Incomplete Identity Research Articles

Perceptions of students of pedagogical training programs in universities about ways to ensure children’s safety

Introduction. Modern reality demonstrates various threats to children’s safety. Family, society, state and education should act as a guarantor of children’s safety in an unstable world with many different threats and dangers. Therefore, identifying the ideas of students of pedagogical training programs in universities about ways to ensure children’s safety is relevant. Enrichment of scientific information on this issue will allow it to be taken into account when developing the appropriate content of professional training for future teachers. The study was aimed at identifying the ideas of students of pedagogical training programs at universities about ways to ensure the safety of children. Methodology and methods. The survey included 120 students of Yelets State University named after I.A. Bunin (Russian Federation). Closed questionnaires were processed by means of comparison, analysis, generalization, calculation of percentage ratios between answer options (response frequency was calculated); ranking (distribution of quantitative indicators of security methods according to their degree of priority). Results. The following levels of priority were identified for methods of ensuring child safety: 1st – 40%-96% of responses (cultivating respect for teachers, restricting access to dangerous objects, equal distribution of parental attention between older and younger children, etc.); 2nd – 29%-39% of responses (blocking access to “adult websites”, promptly paying attention to health problems, accustoming children to comply with the requirements of grandparents, choosing a qualified doctor, talking to parents with children about problematic situations in communication with teachers, cultivating politeness with the elderly, adult control over the safety of children, etc.); 3rd – 25%-28% of responses (parents’ control over their children’s treatment, following doctor’s orders, teaching traffic rules, life safety lessons, eliminating negative patterns of adult behavior, informing about proper nutrition, etc.). The types of coincidence of views of students under 20 and over 20 years old were identified: complete identity (60%) and incomplete identity (40%). Conclusion. The results of the study will enrich the design and implementation of the content of professional training of students of pedagogical education on issues of ensuring the safety of children.

Research on Security Model of Airport Luggage Remote Office System Based on Zero Trust

With the continuous development of modern information society, remote office equipment itself has many benefits and is widely respected by the public, but at the same time, it also brings many network security issues. In order to help the airport luggage remote office system achieve stability and solve security issues encountered during luggage inspection, an analysis of existing system security risks based on the zero trust concept is conducted, including factors such as data leakage, insufficient monitoring, and incomplete identity authentication. Combined with the characteristics of the luggage system and remote office technology, the security model is ensured to be sufficiently reliable, providing some reference for airlines preparing to implement zero trust airport luggage remote office.

Anime watching in childhood may affect suicidal risk factors in adult life

Introduction Suicide is one of the leading causes of death worldwide being the fourth major cause of death among young people 15-29 years old. The reduction of suicide mortality is prioritized by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2019). There is a number of internal and external factors associated with suicidality (Soto-Sanz V et al., 2019; Farbstein et al., 2022.). Special attention is paid to the influence of the social media on suicidality (Cheng A. T. A. et al., 2007; Niederkrotenthaler T. et al., 2020; Sedgwick R. et al., 2019). In the Russian Federation, anime, an animation genre and a media cultural phenomenon, is increasingly popular among young people. Characters who are lonely and lost their meaning of life are common in anime. Romanticization and idealization of such characters may lead to increased attractiveness of death and thus have a negative effect on the mental health of adolescents and young adults due to their incomplete identity development (Liu Y. et al., 2022; Backer, H. A., 2023).ObjectivesWe aimed to study the influence of the anime on the presence of suicidality and depression in adolescents and young adults in the Russian Federation.Methods We interviewed 304 people living in the Russian Federation and watching anime on the regular basis (244 women, mean age 20.9 ± 3.8 years, range 13-36 years). We collected sociodemographic data and age when a person had started watching anime. We performed Reasons for Living Inventory, RFL (M. Linehan et al., 1983), Beck Depression Inventory, BDI (Aaron Beck, 1961). We divided all participants into three groups according to their age: adolescents (13-19 years), young people (20-24 years), adults (25-36 years). In each group, we compared BDI: level of depressive symptoms, cognitive-affective subscale, subscale of somatic manifestations of depression; RFL scales: Survival coping beliefs, responsibility to family, child related concerns, fear of suicide, fear of social disapproval, moral objections between three subgroups based on the age of the anime watching start (<12 years old, 12-15 years old, ≥16 years old) using Kruskall-Wallis test and post hoc Mann-Whitney U-test for pair comparisons with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Level of significance p<0.05.ResultsIn the adolescents (n=130), we did not find any differences between the three subgroups. In the young people (n=127), participants who had started watching anime in childhood (<12 years old) had higher level of depression (p= 0,014) and higher level of cognitive-affective symptoms (p= 0,006). In the adults (n=47), participants who had started watching anime in childhood had decreased moral attitudes contrary to suicide (p= 0,004). Other scales not found to differ significantly.ConclusionsStart of the anime watching in childhood (<12 years old) was associated with increased suicidal risk factors and decreased anti-suicidal factors in the young adults.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

BIMBINGAN BAGI MASYARAKAT DALAM PROSES PENGISIAN DATA E-KTP PADA DINAS KEPENDUDUKAN DAN PENCATATAN SIPIL (DUKCAPIL) KOTA PALANGKA RAYA

Community service activities which are one form of student obligation at the Palangkaraya School of Informatics & Computer Management (STMIK) include completing Integrated Field Work Practices (PKL) before graduating which aims not only to direct students to practice the knowledge they have gained during college but also adopting community service activities, which in this activity take the form of guidance in making E-KTPs for the people of Palangka Raya city at the Department of Population and Civil Registration (DUKCAPIL) of Palangka Raya city. Filling in E-KTP data is a crucial stage in efforts to accurately identify residents. The Department of Population and Civil Registration (Dukcapil) of Palangka Raya City has identified challenges in filling in data faced by the community, resulting in incomplete identity documents. This guidance helps the public understand the process of filling in E-KTP data better, reduces errors in filling in data, and speeds up the process of applying for E-KTP. Apart from that, this guidance program also increases public awareness of the importance of having an E-KTP as an official identity. This PKL activity in the form of community service will be carried out from July 10 to September 1 2023. The target of this community service activity is people who will make E-KTPs in the city of Palangka Raya. The method of this activity is in the form of direct service using the application system available at the Palangka Raya city DUKCAPIL service. The result of this community service is that the people of Palangka Raya city who will make E-KTP are well served

To Restore The Voice: Polyphony in Joyce Carol Oates’s The Gravedigger’sDaughter

The article addresses the problem of polyphony in Joyce Carol Oates’s novel The Gravedigger’sDaughter. Polyphony is considered not only as a procedure related to textual poetics, but a startingpoint for placing the compositional and stylistic organization of a literary work in the contextof the assumptions of pragmatism and posthumanism. The category derived from Bakhtin’s theorycan be used to conceptualize the phenomenon of „voices”, a form of constructing the identityof the novel’s protagonist. „Voices” are quotations of thoughts and statements of other characters inthe work, penetrating the inner life of the main character. Multi-voice subjectivity, which is suggestedby the procedure of „quoting” voices, establishes a version of identity which is highly dialogical,indeterminate, dynamic and unstable. The world presented in the novel is likely to imply contradictory,ambiguous ideas as to whether American social life supports or prevents individual freedom.Polyphonic subjectivity in Oates’ novel entails the acceptance of the pluralism and indeterminacyof the presented world and of the dialogical, incomplete identity of the characters. Thus, the literaryform develops an epistemology and an aesthetics equivalent to the philosophical stances of pragmatismand posthumanism. Tracing the „voices” scattered throughout the work requires so muchcognitive effort from the reader that it makes them a co-participant in the process of meaning--making.

Sarajevo, May 2nd and 3rd, 1992. Victims, interpretations, manipulations

Ignoring the historical context of the events in a city that had been under siege for nearly a month, the debates surrounding May 2nd and 3rd, 1992, which exclusively focus on the deaths of members of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) at various locations in the city, including Dobrovoljacka Street, continue without interruption. The citizens of Sarajevo killed during those two days are nowhere mentioned, and their memory is not included in the official memorialization of the city's siege. Furthermore, within the interpretation of the events on Dobrovoljacka Street, there is a noticeable continuous strategy aimed at connecting all the deceased JNA members at the end of April and the beginning of May with the events on Dobrovoljacka Street, effectively camouflaging the previous attacks on the city and the involvement of the JNA in them. Therefore, it was important for us in the first part of our work to point to documents from the Command of the 2nd Military District related to the participation of the JNA in digging artillery positions around the city, their role in the division of Sarajevo's districts along national lines, the relocation of weaponry to „safer areas“ where the Serbian population constituted an absolute ethnic majority, the initiation of the attack on the city, the first casualties in April, as well as the shelling and the burning of residential, cultural-historical, religious, economic, and other facilities in the city. All events that preceded the actual siege of Sarajevo, starting from the autumn of 1991, including the war in Croatia and the subsequent occupation of Bosnian cities, contributed to the perception of the JNA as an enemy force by the citizens of Sarajevo and all pro-Bosnian forces. The shelling of Sarajevo with weaponry and armaments previously positioned on the hills and mountains around the city, in particular, intensified the animosity towards the JNA from the citizens of Sarajevo. The main part of the work will address the chronological sequence of events in the city during May 2nd and 3rd, 1992, street battles in multiple locations in the city, including sites such as the JNA House, Marin Dvor, Skenderija, in front of the National Theater, UPI building, Workers' University Djuro Đakovic (now: Bosnian Cultural Center - BKC), Estrada café, in front of the Command of the 2nd Military District, and ultimately Dobrovoljacka Street. This section will also discuss all other locations where battles took place, as well as the shelling, infantry and sniper activities directed towards civilian objects in the city, which resulted in casualties among the civilian population. Numerous internet sources contain information about 42 JNA members who perished on Dobrovoljacka Street, and this number is always mentioned on the anniversary of the event. However, through a comparison with official sources, we have analyzed how many JNA members genuinely died on Dobrovoljacka Street, how many died at other locations where street battles took place during the city's attack, and how many names on the mentioned list have incomplete identities with unknown locations and times of death. Additionally, based on multiple primary historical sources and relying on the previously interpreted context of events in the city, the work will present the locations and identities of the killed members of the Territorial Defense of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as civilians who were killed in the city during May 2nd and 3rd, 1992. Various scientific methods were employed for this purpose, with an emphasis on analytical-documentary and comparative processing of primary and secondary sources of diverse origin, statistical data analysis, interview methods, particularly focusing on several target groups of interviewees crucial for the reconstruction and contextualization of these events. In the final chapter, we will address the (non-)prosecution of crimes, including the most serious crimes committed against the civilian population and civilian facilities in Sarajevo from April 5th to the beginning of May 1992.

Theorizing Afrophobia Beyond Apartheid: Conflict Cultures in Neill Blomkamp's District 9

ABSTRACT The persistent Afrophobic attacks on black African immigrants in South Africa since the 1990s alert us to a new cultural watershed. Just when the country had done away with apartheid, the black-on-black attacks reified the emergence of a new cultural crisis. This article reflects on the emergent cultural identities enabled by practices of black-black violence. It takes conflict cultures as a frame to discuss Afrophobia in the context of new identity consciousness. This is achieved through a critique of Neill Blomkamp’s District 9 (2009), a film where racial antipathies are supplanted with a nebulous culture of aversion. Theorising this scenario as a euphemism for struggles with post-apartheid cultural reorganisation, the article suggests conflict culture as a theory that can account for incomplete identity transformation among all races of the South African nation.

Resolving incompleteness on social media: Online self-symbolizing reduces the orienting effects of incomplete identity goals.

Resolving incompleteness on social media: Online self-symbolizing reduces the orienting effects of incomplete identity goals.

P-768 Families' experience of insemination fraud : a qualitative study

Abstract Study question What is the experience of parents and their offspring when they discover they were victims of insemination fraud, i.e. a voluntary substitution of sperm samples? Summary answer Participants reported experiencing shock, sideration and disbelief, feelings of being betrayed by the medical institution, and concerns about the repercussions on family bonds. What is known already Despite growing concerns about third-party assisted human reproduction, several loopholes remain in the legislation governing sperm donation. For example, the lack of consistency across clinics in donation tracking and record-keeping procedures has led to cases of accidental or voluntary substitution of sperm donations. Such substitutions imply that the sperm of the donor selected by the parents or that of the father of the child is not the sperm used for conception. With the advent of DNA kits, more and more cases of substitution are being uncovered. However, this phenomenon has not received the scientific attention it deserves. Study design, size, duration This is an exploratory study using a qualitative methodology. Data collection was conducted in Canada in the winter of 2019 and spring of 2021 using a purposive sampling method. Participants/materials, setting, methods In total, 13 people made up our sample: seven parents (two fathers and five mothers) and six donor-conceived people conceived (four teenagers, aged between 13 and 16 years and two adults aged 38 and 39 years). Donor conception was used in the context of male infertility (N = 1), vasectomy (N = 3), sperm freezing after cancer (N = 1), and celibacy (N = 1). The data was collected using semi-structured individual interviews. Main results and the role of chance A thematic analysis shows that the experience varies according to one’s position in the insemination process (whether one uses it or is the product of it), to the nature of the substitution and to the suspicions one has (or not) prior to the discovery. However, all the participants described the announcement of the substitution as a shock that strongly undermines trust in the assisted reproduction industry. In cases where the father’s sperm was substituted, this leads to having to renounce biological paternity and the ideal of a child born to both parents. In cases where the chosen donor was substituted, this forces the parents and their offspring to give up (temporarily or permanently) the possibility of tracing the man who conceived the child and/or the donor siblings. The substitution generates then for the parents a feeling of worry about the medical and psychological repercussions for their child and, for the children, a feeling of incomplete identity. On the other hand, in cases where the doctor’s sperm was substituted for that of an unknown donor, the persons conceived by donation seemed to have a better reaction because it provided them with answers as to their origins. Limitations, reasons for caution Despite the innovative nature of the study, the size of the sample and the variability of the experiences do not allow for definitive conclusions to be drawn about this phenomenon and limit the understanding that can be gained from it to this particular fraud, emanating from the same doctor. Wider implications of the findings With the democratization of DNA testing, this type of phenomenon could become more widespread. It is therefore important to document it to better understand its consequences on the disintegration of the filial or family bond, the possibility of redefining the biological family, and the redefinition of the original parental project. Trial registration number N/A

Identification of ASCL1 as a determinant for human iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons

During cellular specification, transcription factors orchestrate cellular decisions through gene regulation. By hijacking these transcriptional networks, human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can be specialized into neurons with different molecular identities for the purposes of regenerative medicine and disease modeling. However, molecular fine tuning cell types to match their in vivo counterparts remains a challenge. Directing cell fates often result in blended or incomplete neuron identities. A better understanding of hPSC to neuron gene regulation is needed. Here, we used single cell RNA sequencing to resolve some of these graded molecular identities during human neurogenesis from hPSCs. Differentiation platforms were established to model neural induction from stem cells, and we characterized these differentiated cell types by 10x single cell RNA sequencing. Using single cell trajectory and co-expression analyses, we identified a co-regulated transcription factor module expressing achaete-scute family basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor 1 (ASCL1) and neuronal differentiation 1 (NEUROD1). We then tested the function of these transcription factors in neuron subtype differentiation by gene knockout in a novel human system that reports the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis. ASCL1 was identified as a necessary transcription factor for regulating dopaminergic neurotransmitter selection.

Codependency in the Relations of Couples of Imprisoned Women

Female criminal behavior has sparked the interest of many researchers who, from different perspectives, have tried to identify what are the factors that lead them to commit a crime. Studies indicate that female affective bonds change into a potentiator of crime behavior and/or withdrawal of it. The objective of this study was to find out if the couple’s bonds (previous or during the prison) were codependent, and to analyze the possible relation between the latter and female crime. This qualitative study used mixed tools in a sample of 27 women in the Bucaramanga prison (Colombia). The I-CO instrument was applied analyzing the four codependency factors: (1) denial mechanisms; (2) incomplete identity development; (3) emotional repression and (4) rescue orientation. The qualitative data obtained through the in-depth interview and focus groups were also analyzed, showing mainly three emerging categories: (1) I did it for him; (2) Although he doesn’t love me; and (3) I preferred to remain silent. The results suggested the difficulty of leaving violent relationships and the possible interaction between codependency, violent partner relationships and female crime. This research raises the need to strengthen the empowerment of women inside and outside the prison.

Critical review of quantum plasmonic models for finite-size media

Abstract We provide a critical analysis of some of the commonly used theoretical models to describe quantum plasmons in finite size media. We summarize the standard approach based on a Fano diagonalization and we show explicit discrepancies in the obtained results by taking the limit of vanishing coupling between the electromagnetic field and the material medium. We then discuss the derivation of spontaneous emission in a plasmonic environment, which usually relies on a Green tensor and is based on an incomplete identity. The effect of the missing terms is calculated in a one-dimensional model.

Разновидности социальной идентичности: подходы к классификации

<p>В статье рассматриваются проблемы социальной идентичности, ее уровней и глубины, характеризуются способы типизации и индивидуализации в процессе идентификации, обосновывается позиция о множественности идентичностей. Автором определены подходы к классификации разновидностей социальной идентичности, представлена интерпретация понятий, отражающих сходство и различие идентификаций по уровням, степени овладения идентичностью, содержанию и результативности идентификационных процессов.</p><p>В статье показано, что в структуру социальной идентичности входят Я-идентичность, а также собственно социальная идентичность как результат групповой и общественной или общечеловеческой идентификации. Определяются следующие ступени продвижения индивида к желаемой идентичности по степени ее обретения: наипростейшая идентичность, формирующаяся идентичность, незавершенная идентичность, достигнутая идентичность. Содержание или профиль как набор типичных характеристик определенной стороны социальной идентичности характеризуют следующие ее разновидности: статусная, ролевая, профессиональная, корпоративная, политическая, культурная, этническая, историческая, национальная, гражданская, патриотическая, территориальная, религиозная, виртуальная, сетевая, возрастная, гендерная, половая, психофизиологическая, телесная, европейская, азиатская, расовая и другие идентичности. По критерию нормы и отклонения с учетом результативности процессов идентификации и социализации, а также преодоления кризисов идентичности можно выделить позитивную, успешную, целостную, негативную, кризисную, принудительную, отклоняющуюся, преждевременную, вынужденную, ускоренную, запаздывающую, ситуационную, демонстративную, формальную, неформальную, кризисную, несформированную, диффузную, реактивную, полемическую, предъявляемую идентичности, а также утраченную идентичность.</p>

Typology of M. G. Aranovsky musical thinking and symmetry

Typology of M. G. Aranovsky musical thinking and symmetry

Implications of Peer Pressure for Adolescent Nursing Research: A Concept Analysis Approach

ABSTRACTThe influence of peers is widely held as a significant factor in child and adolescent development. As health care providers seek ways to improve the health of children and adolescents, peer pressure must be examined. This article analyzes peer pressure and its relationship to the health of children and adolescents. Defining attributes of peer pressure are discussed, including incomplete identity formation, the presence of a peer influence, and a need for approval. Antecedents and consequences of peer pressure are also explored. Methods of measuring peer pressure are discussed, along with implications for health care research in the pediatric population.

Family Health History: Invaluable for Adoptees' Medical Care and Self Identity.

Adoption is one of several ways to have a family. Adoption is unique in that it involves birth parents, adoptive parents, and adoptees. For many adoptees, there is no information about their birth family health history which can create healthcare challenges. In these narratives, many adoptees discuss genetic testing as a substitution for their birth family health history which is one common theme in these stories. However, two narratives illustrate the value of an on-going family health history with birth families to identify health risks that are not identified in genetic testing but evolve over time. Another theme in these narratives is the adoptees' feeling of loss and their search for self-identity. For some adoptees this sense of loss never goes away and leaves them with an incomplete identity. Society, but especially adoptive parents, should help adoptees' in this search to help them cope with the sense of loss and incompleteness adoption can create and form a healthy self-identity.

Byzantine spirit of the Undead and its legacy in the Sick Man of Europe

Abstract This paper examines the source and consequences of permanent liminality in the political-legal administration of the Byzantine Empire. The paper argues ambiguous and incomplete identities of individuals, groups, and society associated with certain authoritarian political arrangements and consequent arrested liminal period(s) contributed to the decline of the Empire. Further, and significantly, the unresolved situation of disaggregated identity, or spirited away demos, persisted in the Ottoman Era and continues to infect contemporary socio-political affairs in regions in the Balkans and other countries of the former Soviet Union which now seek to balance the interests of a nation-state with the diversity of Europe. The paper does not consider the Orthodox Spirit, but rather analyzes the role of pseudo-intellectuals and sophists who derail the democratic and philosophical Hellenist traditions with authoritarian policies and tools. The research compares and links the institutional attempts of the Byzantine and Ottoman Empires to manage and manipulate differences and distinctions through mechanisms such as theatricalization and the millets. The argument concludes that these strategies created the basis for the perpetualization of the sick man of Europe to the extent they focused on juggling the distinctions and identities of the empires rather than pursuing the development of the democratic self. Thus, in liminality is revealed and contained undead and viral authoritarian spirits, sometimes manifested in populist or extremist ethnic leaders, whose technologies trick the demos and disrupt the democratic imagination.

Memory, Truth, and Différance in Julian Barnes' The Sense of an Ending

Julian Barnes’ successful novel The Sense of an Ending has been generating diverse interpretations, as it is told by a completely unreliable narrator. As it is said in the first part of this article, though, the tendency of the critics so far has been that of trusting the narrator himself in the last confession he makes at the end of his recounting. On the contrary, in the second part of the present essay the author tries to give meaning to the reported story, not through what the narrator says, but through a few proofs scattered all over the novel which demonstrate that even the finale is in essence a lie or, at least, only a partial truth. This is probably because the narrator is being untruthful to himself as well, in order not to feel guilty for a misdeed he committed during his youth. In the last two parts, through references to several French thinkers, the author of the article demonstrates that the bone of contention, that is, what in the end the reader finds out to be the narrator's son, is a form of (in Derrida's terminology) differance , in other words an incomplete identity created by means of the narrator's identification.

β-Cell Deficit in Obese Type 2 Diabetes, a Minor Role of β-Cell Dedifferentiation and Degranulation.

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by a β-cell deficit and a progressive defect in β-cell function. It has been proposed that the deficit in β-cells may be due to β-cell degranulation and transdifferentiation to other endocrine cell types. The objective of the study was to establish the potential impact of β-cell dedifferentiation and transdifferentiation on β-cell deficit in type 2 diabetes and to consider the alternative that cells with an incomplete identity may be newly forming rather than dedifferentiated. Pancreata obtained at autopsy were evaluated from 14 nondiabetic and 13 type 2 diabetic individuals, from four fetal cases, and from 10 neonatal cases. Whereas there was a slight increase in islet endocrine cells expressing no hormone in type 2 diabetes (0.11 ± 0.03 cells/islet vs 0.03 ± 0.01 cells/islet, P < .01), the impact on the β-cell deficit would be minimal. Furthermore, we established that the deficit in β-cells per islet cannot be accounted for by an increase in other endocrine cell types. The distribution of hormone negative endocrine cells in type 2 diabetes (most abundant in cells scattered in the exocrine pancreas) mirrors that in developing (embryo and neonatal) pancreas, implying that these may represent newly forming cells. Therefore, although we concur that in type 2 diabetes there are endocrine cells with altered cell identity, this process does not account for the deficit in β-cells in type 2 diabetes but may reflect, in part, attempted β-cell regeneration.

Patient labels as a quality indicator of identitovigilance in French hospitals

IntroductionIdentity risk is frequent and serious. Between 2007 and 2010, 25.6% of 1572 serious adverse events declared in France are related to identitovigilance. No regulation clearly defines an ideal patient label even when a delivery refusal is applied in case of absent or incomplete identity (absence of surname and/or first name and/or birth date). The aim of the study was to draw up the current situation of patient labels in hospitals connected with our blood transfusion center and being used for blood products delivery and immuno-hematology analyses. Materials and methodsWe defined an ideal label with 5 items which must be present and clearly identified: surname, usual or marital name, first name, birth date and sex. It contains also an identifier, if possible with a bar code. We compare it with labels used in our hospitals. ResultsOnly 22% (17/76) had a patient label in compliance with our ideal label. Most of the items, even if they were not clearly identified on the label, were present. The surname was present and clearly indicated in 75% of cases (57/76). In approximately 50% of cases, there was a barcoded permanent and/or stay identifier. ConclusionOur results, with only 22% of labels considered as ‘ideal’, show all the work which remains to be done. A temporary solution can be the elaboration by hospitals of an identification guide of their present labels.