proficiency and WM were measured through standard tests and the participants were categorized into low, medium, advanced, and high advanced language proficiency groups. We analyzed recognition memory task performance using signal detection theory to tease apart response bias (an overall tendency to affirm memory probes) from sensitivity (the ability to discern whether a specific probe statement is true). The results showed a benefit of contrastive L + H* pitch accents in rejecting probes referring to items unmentioned in a discourse, but not contrastive alternatives themselves. More proficient participants also showed more accurate memory for the discourses overall, as well as a reduced overall bias to affirm the presented statements as true. Meanwhile, that the benefit of L + H* accents in rejecting either contrast probes or unmentioned probes was modulated for people with greater working memory. Participants with higher WM were quite sure that it did not exist in the memory trace as this part of discourse wasn’t mentioned. The results support a contrast-uncertainty hypothesis, in which comprehenders recall the contrast set but fail to distinguish which is the correct item. Further, these effects were influenced by proficiency and by working memory, suggesting they reflect incomplete mapping between pitch accent and discourse representation.

PO-637-08 A COMPARISON BETWEEN DECELERATION ZONES ON ISOCHRONAL LATE ACTIVATION MAPPING AND SUBSTRATE FOR VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA USING CT LATE IODINATED CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT AND WALL THINNING

Isochronal late activation mapping (ILAM) is an important tool for identification of targets for ablation without requiring induction of ventricular tachycardia. Computed tomography is also a promising a non-invasive method of identification of scar. Late iodinated contrast enhancement and wall thinning with acquisition of sub-1mm slice thickness are used, which are surrogates for ablation targets. The relationship of deceleration zones observed on ILAM with substrate observed on CT imaging is unknown. To assess the correlation between deceleration zones seen on ILAM with CT substrate. Consecutive patients who underwent VT ablation during a 2-year period using the NAVX (St. Jude Medical, Minneapolis, MN) electroanatomic mapping system and underwent CT imaging (InHeart, Bordeaux, France) were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with incomplete maps, low density maps, or incomplete imaging were excluded (n=15). After CT image integration into the EA map, the presence of DZs was assessed and the presence of underlying substrate on imaging defined. All maps and images following integration were evaluated by 3 independent reviewers who were blinded to ablation lesion sets and clinical outcomes. The DZ was identified and demarcated and then the superimposed substrate on imaging was evaluated. There were 20 patients in the final analysis. The cohort was 80% male with mean age of 68 years with a left ventricular ejection fraction of 34%. Ischemic heart disease was present in 55% of subjects. In 17 of the 20 patients (85%) wall thinning of 1-3mm superimposed on the DZ sites was observed. Dense scar was present in only 7 patients (35%) at DZ sites. DZs observed on ILAM area are highly associated with areas of wall thinning from 1-3 mm on CT. Dense scar was less frequently noted with DZs. These findings may serve as a basis for imaging guided VT ablation in future studies.

Lost in the North Sea-Geophysical and geoarchaeological prospection of the Rungholt medieval dyke system (North Frisia, Germany).

We performed geophysical and geoarchaeological investigations in the Wadden Sea off North Frisia (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany) to map the remains and to determine the state of preservation of the medieval settlement of Rungholt, especially its southern dyke segment, called the Niedam dyke. Based on archaeological finds and historical maps, Rungholt is assumed to be located in the wadden sea area around the island Hallig Südfall. During medieval and early modern times, extreme storm events caused major land losses, turning cultivated marshland into tidal flats. Especially the 1st Grote Mandrenke (or St. Marcellus' flood), an extreme storm surge event in 1362 AD, is addressed as the major event that flooded and destroyed most of the Rungholt cultural landscape. Cultural traces like remains of dykes, drainage ditches, tidal gates, dwelling mounds or even plough marks were randomly surveyed and mapped in the tidal flats by several authors at the beginning of the 20th century. Due to the tidal flat dynamics with frequently shifting tidal creeks and sand bars, the distribution of cultural remains visible at the surface is rapidly changing, making it hard to create a comprehensive map of the cultural landscape by surveying. Today, the Niedam dyke area is fully covered by tidal flat sediments, depriving any remains from further archaeological investigation. Since little is known about the precise location or state of preservation of these remains, our investigation aimed at the rediscovery of the medieval dyke system and associated structure with modern and accurate geophysical, geodetical and geoarchaeological methods. Magnetic gradiometry revealed a large part of the medieval dyke, confirming two tidal gates and several terps connected inland with the dyke, providing a detailed example of a Frisian medieval dyke system. Based on our results, the so far inaccurate and incomplete maps of this part of Rungholt can now be specified and completed. Beyond that, seismic reflection profiles give a first depth resolving insight in the remains of the dyke system, revealing a severe threat to the medieval remains by erosion. The site is exemplary for the entire North Frisian coast, that was influenced by multiple flood events in the middle ages to modern times.

Multiomic Metabolic Enrichment Network Analysis Reveals Metabolite–Protein Physical Interaction Subnetworks Altered in Cancer

Metabolism is recognized as an important driver of cancer progression and other complex diseases, but global metabolite profiling remains a challenge. Protein expression profiling is often a poor proxy since existing pathway enrichment models provide an incomplete mapping between the proteome and metabolism. To overcome these gaps, we introduce multiomic metabolic enrichment network analysis (MOMENTA), an integrative multiomic data analysis framework for more accurately deducing metabolic pathway changes from proteomics data alone in a gene set analysis context by leveraging protein interaction networks to extend annotated metabolic models. We apply MOMENTA to proteomic data from diverse cancer cell lines and human tumors to demonstrate its utility at revealing variation in metabolic pathway activity across cancer types, which we verify using independent metabolomics measurements. The novel metabolic networks we uncover in breast cancer and other tumors are linked to clinical outcomes, underscoring the pathophysiological relevance of the findings.

El océano oral: apuntes sobre la poesía beduina en el Sahara Occidental

The following paper intends to draw an incomplete map of some possible routes to guide an approach to the poetry written by Saharawis, an ancient Bedouin community who currently lives divided between the Western Sahara’s Liberated Territories, the territories occupied by Morocco and the refugee camps in southwest Argelia. This text seeks to emphasize the priority role that the Saharawi people have given to poetry as part of their daily work, and how it is inseparable from their vital relationship with memory, conceived not as a steady acquis, but as an endless fountain that flows and renews the arteries of life. Hence, the legacy of these nomadic poets is not limited only to their written traces: in the languages of gestures, as well, there is a po-ethic to be discovered, an ethic of patience and lightness to safeguard our future steps.

El océano oral: apuntes sobre la poesía beduina en el Sahara Occidental

The following paper intends to draw an incomplete map of some possible routes to guide an approach to the poetry written by Saharawis, an ancient Bedouin community who currently lives divided between the Western Sahara’s Liberated Territories, the territories occupied by Morocco and the refugee camps in southwest Argelia. This text seeks to emphasize the priority role that the Saharawi people have given to poetry as part of their daily work, and how it is inseparable from their vital relationship with memory, conceived not as a steady acquis, but as an endless fountain that flows and renews the arteries of life. Hence, the legacy of these nomadic poets is not limited only to their written traces: in the languages of gestures, as well, there is a po-ethic to be discovered, an ethic of patience and lightness to safeguard our future steps.

Automatic voxel-based 3D indoor reconstruction and room partitioning from triangle meshes

With the gaining popularity and proliferation of building information modeling (BIM) techniques, a growing demand emerges for accurate, up-to-date and semantically-enriched digital representations of built environments. In this regard, current mobile indoor mapping systems like the Microsoft HoloLens or Matterport allow to efficiently acquire triangle meshes of indoor building environments. However, manually reconstructing digital models of building interiors on the basis of these triangle meshes is a cumbersome and time-consuming task. Consequently, in this work, we propose a fully automatic, voxel-based indoor reconstruction approach to derive semantically-enriched and geometrically completed indoor models in voxel representation from unstructured triangle meshes. The presented approach does not require room surfaces such as walls, ceilings or floors to be planar or aligned with the coordinate axes. Furthermore, it does not rely on a clear vertical subdivision in distinct floor levels and even allows for slanted floors such as ramps or stair flights. It thus can also be applied to challenging indoor environments featuring curved room surfaces and complex vertical room layouts. The proposed approach labels voxels as ‘Ceiling’, ‘Floor’, ‘Wall’, ‘Wall Opening’, ‘Interior Object’ and ‘Empty Interior’. Room surfaces are geometrically completed in case of holes in the input triangle meshes caused by occlusion or incomplete mapping. Furthermore, the derived interior space is partitioned into rooms and connecting transition spaces. To demonstrate the performance of our approach, we conduct a thorough quantitative evaluation on four labeled benchmark datasets. To this aim, we present a novel and adequate, automatic evaluation method. The four datasets have been acquired with the Microsoft HoloLens and are available along with the manually modeled ground truth. We also release the code of our implementation of the voxel-based indoor reconstruction approach presented in this paper as well as the code for the automated evaluation against the ground truth data at https://github.com/huepat/voxir.

Chinese Fans’ Patriotism Creating Quandary in the Digital Media Era

China is considered to be a nation with the largest number of netizens and online fandom throughout the world. The power of netizens cannot be overlooked, particularly with regard to the digital mobilization of nationalism. In a recent event regarding a geographic map controversy spawned by the TV series of “Go Go Squid!” many netizens became fan patriots and activists for territorial integrity. This TV series caused tremendous resistance due to its showing an incomplete Map of China in one of its episodes on 31st July 2019. This research deploys three research methods of netnography (digital scraping of fan expression), a qualitative interview and commentary analysis to examine fans’ engagement upon this sensitive issue in China. The fans of the series and its main character naturally divided into different groups to show their opposing standpoints. With the help of Chinese featured cyberspace, Chinese netizens were hierarchically grouped as either loyal fans of the series, general/ordinary fans of the actress, or fan patriots and fan activists of the nation. Ambivalent attitudes from state media intensified the debates to call for a much more robust mechanism to guide cyber fandom.

Defining Targeted Projection Patterns in Thalamus Using Diffusion Weighted Imaging

Thalamo-cortical dysfunction is a prominent feature of neurodevelopmental disorders. White matter projections from cortex have historically been thought to target thalamic nuclei discreetly and homogeneously. However, emerging evidence from non-human primate studies indicate that topographic gradients may exist. This evidence highlights an incomplete mapping of cortico-thalamic circuit heterogeneity in humans, which may inform disease-related white matter alterations that in turn impact functional patterns. The goal of this study was to test if distinct cortico-thalamic projection patterns exist across distinct cortical areas and large-scale networks.

Automated intraprocedural localization of origin of ventricular activation using patient-specific computed tomographic imaging

To facilitate catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT), we previously developed an automated method to identify sources of left ventricular (LV) activation in real time using 12-lead electrocardiography (ECG), the accuracy of which depends on acquisition of a complete electroanatomic (EA) map. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of using a registered cardiac computed tomogram (CT) rather than an EA map to permit real-time localization and avoid errors introduced by incomplete maps. Before LV VT ablation, 10 patients underwent CT imaging and 3-dimensional reconstruction of the cardiac surface to create a triangle mesh surface, which was registered to the EA map during the procedure and imported into custom localization software. The software uses QRS integrals from leads III, V2, and V6; derives personalized regression coefficients from pacing at ≥5 sites with known locations; and estimates the location of unknown activation sites on the 3-dimensional patient-specific LV endocardial surface. Localization accuracy was quantified for VT exit sites in millimeters by comparing the calculated against the known locations. The VT exit site was identified for 20 VTs using activation and entrainment mapping, supplemented by pace-mapping at the scar margin. The automated localization software achieved incremental accuracy with additional pacing sites and had a mean localization error of 6.9 ± 5.7 mm for the 20 VTs. Patient-specific CT geometry is feasible for use in real-time automated localization of ventricular activation and may avoid reliance on a complete EA map.

Showing Your Thinking: Using Mind Maps to Understand the Gaps Between Experienced Emergency Physicians and Their Students.

Clinical teaching faculty rely on schemas for diagnosis. When they attempt to teach medical students, there may be a gap in the interpretation because the students do not have the same schemas. The aim of this analysis was to explore expert thinking processes through mind maps, to help determine the gaps between an expert's mind map of their diagnostic thinking and how students interpret this teaching artifact. A novel mind-mapping approach was used to examine how emergency physicians (EPs) explain their clinical reasoning schemas. Nine EPs were shown two different videos of a student interviewing a patient with possible venous thromboembolism. EPs were then asked to explain their diagnostic approach using a mind map, as if they were thinking to a student. Later, another medical student interviewed the EPs to clarify the mind map and revise as needed. A coding framework was generated to determine the discrepancy between the EP-generated mind map and the novice's interpretation. Every mind map (18 mind maps from nine individuals) contained some discrepancy between the expert's mind and novice's interpretation. From the qualitative analysis of the changes between the originally created mind map and the later revision, the authors developed a conceptual framework describing types of amendments that students might expect teachers to make in their mind maps: 1) substantive amendments, such as incomplete mapping; and 2) clarifications, such as the need to explain background for a mind map element. Emergency physician teachers tend to make jumps in reasoning, most commonly including incomplete mapping and maps requiring clarifications. Educating EPs on these processes will allow modification of their teaching modalities to better suit learners.

Vascular effects on the BOLD response and the retinotopic mapping of hV4.

Despite general acceptance that the retinotopic organisation of human V4 (hV4) takes the form of a single, uninterrupted ventral hemifield, measured retinotopic maps of this visual area are often incomplete. Here, we test hypotheses that artefact from draining veins close to hV4 cause inverted BOLD responses that may serve to obscure a portion of the lower visual quarterfield—including the lower vertical meridian—in some hemispheres. We further test whether correcting such responses can restore the ‘missing’ retinotopic coverage in hV4. Subjects (N = 10) viewed bowtie, ring, drifting bar and full field flash stimuli. Functional EPIs were acquired over approximately 1.5h and analysed to reveal retinotopic maps of early visual cortex, including hV4. Normalised mean maps (which show the average EPI signal amplitude) were constructed by voxel-wise averaging of the EPI time course and used to locate venous eclipses, which can be identified by a decrease in the EPI signal caused by deoxygenated blood. Inverted responses are shown to cluster in these regions and correcting these responses improves maps of hV4 in some hemispheres, including restoring a complete hemifield map in one. A leftwards bias was found whereby 6/10 left hemisphere hV4 maps were incomplete, while this was the case in only 1/10 right hemisphere maps. Incomplete hV4 maps did not correspond with venous artefact in every instance, with incomplete maps being present in the absence of a venous eclipse and complete maps coexisting with a proximate venous eclipse. We also show that mean maps of upper surfaces (near the boundary between cortical grey matter and CSF) provide highly detailed maps of veins on the cortical surface. Results suggest that venous eclipses and inverted voxels can explain some incomplete hV4 maps, but cannot explain the remainder nor the leftwards bias in hV4 coverage reported here.

Comparative Performance of the LUR, ANN, and BME Techniques in the Multiscale Spatiotemporal Mapping of PM2.5 Concentrations in North China

Fine particle matter (PM2.5) has been receiving increasing attention by the government due to its considerable adverse health effects, especially in the north part of China. Even though a number of techniques of estimating PM2.5 exposure have been developed, what is still lacking is a systematic comparison of commonly used techniques based on classical statistics, artificial intelligence, and geostatistics. To address this need, the land use regression (LUR), the artificial neural networks (ANN), and the Bayesian maximum entropy (BME) techniques were all used to map the space–time PM2.5 concentration distribution in the highly polluted Jing-Jin-Ji region (Huabei plain of North China) during the period June 2015–May 2016. The tenfold cross-validation analysis and the entropic information theory were used to evaluate numerically the performance of the three techniques at monthly, seasonal, and annual time scales. Our results showed that the performance of each mapping technique was affected by the temporal scale and the degree of spatial heterogeneity. All three techniques were suitable for low temporal resolution (annual) datasets with low spatial variability. BME also showed a noticeable ability to analyze higher temporal resolution (monthly) datasets exhibiting high spatial heterogeneity. BME involved a single dependent variable (PM2.5) and generated complete (full-coverage) space–time PM2.5 maps, whereas LUR and ANN produced incomplete maps because of lacking independent variables (such as satellite data). Due to its self-learning feature, ANN showed better modeling performance than LUR and produced more informative maps. Overall, the ANN and BME techniques perform better than the LUR technique.

Identification of Variable and Joining Germline Genes and Alleles for Rhesus Macaque from B Cell Receptor Repertoires.

The rhesus macaque is a valuable preclinical animal model to estimate vaccine effectiveness and is also important for understanding Ab maturation and B cell repertoire evolution responding to vaccination. However, incomplete mapping of rhesus Ig germline genes hinders the research efforts. To address this deficiency, we sequenced the BCR repertoires of 75 Indian rhesus macaques. Using a bioinformatic method that has been validated with BCR repertoire analysis of three human donors, we were able to infer rhesus variable (V) and joint (J) germline alleles. We identified a total of 122 V and 20 J germline alleles, of which 91 V and 13 J alleles were novel, with 40 V novel genes, of which 8 were located at a novel genomic region not, to our knowledge, previously recorded. The novelty of these newly identified alleles was supported by two observations. First, the 50 V and 5 J novel alleles were observed in the whole genome sequencing data of 10 rhesus macaques. Second, using alignment reference including the novel alleles, the mutation rate of the rearranged repertoires significantly declined in nine other irrelevant samples, and all our identified novel V and J alleles were 100%-identity mapped by rearranged repertoire data. These identified novel alleles, along with the previously reported alleles, provide an important reference for future investigations of rhesus immune repertoire evolution in response to vaccination or infection. In addition, the method outlined in our study offers a powerful foundation for the identification of novel Ig alleles in the future.

An initial experience of high-density mapping-guided ablation in a cohort of patients with adult congenital heart disease.

AimsIn the management of both ventricular and supraventricular tachycardia in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) catheter ablation has now been recognized as one of the mainstays.Methods and resultsWe review our initial experience of using the Rhythmia mapping system in a cohort of 12 adult CHD patients presenting with multiple arrhythmia substrates. A total of 78 arrhythmia maps were attempted in a total of 15 procedures, but possible due to the dilatation of the target chamber only 44% of maps were able to reconstruct the entire arrhythmia. All patients underwent pre-procedure 3D imaging (either cardiac magnetic resonance or computed tomography), but image integration was suboptimal. A median of two maps per patient were finally analysed and acquisition took in median 22 min with a median number of 12 574 (8230–18 167) mapping points. Procedural data with a total duration amounting to in median 285 (194–403) min, with a median total fluoroscopy exposure of 7.5 (5.2–10.7) min. After a median of 1.5 procedures [median of 12 (8–16 months)], nine patients remained in stable sinus rhythm or atrial paced rhythm, while three patients had further sustained recurrences. One of these passed away in end-staged heart failure.ConclusionThis initial experience of using high-density mapping for arrhythmia management in patients with CHD allowed rapid acquisition of multiple maps with high accuracy to identify surgical scars and fibrosis, however, it was limited by large atrial volumes and a high percentage of incomplete maps resulting in modest clinical success.

Gold Nanoprisms as Optical Coherence Tomography Contrast Agents in the Second Near-Infrared Window for Enhanced Angiography in Live Animals.

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is an important tool for investigating vascular networks and microcirculation in living tissue. Traditional OCTA detects blood vessels via intravascular dynamic scattering signals derived from the movements of red blood cells (RBCs). However, the low hematocrit and long latency between RBCs in capillaries make these OCTA signals discontinuous, leading to incomplete mapping of the vascular networks. OCTA imaging of microvascular circulation is particularly challenging in tumors due to the abnormally slow blood flow in angiogenic tumor vessels and strong attenuation of light by tumor tissue. Here, we demonstrate in vivo that gold nanoprisms (GNPRs) can be used as OCT contrast agents working in the second near-infrared window, significantly enhancing the dynamic scattering signals in microvessels and improving the sensitivity of OCTA in skin tissue and melanoma tumors in live mice. With GNPRs as contrast agents, the postinjection OCT angiograms showed 41 and 59% more microvasculature than preinjection angiograms in healthy mouse skin and melanoma tumors, respectively. By enabling better characterization of microvascular circulation in vivo, GNPR-enhanced OCTA could lead to better understanding of vascular functions during pathological conditions, more accurate measurements of therapeutic response, and improved patient prognoses.

Multimodal Medical Image Fusion Based on Fuzzy Discrimination With Structural Patch Decomposition.

Multimodal medical image fusion, emerging as a hot topic, aims to fuse images with complementary multi-source information. In this paper, we propose a novel multimodal medical image fusion method based on structural patch decomposition (SPD) and fuzzy logic technology. First, the SPD method is employed to extract two salient features for fusion discrimination. Next, two novel fusion decision maps called an incomplete fusion map and supplemental fusion map are constructed from salient features. In this step, the supplemental map is constructed by our defined two different fuzzy logic systems. The supplemental and incomplete maps are then combined to construct an initial fusion map. The final fusion map is obtained by processing the initial fusion map with a Gaussian filter. Finally, a weighted average approach is adopted to create the final fused image. Additionally, an effective color medical image fusion scheme that can effectively prevent color distortion and obtain superior diagnostic effects is also proposed to enhance fused images. Experimental results clearly demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods in terms of subjective visual and quantitative evaluations.

Local production and long-distance procurement of beads and pendants with high mineralogical diversity in an early Saladoid settlement of Guadeloupe (French West Indies)

The preventive excavation of an archaeological site located at the Gare Maritime of Basse-Terre (Guadeloupe, French West Indies) revealed a series of stone artifacts including finished beads and pendants, as well as pieces representing several stages of the chaîne opératoire. This work is an integrated study of the mineralogy and typo-technology of these objects. The artifacts have been recovered from layers interpreted as midden deposits of an early Saladoid coastal settlement dated to 250–400 cal. A.D. Non-invasive analyses by Raman spectroscopy have shown that the 50 artifacts belong to 13 different gemstones which are, in decreasing order of frequency: serpentine, amethyst, turquoise, sudoite, rock crystal, calcite, feldspar, diorite, jasper, aventurine, chlorite, paragonite and nephrite. All these materials’ mineralogy, and in particular the great diversity of the so called “green rocks”, could only be reliably determined through an analytical characterization. The diversity of lithic materials used and abandoned in the Gare Maritime site dump is the largest known to date in the Caribbean archipelago. The presence of seven objects in turquoise is particularly noteworthy in view of its rarity in the other known sites in the region. The chaîne opératoire for each of these raw materials could be approached for the first time in the Caribbean area by emancipating ourselves from the “greenstone” category, which has been too often used in the past because of the lack of reliable mineralogical identification. These results make it possible to integrate the Gare Maritime site into the group of Saladoid sites which have delivered a large set of ornamental elements. On the one hand, the various shapes of artifacts fit the regional cultural pattern, both for beads and pendants shapes, the latter being mainly stylized frogs. On the other hand, the use of 13 semi-precious stones in the lapidary production is exceptional for the region and confirms the use at this period of many exotic raw materials. The provenance of these materials, although difficult to pinpoint properly due to the incomplete mapping of regional resources, documents a mixture of regional and even distant (continental) origins, thus strengthening the idea of a pan-Caribbean network for the exchange of raw materials for lapidary art.

Using microtasks to crowdsource DBpedia entity classification: A study in workflow design

DBpedia is at the core of the Linked Open Data Cloud and widely used in research and applications. However, it is far from being perfect. Its content suffers from many flaws, as a result of factual errors inherited from Wikipedia or incomplete mappings from Wikipedia infobox to DBpedia ontology. In this work we focus on one class of such problems, un-typed entities. We propose a hierarchical tree-based approach to categorize DBpedia entities according to the DBpedia ontology using human computation and paid microtasks. We analyse the main dimensions of the crowdsourcing exercise in depth in order to come up with suggestions for workflow design and study three different workflows with automatic and hybrid prediction mechanisms to select possible candidates for the most specific category from the DBpedia ontology. To test our approach, we run experiments on CrowdFlower using a gold standard dataset of 120 previously unclassified entities. In our studies human-computation driven approaches generally achieved higher precision at lower cost when compared to workflows with automatic predictors. However, each of the tested workflows has its merit and none of them seems to perform exceptionally well on the entities that the DBpedia Extraction Framework fails to classify. We discuss these findings and their potential implications for the design of effective crowdsourced entity classification in DBpedia and beyond.