Incomplete Event Research Articles

Defining adverse events of anti-programmed-death-1 (Anti-PD1) agents using FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS).

e14568 Background: Anti-PD1 inhibitors are a promising therapeutic option in oncology. They have received FDA-approval in treating metastatic and relapsed non-small cell lung cancer, kidney cancer, head-and-neck cancer, and melanoma. Yet its adverse event profile is still being defined. The FAERS database contains information on adverse events and medication error reports submitted to the FDA and serves to support the post-marketing safety surveillance program for drug and therapeutic biologic products. Methods: We searched the FAERS database from January 1, 2015 to June 30, 2016. Only initial cases reported by an MD or pharmacist for treatment of cancers of the lung, kidney, head and neck, or melanoma were included. Cases with incomplete starting, ending or event dates were excluded. The primary outcome was time from drug initiation to onset of the event. Cox proportional hazard model was used to evaluate the association between time to AE and age, gender, disease, and time of report. Results: A total of 105 adverse events (AEs) were identified. Of those AEs, 68 were related to nivolumab, 35 to pembrolizumab, and 2 to atezolizumab. Fifty-six AEs were seen in lung cancer patients, whereas 46 were in melanoma, 2 in kidney cancer and 1 in a head and neck cancer patient. Thirty-three AEs involved pulmonary complications, 30 gastrointestinal systems, 17 endocrine, and 9 were constitutional in nature. The median onset of AEs from the start of therapy was 31 days (range: 2 - 459 days). Using a Cox regression analysis, pembrolizumab was associated with a longer time to AEs compared to nivolumab (HR 0.48, 95%CI: 0.26 - 0.89). Also age between 60 and 70 was associated with a longer time to the onset of AEs compared to age < 60 (HR 0.61, 95%CI: 0.37-0.99). Conclusions: FAERS is a vigilance system to monitor AEs from anti-PD1 inhibitors. Pembrolizumab and age between 60 and 70 were associated with less AEs. Ongoing data accrual will increase the statistical power and analysis of AEs from anti-PD1 inhibitors in greater detail.

A probabilistic approach to event log completeness

Recently, researchers discovered that the major problems of mining event logs is to discover a simple, sound and complete process model. But since the mining techniques can only reproduce the behaviour recorded in the log, the fitness of the reproduced model is a function of the event log completeness. In this paper, a Fuzzy-Genetic Mining model based on Bayesian Scoring Functions (FGM-BSF) which we called probabilistic approach was developed to tackle problems which emanated from the incomplete event logs. The main motivation of using genetic mining for the process discovery is to benefit from the global search performed by the algorithm. The incompleteness in processes deals with uncertainty and is tackled by using the probabilistic nature of the scoring functions in Bayesian network based on a fuzzy logic value prediction. The global search performed by the genetic approach is panacea to dealing with the population that has both good and bad individuals. Hence, the proposed approach helps to enhance a robust fitness function for the genetic algorithm through highlift traces representing only good individuals not detected by mining model without an intelligent system. The implementation of our approach was carried out on java platform with MySQL for event log parsing and preprocessing while the actual discovery was done in ProM. The results showed that the proposed approach achieved 0.98% fitness when compared with existing schemes.

Coupled Hidden Markov Model for Process Discovery of Non-Free Choice and Invisible Prime Tasks

With increasing numbers and complexity of processes stored in the event log on a system, a solution to analyze these processes more easily is a formation of the process model. There are algorithms of process discovery that offered ways to formed process models based on data in the event logs. During the forming of process models, several problems arise, such as detecting non-free choice and invisible prime tasks. This research offers a method that utilizes Coupled Hidden Markov Model to modeling processes with non-free choice and invisible prime tasks in incomplete event log. This method was compared with Alpha$ algorithm to evaluate the quality of the method. The evaluation proves that the method of this research can depict process model containing non-free choice and invisible prime tasks. This output of the evaluation also indicates that a process model produced by the method with dealy Coupled Hidden Markov Model has higher fitness and precision than the model produced by Alpha$ algorithm.

Intelligent Decision Support System for Dementia Care Through Smart Home

As per the statistics of WHO (World Health Organization), major percentages of aged society across the globe are affected with memory related disease - dementia. The percentage of dement people would be doubled in future and hence assistive health care systems have become predominant. Smart home, an ubiquitous environment offers ambient assisted living to its occupant through activity recognition and decision making process. This research work proposes an assistive dementia care environment through smart home that aid mentally disabled people with many different types of assistance during emergency. The proposed system models “Intelligent Decision Support System” that identifies deviation of the occupant from their regular activities of daily routines and decides on appropriate alerts to handle these situations. Significant criterion to model dementia care is to handle incomplete event sequences (produced due to memory loss) and to model occupant specific knowledge (provided by the care taker / doctors). Markov Logic Network (MLN), an approach of statistical relational learning models uncertain data and domain knowledge within a single framework. Thus, the proposed approach of decision support system for dementia care effectively utilizes MLN for its modeling. The experimental study made with smart home dataset showcased the competence of MLN approach of decision making has higher F-measure than existing approaches.

Effectiveness of a Nursing Shift Information System on a Surgical Ward in Taiwan

Background: Nurse Shift is a routine but essential operation in hospital management. Classically, paper records have been used in nurse shift but these procedures are time consuming and inefficient. For efficiency and quality nursing care, as well as patients' wellbeing, a computerized nurse shifting information system is essential. Objective: This study aimed to estimate the performance of a computerized nurse shifting information system (CNSIS) designed to simplify the nurse shifting procedures. Methods: Seventeen female nursing staffs were recruited into this study. Two thousand and one hundred sixty six nursing shift data related to 142 inpatients from one ward during the period of November 20, 2007 to January 4, 2008, were also used in the analysis. ANOVA was used in analysing the time consumed before and after CNSIS implementation. Results: On application of CNSIS, time needed for shift (TNS) during 2nd (p<000), 3rd (p<000) and 4th week (p<000) had decreased significantly. Besides, only one incomplete intake and output event was reported. Conclusions: The CNSIS appears to increase the efficiency of nursing administration. Implementation of CNSIS is promising and worth to be practically used in nursing administration.

Inferring duplications, losses, transfers and incomplete lineage sorting with nonbinary species trees

Motivation: Gene duplication (D), transfer (T), loss (L) and incomplete lineage sorting (I) are crucial to the evolution of gene families and the emergence of novel functions. The history of these events can be inferred via comparison of gene and species trees, a process called reconciliation, yet current reconciliation algorithms model only a subset of these evolutionary processes.Results: We present an algorithm to reconcile a binary gene tree with a nonbinary species tree under a DTLI parsimony criterion. This is the first reconciliation algorithm to capture all four evolutionary processes driving tree incongruence and the first to reconcile non-binary species trees with a transfer model. Our algorithm infers all optimal solutions and reports complete, temporally feasible event histories, giving the gene and species lineages in which each event occurred. It is fixed-parameter tractable, with polytime complexity when the maximum species outdegree is fixed. Application of our algorithms to prokaryotic and eukaryotic data show that use of an incomplete event model has substantial impact on the events inferred and resulting biological conclusions.Availability: Our algorithms have been implemented in Notung, a freely available phylogenetic reconciliation software package, available at http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~durand/Notung.Contact: mstolzer@andrew.cmu.edu

Who Receives Food Stamps During Adulthood? Analyzing Repeatable Events With Incomplete Event Histories

Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) from 1968 to 2005, we estimate the cumulative probability that young adults in the United States will receive food stamps during adulthood, and examine how that probability varies with an individual's income and education at age 25 as well as by race and gender. We find that the probability of first food stamp receipt as an adult declines sharply with age, indicating that most adult recipients do so by age 40. Also, those receiving food stamps in early adulthood are likely to receive them again. For these reasons, and because food stamp receipt is a repeatable event, life table analyses that include individuals who are not observed until after they become exposed to the risk of food stamp receipt (whom we label "late entrants") are likely to overstate cumulative participation during adulthood. For example, one often-cited study included individuals who enter their sample after age 20 (late entrants) and report that 50.8% of 20-year-olds are recipients by age 65. In contrast, when we exclude late entrants, we find that 39.2% of 20-year-olds and 29.7% of 25-year-olds receive benefits during adulthood.

Process discovery in event logs: An application in the telecom industry

The abundant availability of data is typical for information-intensive organizations. Usually, discerning knowledge from vast amounts of data is a challenge. Similarly, discovering business process models from information system event logs is definitely non-trivial. Within the analysis of event logs, process discovery, which can be defined as the automated construction of structured process models from such event logs, is an important learning task. However, the discovery of these processes poses many challenges. First of all, human-centric processes are likely to contain a lot of noise as people deviate from standard procedures. Other challenges are the discovery of so-called non-local, non-free choice constructs, duplicate activities, incomplete event logs and the inclusion of prior knowledge. In this paper, we present an empirical evaluation of three state-of-the-art process discovery techniques: Genetic Miner, AGNEs and HeuristicsMiner. Although the detailed empirical evaluation is the main contribution of this paper to the literature, an in-depth discussion of a number of different evaluation metrics for process discovery techniques and a thorough discussion of the validity issue are key contributions as well.

A developmental perspective on the Imperfective Paradox

Imperfective or progressive verb morphology makes it possible to use the name of a whole event to refer to an activity that is clearly not a complete instance of that event, leading to what is known as the Imperfective Paradox. For example, a sentence like ‘John was building a house’ does not entail that a house ever got built. The Imperfective Paradox has received a number of different treatments in the philosophical and linguistic literature, but has received less attention from the perspective of language acquisition. This article presents developmental evidence on the nature of the Imperfective Paradox, based on a series of four experiments conducted with Russian-speaking 3 to 6 year olds. Despite the fact that Russian is a language in which the morphological form of imperfectives is highly salient and used appropriately at a very young age, younger children show a clearly non-adultlike pattern of comprehension in our experiments. The results from Experiments 1 and 2 suggest that Russian-speaking children incorrectly ascribe completion entailments to imperfectives. However, Experiments 3 and 4 indicate that the children recognize that imperfectives can describe incomplete events, and that their problem instead concerns their inability to find a suitable temporal interval against which to evaluate imperfective statements. Specifically, children are only willing to accept an imperfective predicate as a description of a past incomplete event when the sentence contains an explicit temporal modifier that highlights a time interval that ends before the failure point of the event. These findings are taken as support for an account of the imperfective that makes use of temporal perspectives in solving the Imperfective Paradox.

Incomplete event documentation in medical records of lung transplant recipients

Incomplete event documentation in medical records of lung transplant recipients

Incomplete Event Documentation in Medical Records of Lung Transplant Recipients

The medical record is frequently used in clinical studies as a source of information on illness events experienced by patients; however, it may be incomplete. To estimate the extent of incompletely documented acute bronchopulmonary events in a transplant clinic medical record at a single university medical center, using home monitoring data. Trends in daily home monitoring data were compared to contemporaneous medical record documentation at 150 different times in 30 lung transplant recipients over 45 subject-years. Proportion of acute bronchopulmonary illness events documented in clinic medical record. By using home monitoring data in a new way, we found that 40% of events actually suffered by lung recipients could not be ascertained to have occurred from the clinic medical record alone. All missed encounters occurred away from the transplant clinic, and involved hospitalizations and telephone prescriptions. Using the clinic medical record alone to identify acute bronchopulmonary events in lung transplant recipients may result in missing 40% of events. This has important ramifications for studies relying on the medical record for acute event ascertainment in lung transplantation and possibly other chronic diseases.

Event-list construction and treatment of exposure data in research on political violence

Event lists are commonly applied for measuring exposure to various kinds of potentially stressful and traumatizing life events. Before making general conclusions about the psychological effects of exposure to such events, problematic issues related to the use of event-list data need to be discussed and resolved. This article focuses on issues related to the construction and application of event lists for measuring exposure to political violence such as issues related to reliability, the applicability of the additive assumption, whether to weight event-list items, and the possible consequences of incomplete event lists. Alternative future approaches to these measurement issues are also discussed.

Analysis of Time-to-Event Data With Incomplete Event Adjudication

In many multicenter, randomized clinical trials, the primary outcome is the time to the first of a number of possible clinical events. An event classification committee may be convened to determine whether events that have been reported by investigators meet the predetermined criteria for primary endpoint events. When interim analyses are performed in such trials, the final classification for many reported events will not be known. Failure to account for the uncertain status of these events may result in incorrect interim analysis. The probability that an unadjudicated event will be confirmed as a primary event can typically be estimated from those events for which adjudication is complete. We show that if each unadjudicated event is weighted according to the probability that it will be the first primary event, then consistent estimates of survival probabilities and regression parameters can be obtained and unbiased log-rank tests of treatment differences performed. Moderate sample consistency of point estimates and variance estimates is verified by simulation. The procedure is illustrated using data from the Coumadin Aspiring Reinfarction Study (CARS) and the Weekly Intervention with Zithromax for Atherosclerosis and Related Diseases (WIZARD) study.

Critical Theology: Questions of Truth and Method

1. What is Theology? 2. Mystery, Event, Rhetoric: Initial Definitions 3. Taking Revelation Seriously Part I: The Roots of Critical Theology in the Twentieth Century Chapter 1: Harnack and Barth - On First Principles Introduction 1. The Christian Life 1.1 1923 in Outline 1.2 Harnack's Fifteen Questions 1.3 Barth's Fifteen Answers 2 Mystery as First Principle 2.1 The Message of the Gospel 2.2 The Scope of Christology 2.3 The Meaning and Place of Religion 2.4 The Task of Theology 2.5 The Role of Education 3 Preliminary Conclusions Chapter 2: Bonhoeffer - Naming the Crisis of the World Introduction 1. From 1923 to 1944 1.1 fides qua creditur and fides quae creditur 1.2 The Spirituality of Mystery 2. The Christology of 1933 2.1 The Scope of Christology 2.2 Contextualising Mystery and Event 3. A Letter from Prison 4. Conclusion: The Reductive Drift of Bonhoeffer's Christianity Chapter 3: Moltmann and Rahner - The Presence of Eternity Introduction 1. Jurgen Moltmann 1.1 Moltmann's Philosophy of Theology: The Crucified God 1.2 The Particularity of the Cross 1.3 The Cross as Focus of Faith and Society 2. Karl Rahner 2.1 The Cross as Creative Event 2.2 Love and Death as Ontological Categories 3. Conclusion: The Task of Theology - Ontological Reflection or Critical Theory? Chapter 4: Sobrino - Understanding a Liberated Faith Introduction 1. Sobrino's Philosophical Presuppositions 2. God as the Mystery of the World in Sobrino's Theology 3. Sobrino's Image of Jesus 3.1 Jesus' Way to the Cross: Principal Components 3.2 The Slide from History to the Contemporary 3.3 The Place of the Kingdom 3.4 The Kingdom in Action 4. The Implications of Sobrino's Theology 4.1 Spirituality and Mystery 4.2 The Future of Christology 4.2.1 The Contemporary Viability of Objectivism 4.2.2 The Turn to Pluralism 4.2.3 The Priority of Rhetoric 5. Conclusion: Addressing Liberation Chapter 5: Tracy - Halting the Postmodernist Slide Introduction 1. Tracy's Basic Position: Revisionist Theology 2. Christology and Revisionist Theology 3. The Shape of Theology in Tracy's World 4. Theology as Rhetoric 5. Conclusion: Where to begin and End? Part II: The Scope and Task of Critical Theology Chapter 6: Mystery - The Spiritual Primacy of Immanence Introduction 1. Some Rejected Definitions of Mystery 1.1 Barth: The Truth Claims of Eschatological Realism 1.2 Rahner: The Shift to Theological Anthropology 1.3 Tracy: The Priority of Narrative 2. Time and Mystery 2.1 Time/Past: Ontology and the Question of Completeness 2.2 Time/Present: The Temporal Context of Knowledge 2.3 Time/Future: Meaning and Change 3. Grace and Time: Theology's Witness to Mystery 3.1 Spirit 3.2 Kingdom 3.3 Trinity 4. Conclusion: Mystery and Trinity Chapter 7: Event - Christ and the Predicament of Scale Introduction 1. Mapping Grace: The Dynamic Nature of Christology 1.1 Ontology: The Completed Event 1.2 Epistemology: The Incomplete Event 1.3 Semantics: The Future Meaning of E... (Part Contents).