Incomplete Insofar Research Articles

The Emotion of Gratitude and Communal Relationships

ABSTRACTEmotions are typically dual‐faced: they involve both an evaluative and a practical aspect. What is more, an emotion's evaluative and practical aspects tend to exhibit a kind of fit. For example, Sakshi's fear of the bear involves apprehending the bear as a threat to something she cares about, i.e., her wellbeing. And it motivates her to act on behalf of this care: it motivates her to act in ways that protect her wellbeing. Both dimensions of Sakshi's fear are about her wellbeing. Typically, characterizations of gratitude speak to both its evaluative and practical dimensions. Gratitude is described as a way of apprehending the significance of one's benefactor's kindness, and it is said to involve a disposition to thank one's benefactor and to return the kindness. In this article I show that this characterization is incomplete insofar as it leaves us without the resources needed to discern the link between gratitude's two dimensions. I argue that discerning the fit requires an account of gratitude's focus and goal. I urge that the beneficiary's communal relationship with her benefactor is gratitude's focus and that promoting this relationship is gratitude's goal. Both dimensions of a beneficiary's gratitude are about her communal relationship with her benefactor.

Developmentalism at the periphery: addressing global financial asymmetries

Since the 2000s, new concepts of developmentalism have emerged in Latin America. In such approaches, the state deliberately pushes the development to achieve structural change and income redistribution. We analyse these from the perspective of policy space constraints imposed by international economic asymmetries, which today are predominantly of a financial nature. Based on a broad overview, we identify and compare the most relevant recent approaches. ‘New developmentalism’ has its strength in formulating adequate macroeconomic policies shielding the economy from volatility, although it considers redistribution as rather an outcome of structural change. ‘Social developmentalism’ emphasises the links between redistribution, domestic growth and structural change but lacks a coherent formulation of macroeconomic policies. The same applies to the concept of buen vivir, as the only approach that considers environmental aspects. Thus, all of these concepts have their strength in addressing specific issues, but are incomplete insofar as they do not provide a consistent framework for achieving all goals of growth with structural change, income redistribution and ecological sustainability. We identify the need to debate the interdependencies between sustained economic growth, income distribution and ecological sustainability.

The a posteriori probability of the number of contributors when conditioned on an assumed contributor

Forensic DNA signal is notoriously challenging to assess, requiring computational tools to support its interpretation. Over-expressions of stutter, allele drop-out, allele drop-in, degradation, differential degradation, and the like, make forensic DNA profiles too complicated to evaluate by manual methods. In response, computational tools that make point estimates on the Number of Contributors (NOC) to a sample have been developed, as have Bayesian methods that evaluate an A Posteriori Probability (APP) distribution on the NOC. In cases where an overly narrow NOC range is assumed, the downstream strength of evidence may be incomplete insofar as the evidence is evaluated with an inadequate set of propositions.In the current paper, we extend previous work on NOCIt, a Bayesian method that determines an APP on the NOC given an electropherogram, by reporting on an implementation where the user can add assumed contributors. NOCIt is a continuous system that incorporates models of peak height (including degradation and differential degradation), forward and reverse stutter, noise, and allelic drop-out, while being cognizant of allele frequencies in a reference population. When conditioned on a known contributor, we found that the mode of the APP distribution can shift to one greater when compared with the circumstance where no known contributor is assumed, and that occurred most often when the assumed contributor was the minor constituent to the mixture.In a development of a result of Slooten and Caliebe (FSI:G, 2018) that, under suitable assumptions, establishes the NOC can be treated as a nuisance variable in the computation of a likelihood ratio between the prosecution and defense hypotheses, we show that this computation must not only use coincident models, but also coincident contextual information. The results reported here, therefore, illustrate the power of modern probabilistic systems to assess full weights-of-evidence, and to provide information on reasonable NOC ranges across multiple contexts.

Cultural Differences as Excuses? Human Rights and Cultural Values in Global Ethics and Governance of AI

Cultural differences pose a serious challenge to the ethics and governance of artificial intelligence (AI) from a global perspective. Cultural differences may enable malignant actors to disregard the demand of important ethical values or even to justify the violation of them through deference to the local culture, either by affirming the local culture lacks specific ethical values, e.g., privacy, or by asserting the local culture upholds conflicting values, e.g., state intervention is good. One response to this challenge is the human rights approach to AI governance, which is intended to be a universal and globally enforceable framework. The proponents of the approach, however, have so far neglected the challenge from cultural differences or left out the implications of cultural diversity in their works. This is surprising because human rights theorists have long recognized the significance of cultural pluralism for human rights. Accordingly, the approach may not be straightforwardly applicable in “non-Western” contexts because of cultural differences, and it may also be critiqued as philosophically incomplete insofar as the approach does not account for the (non-) role of culture. This commentary examines the human rights approach to AI governance with an emphasis on cultural values and the role of culture. Particularly, I show that the consideration of cultural values is essential to the human rights approach for both philosophical and instrumental reasons.

Wind Load Factors for Use in the Wind Tunnel Procedure.

A 2004 Skidmore Owings and Merrill report (in Simiu E. (2011) Design of Buildings for Wind, Appendix 5, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ) notes that the ASCE 7 Standard (American Society of Civil Engineers (2002) ASCE 7-02, Reston, Va) is incomplete insofar as it provides no guidance on wind load factors appropriate for use with the Standard's wind tunnel procedure. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to such guidance. Based on a classical definition of wind load factors as functions of uncertainties in the micrometeorological, wind climatological, aerodynamics and structural dynamics elements that determine wind loads, the paper presents a simple, straightforward approach that allows practitioners to use appropriate wind load factors applicable when those uncertainties are either the same as or different from those assumed in the development of the ASCE 7 Standard. Illustrations of the approach are presented for a variety of cases of practical interest. In estimating design wind loads, the various uncertainties should not be accounted for in isolation, for example by specifying peak pressure coefficients with percentage points higher than those corresponding to their expected values. Rather, to achieve risk-consistent designs, the uncertainties should be accounted for collectively, in terms of their joint effect on the design wind loading. The design wind effect is equal to the estimated expectation of the peak wind effect times a load factor that, in most cases, is not significantly different from the load factor explicitly or implicitly specified in the ASCE 7 Standard. Notably, the load factor is not affected significantly by errors associated with interpolations required in typical Database Assisted Design applications. However, if the available wind speed records are several times shorter than, say, 20 to 30 years, the wind load factors increase by amounts of the order of 15 %.

Does Democracy Require Metaphysics? A Review of Franklin Gamwell's Religion among We the People

Does Democracy Require Metaphysics? A Review of Franklin Gamwell's <i>Religion among We the People</i>

Cold Modernism: Literature, Fashion, Art by Jessica Burstein (review)

Reviewed by: Cold Modernism: Literature, Fashion, Art by Jessica Burstein Bonnie Roos Jessica Burstein. Cold Modernism: Literature, Fashion, Art. University Park: Penn State UP, 2012. 336pp. Jessica Burstein’s Cold Modernism: Literature, Fashion, Art is everything one expects from Penn State’s formidable modernism publications. Burstein is erudite, interesting, witty, and stylish, and the text is a beautifully produced edition, a pleasure to read and thumb through. Burstein posits what she identifies as “cold modernism” as an underdeveloped aspect of modernist studies that emphasizes the dehumanized aspects of modernist works—their cultures of copy, duplication, reproduction, mimicry, and prosthesis. Her discussion ranges from Wyndham Lewis’s novels to the doll sculptures of Hans Bellmer, from Coco Chanel’s fashion production industry to Mina Loy’s poetry and visual and decorative arts, and she ends with the paintings of Balthus. Burstein’s choice of visual and cultural texts is thoughtful and her readings of these works exceptional and persuasive. Burstein argues against what she sees as “hot modernism,” a tendency among modernist critical investigations to focus on the subjectivity of its characters and figures—sometimes treating them almost as real people. Burstein argues that this tradition “continues to be taken to represent literary modernism as a whole” (24), and counters that “modernism’s story of the individual has running through its heart the presentation of a world in which the individual has no place” (3). I find Burstein’s view of what she calls “hot modernism” to be reductive, and also less influential than she sees it—when was the last time we saw a psychological character analysis in the pages of Modernism/modernity? But I do agree with her more supplemental observation that “our most authoritative ‘genealogy of modernism’ is incomplete insofar as it has understood subjectivity to be modernism’s bedrock” (66). As recent trends in modernist and modernity studies have demonstrated, modernist arts frequently reflect a dehumanized and dehumanizing world. Burstein opens with a discussion of Lewis’s Tarr, in which she emphasizes that the humor in Lewis’s writing derives from the “confusion between a person and a thing,” or “taking characters for persons, or more broadly, mistaking a novel for a form of life” (44). By this logic, as Burstein reads it, Bertha’s rape by Kreisler becomes the invariable end product of the processes of objectification. Burstein’s analysis of Lewis’s Snooty Baronet, with its prosthetic replacements and reduplicating identities, confirms this reading and introduces the prosthetic as a major theme of Burstein’s work. As Burstein concludes, It should be plain that in the current I am calling cold modernism not only is the copy all there is, but what [Rosalind] [End Page 182] Krauss calls “the discourse of the copy” is endlessly engaged and, far from being repressed, is ubiquitous. Operating with little or no regard for the notion of selfhood, cold modernism is free to bank wholly on relational qualities. Here, characteristics are as wholly exchangeable as currency itself, to be traded, lost, and at base, forged. (55) As a contingent part of this culture of copy, Burstein frequently turns to Roger Caillois to reinforce the idea of mimicry, not only in terms of prosthetic parts but also in terms of aesthetic goal. As she puts it, “The praying mantis, Lewis’s ‘demented arthropod,’ even the made-to-order glass bees in a later [Ernst] Jünger novel: each occurs on a plane where connection and engagement entail the most stringent forms of relation, beginning with empathy and ending in cold modernism” (94). Bellmer becomes a necessary aspect of this trajectory, with his photographs of doll sculptures with added appendages and prosthetics. Though Burstein works against the psychological conclusions of Sue Taylor, she explains that in the displaced anthropocentrism made use of in her own book, psychology and cold modernism are not necessarily enemies. As she writes, “The issue of cold modernism’s collision with psychology or with an art indebted to psychology is thrown into useful relief. What happens when the mind is acknowledged, but as an extension of surface appearance?” (96). Burstein elaborates on the relationship of psychology to Bellmer’s development of and writings on the ball joint...

Careworkers in the global market: Appraising applications of feminist care ethics

Feminist Care Ethics has much to offer in an analysis of the international migration of (largely female) care workers. This paper argues, however, that Joan Tronto’s analysis of this international care regime is incomplete insofar as it overlooks the ways in which the current global care market is progressive for the workers and the significant harms this market is inflicting on care receivers in source countries. In order for Feminist Care Ethics to fulfill its potential, it must be developed beyond a visionary tool for revaluing care—it must also produce analytic tools for evaluating real alternatives under pressing, real-time constraints.

Careworkers in the global market: Appraising applications of feminist care ethics

Feminist Care Ethics has much to offer in an analysis of the international migration of (largely female) care workers. This paper argues, however, that Joan Tronto's analysis of this international care regime is incomplete insofar as it overlooks the ways in which the current global care market is progressive for the workers and the significant harms this market is inflicting on care receivers in source countries. In order for Feminist Care Ethics to fulfill its potential, it must be developed beyond a visionary tool for revaluing care—it must also produce analytic tools for evaluating real alternatives under pressing, real-time constraints.

Politics as the Mobilization of Anger

In most academic research on politics, emotions are deemed important only to the realm of subjects or citizens, not to power. Emotions are presented as a problem power has to deal with, not something with which power is itself intimately involved. This article discusses recent attempts to reintroduce emotions into political analysis and argue that they are incomplete insofar as they look only at opposition social movements, not at mainstream parties. With a nod to Carl Schmitt, I argue that anger is not something that only occasionally bursts onto the political scene, but is central to ‘normal’ politics as well. Anger is central to politics both as a diffuse, untargeted sentiment citizens experience, usually economically, and as the emotion political organizers need to capture and channel, which they do by offering up an ‘enemy’ they identify as the source of the problem. Opposition movements and parties of power alike succeed when they persuade people to accept the enemy they propose.

What is involved in forgiving?

I have argued that forgiveness paradigmatically involves overcoming moral anger, of which resentment is the central case. I have argued, as well, that forgiveness may involve overcoming any form of anger so long as the belief that you have been wrongfully harmed is partially constitutive of it, and that overcoming other negative emotions caused by a wrongdoer's misdeed may, given appropriate qualifications, count as forgiveness. Those qualifications indicate, however, significant differences between moral anger and other negative emotions; differences which must be taken into account when determining whether overcoming negative emotions other than moral anger count as forgiveness. I have proposed, too, that forgiveness requires neither overcoming all negative feelings (other than moral anger) nor the judgment that the offender is a wrongdoer. I must acknowledge that my analysis is incomplete, focusing as it does on the forgiver rather than on the person forgiven. After all, there are two sides to forgiveness. Not all forgiving involves a struggle to overcome negative feelings; sometimes it is a social transaction of a more casual sort that is effected by the simple speech act “I forgive you.” My analysis is incomplete insofar as it treats exclusively of forgiveness as a process and fails to offer an analysis of forgiveness as an act. Finally, a complete theory of forgiveness requires an account of the conditions under which forgiveness qualifies as a moral virtue, and such an account is beyond the scope of this essay. Though I have not offered a complete theory of forgiveness, my effort to clarify a dimension of what is involved in a common type of forgiveness may clear the way for answering related questions about it, and thereby lead to a fuller account of forgiveness as a moral phenomenon.

Le rôle des influences interpersonnelles dans la détermination des cours boursiers

The role of interindividu al influences in the determination of stock prices ; ; Modem economic theory has shown that there is no incompatibility between the assumption of rational behavior and the possibility of speculative bubbles. Nevertheless the theory of rational bubbles is incomplete insofar as it tells us nothing about the kind of rational exploitation of information that gives lise to a bubble. Our idea is that, at the roots of bubbles, we find a rational use of the information contained in the average opinion of the market. Under certain conditions, this use, which follows the bayesian rules, will conduct to a self-validating mimetic contagion. This process converges to, what we have called, a rational mimetic bubble.

Le rôle des influences interpersonnelles dans la détermination des cours boursiers

The role of interindividu al influences in the determination of stock prices Modem economic theory has shown that there is no incompatibility between the assumption of rational behavior and the possibility of speculative bubbles. Nevertheless the theory of rational bubbles is incomplete insofar as it tells us nothing about the kind of rational exploitation of information that gives lise to a bubble. Our idea is that, at the roots of bubbles, we find a rational use of the information contained in the average opinion of the market. Under certain conditions, this use, which follows the bayesian rules, will conduct to a self-validating mimetic contagion. This process converges to, what we have called, a rational mimetic bubble.

Benevolent Illusions in a Developing Society: the Assertion of Supreme Court Authority in Democratic India

sM t , ANY PEOPLE consider India politically developed and socially backward. Few polities have so successfully institutionalized basic rules of game and structures of governance amid mass poverty, illiteracy, extreme social diversity, and rising expectations. Scholars have accounted for this apparent paradox by emphasizing early institutionalization of Congress party and Indian Civil Service, unusual elite consensus created through years of nationalist struggle, continuous creation and crystallization of new institutions at local level, and unique adaptability of Indian traditions (cf. Huntington 1968: 84; Kothari 1970; Rudolphs 1967; Weiner 1967). This essay argues that such explanations are incomplete insofar as they have not emphasized central role played by Indian Supreme Court. While most standard treatments of Indian polity mention judicial system as an important colonial legacy, much greater attention is given to other institutions (cf. Kothari 1970a, which fails to mention judiciary; Hanson and Douglas 1972: 46, consider Supreme Court unimportant before 1967, a point contested below). In recent years, politically explosive judicial decisions have created new interest in Supreme Court (cf. Rudolphs 1981). However, systematic analysis of Court as a political institution is rare. (Gadbois 1981, is an important exception. Most serious commentary on Court has been conducted by Indian legal scholars and journalists. See Baxi 1980; Dhavan 1977.) Huntington's general framework for study of political institutions has been adopted for purposes of analysis (Huntington 1968: 1-92; for other applications of Huntington to India, see Hart 1980; Sisson 1972, 1973). He suggests that political development is measured by capacity of political institutions to meet and shape political demands. Development (or institutionalization) is process by which organizations and procedures acquire and stability. Further, level of political development can be defined by the adaptability, complexity, autonomy, and coherence of its organizations and procedures. Huntington has described Congress party and Indian Civil Service as uniquely successful in channeling and meeting political demands in society with rapidly rising expectations (1968: 12, 84-85). I argue that Indian Supreme Court has also acquired value and stability, achieving requisite institutional criteria of adaptability, complexity, autonomy, and coherence. In so

The Development of the Child’S Conception of the Teacher

ONE OF THE purposes of the Preventive Psychi atry Research Program, of which this study forms a part, is to determine how and to what extent chil dren at various age levels can acquire an under standing and appreciation of the elements of behav ioral science , that is, of the forces operative in human behavior, and what the effect is of a change in this understanding and appreciation. Concern with the dynamics of development, or a causal as it has been labeled for convenience, involves a consideration of the causes of behavior and also of its consequences. Human behavior has both an historical aspect (i. e., it developed in some way) and a future reference, (i. e., it tends to have specified effects under specified conditions). The approach or orientation to behavior may vary from an arbitrary judgmental, or non-causal, approach to a consistent recognition of complex causation. In his social environment the child interacts with many different kinds of people. He interacts with his parents, teachers, other children, histor ical characters , and many individuals and groups. His behavior in each of his social interactions may be conceived as falling at some point on the non causal( arbitrary judgmental) , causal (sensitivity to complex forces) continuum. These considerations may be summarized in the form of the social causality matrix, given in Table 1. The abscissa represents aspects of the social environment; the ordinate, levels of causal orien tation. Only a few aspects of the social environ ment are included in the table. The matrix should be considered as incomplete insofar as number of columns is concerned. It could be extended con siderably in this dimension. The teacher, who represents in the table one aspect of the social environment, is an important person with whom children must interact. How do they conceive of the teacher? What do they assume I the teacher's function to be? How do children, in dividually and as a group, react to the teacher's behavior? Do they adopt a stereotyped approach or do they learn to appreciate some of the factors operating in the behavior of the teacher ? How d o they expect a teacher to approach a pupil? What is the effect of planned experiences on the growth of these conceptions and attitudes? It is with these questions that this paper is concerned. Since this investigation is not concerned with pu pil ratings of the effectiveness of the teacher but rather with the child's conception of the teacher's role and of the forces operating in the teacher's be havior, the studies reported in the literature deal ing with pupil ratings of the effectiveness of the teacher are not of direct concern. Of the available studies relative to teacher-pupil relationship, the investigations by Biber (1), Debus (2), and Gage, et. al. , (3) are of interest here. Biber developed a projective picture technique to explore the feelings of children about their relation ships to their teachers and their life in school. Thirteen picture situations were used with 94 first and second-grade children in a public school and 25 first-grade children in a private experimental school. The results indicated less feeling of pres sure and fewer fears in the experimental group. Debus in a study of 556 pupils in 20 fifth and sixth-grade classes found a significant correlation between attitudes of pupils toward previous teach ers and attitudes toward present teachers. He also reported a significant correlation between pupil's and attitude toward teach ers. High cognitive motivation was associated with favorable perceptions of teachers. Gage, et. al., using three tests of teacher's un demanding of pupils correlated scores from these tests with pupil descriptions of teacher behavior. I Of interest here is an r of . 28 between pupils' judg