Incomes Policy Research Articles

KEBIJAKAN PEMBERIAN TAMBAHAN PERBAIKAN PENGHASILAN PEMERINTAH KABUPATEN KEDIRI

This research aims to describe the implementation of additional refinement income policy in Kediri Regency. The result shows that: 1. The process of compiling policy runs in a planned and system according to the stage of policy formulation. In identification issues of administration, the wording has been based on strategic topics such as a). The condition of the reality of the performance of employees tends to be lower, b). The level of welfare and income disparities rate for employees. In taking the model or the alternative selection of policy is an interracial process between bureaucracy elite actors in the district government of Kediri which influences the form of additional refinement income policy determination 2). The type of other refinement income policy of Kediri district government is acquired through three variables: position, presence, and employee performance; 3). In the implementation of additional refinement, income policy has been supported by the system, and the existing plan in the operation of finger online towards employee attendance and performance variables through the instrument of performance achievement is made at the end of the year. In the implementation of the other variables based on positions. In the application of the three variables seem less effective in terms of performance variables because it does not reflect the performance of employees every day, while in the acquisition of additional refinement income policy is still perceived disparities between staff employees with the structural employees consequently have not been able to improve performance significantly to the lower level employees.

Programme – related norms in modern agricultural law

Modern legal studies recognise the usefulness and necessity of distinguishing agricultural law norms. As part of the analysis of the legal impact of agricultural law norms, the phenomenon of publicization is also pointed out, which means a gradual increase in public legal regulations within the framework of agricultural law norms. As part of this phenomenon, not only do administrative norms gain in importance, but also programme norms within the framework of the implementation of the Common Agricultural Policy. The aim of this article is to assess the scope of legal impact of programme norms in agricultural law, determining the objectives to be achieved in the market and income policy and the structural policy in agriculture and rural areas, in particular through an attempt to establish the legal character of the Rural Areas Development Programme as an act of the application of EU and national programme regulations. The author presents and justifies the position that the normative provisions of the Rural Areas Development Programme, due to its role, construction and manner of enactment, should be classified as mandatory legal provisions.

Standard of economic sustainability of family a new orientation of income policy

Improving labor incentives is a condition for the Russian economy to recover from the crisis, increase the well-being of the population, and further develop the country. In this regard, in the policy and organization of remuneration, it is proposed to switch from an orientation towards the physiological minimum to a standard of income that would allow an employee to earn a decent income on himself and the child, to the standard of economic sustainability of a family with children. A fair salary exempts the worker from dependence on the social assistance of the state, determined by the decision of the official. The transition of the state policy of personal income is a way to reduce the poverty of workers, to ensure material well-being for the economically active population, thereby creating a middle class, the basis of social stability and social peace in society. And the account of expenses for children is an objective component of the price and reproduction of labor in the system of market relations.

The Rise of Segmented Neo-Corporatism in South America: Wage Coordination in Argentina and Uruguay (2005-2015)

Argentina and Uruguay are the only democracies in Latin America (among few in the world) that have developed sustained, state-oriented national and sectoral wage bargaining between employers and unions after 2005. The article defines “segmented neo-corporatism” as a new form of centralized incomes policy in the region that applies to a substantial portion (i.e., registered workers), though not to all the labor force. Drawing on neo-corporatist theory, I explain, first, why only Argentina and Uruguay could consolidate a centralized, national wage policy in the context of the Latin American Left-Turn. Second, I test empirically the degree of state-oriented wage coordination. The study argues that monetary policy deterrence and higher levels of bargaining centralization largely explain the greater capacity of Uruguayan neo-corporatism to govern wage-setting compared with its Argentine counterpart. Finally, the article puts segmented neo-corporatism in comparative perspective in the developing world and draws some theoretical implications.

The Political Economy of Governance Capacity and Institutional Change: The Case of Basic Income Security Reform in European Welfare States

This article will situate public debates about – and experiments in features of – basic income within European countries in the context of welfare state crisis and change. Treating access to basic income security as a policy problem, I argue basic income policy debate highlights the need for multi-level and multifactorial analysis of public governance capacity as a key factor in driving the relationship of basic income with welfare state transformation. Drawing on the cases within this themed section, I attempt to tease out what comparatively are long-run conditionsforbasic income within state and society, and what are the political and institutional trade-offs at the current juncture. Exploring contributing determinants of governance corrosion and adaptation of public economic security structures under globalisation contributes to deepen our understanding of contemporary patterns of institutional change.

Introduction to the Special Issue : The Facts and Issues of State Income Policy and Minimum Wage Policies

Introduction to the Special Issue : The Facts and Issues of State Income Policy and Minimum Wage Policies

Análise dos estudantes do Programa Bolsa Família frente à frequência escolar dos beneficiados

Os Programas de Transferência de Renda representam um papel importante e de participação efetiva como agente impulsionador no desenvolvimento econômico e social. Os programas sociais brasileiros voltados à educação, conhecidos genericamente como Bolsa-Escola, têm por objetivo fornecer às famílias com filhos uma ajuda monetária regular, que os estimule a mandar as crianças para a escola e lhes possibilite mantê-las estudando. No Brasil, existem muitos programas deste tipo desde meados da década de 1990, e foram reunidos em um programa federal, em 2001. Em 2004, o governo brasileiro reuniu o Bolsa-Escola a outros programas de renda mínima em um programa de renda familiar abrangente (Bolsa Família). Este artigo examina os impactos educacionais e de equidade dos programas sociais voltados à educação. A análise mostra que estes programas não estão bem focalizados, do ponto de vista da educação. São mais bem focalizados do ponto de vista de uma política de renda mínima, mas com limitações. O artigo conclui que estas políticas não são bem fundamentadas em pesquisa e se baseiam em pressupostos equivocados.

Assuming Direct Control: The Beguiling Allure of Incomes Policies in Postwar America

Abstract:Histories of American economic policymaking after World War II often describe a “Fiscal Revolution,” in which Keynesian macroeconomic tools replaced the microeconomic regulations and reforms of the New Deal. This article challenges that narrative by demonstrating how the Keynesian economists responsible for the Fiscal Revolution relied upon incomes policies to ensure that inflation would not sabotage efforts to achieve full employment. In the 1960s, the White House Council of Economic Advisers pressed the Kennedy and Johnson administrations to enforce “wage-price guideposts” in order to realize the potential of the Fiscal Revolution. Yet incomes policies also encouraged policymakers to deflect responsibility for inflation onto the private sector’s behavior as an alternative to adopting the painful but necessary fiscal and monetary restraint. As a reliance on the microeconomic control of inflation persisted into the late 1970s, this approach ultimately undercut the Keynesians’ macroeconomic promises and prolonged the misery of stagflation.

Why Women Have Lower Retirement Savings: The Australian Case

This study provides empirical evidence of the gender gap in retirement savings trajectories using a large longitudinal Australian database. The persistent trend of retirement income policy over recent decades has been to place responsibility for retirement savings accumulation with the individual employee. These plans are fundamentally linked to employment conditions and individual choices, which shape retirement savings trajectories and outcomes. Australia has a mature compulsory system and thus provides insight for countries embarking on similar paths. This study shows that the gender gap in retirement savings is observable from early on in an individual’s paid working life and persists over time, providing evidence that women are disadvantaged early in their careers, with few signs of improvement. Men, in contrast, are overrepresented in the upper quartile of growth in retirement savings. This study provides important empirical evidence for policymakers concerned with gender differences in retirement outcomes.

Incomes of population as a leading factor for the human potential formation and development

The article substantiates the multifaceted impact of population incomes on the human potential formation and development. The role and importance of human factor for the economy and society effective development is highlighted. The human potential in Ukraine was estimated by the integral index of the human development index. The Ukraine’s rating in terms of human development in the international aspect is analyzed. The place of our country in the world in the system of human development is determined. The latest trends in the sphere of human potential formation and development in Ukraine are highlighted. The income’s place and importance in the human development concept, the income’s relationship not only with the material, but also with the spiritual sphere of human activity, are investigated. The main current trends in the population incomes structure and dynamic are identified and analyzed. The wages role and influence on the human potential formation is revealed. The dynamics of nominal and real wages in Ukraine over the past seven years is analyzed. The dynamics of inflation index in the Ukrainian economy over the past five years is given. The main factors, which affecting the sharp decline in real incomes and population impoverishment in Ukraine, are formulated. The problems of incomes inequality of Ukrainians and their negative consequences for human development are investigated. The population incomes inequitable distribution and redistribution in our country is highlighted. The interrelation of the population excessive stratification by incomes with a society criminalization and economy shadowing is substantiated. The measures to the state income policy efficiency improving with the aim of human potential preserving and developing are proposed.

Why a Uniform Basic Income Offends Justice

This article explains why the traditional defense of the Basic Income policy is flawed in its assumptions about allocative uniformity. The paper argues that treating everybody identically by way of a uniform grant is ultimately in tension with the egalitarian rationale behind the Basic Income. Phillipe Van Parijs, the champion defender of the policy proposal, has fervently argued that unconditional receipt of a universal grant will render society more just by way of the egalitarian distribution of “real freedom” that the policy would elicit. Although Van Parijs is right in supposing that Basic Income will enhance real freedom, his theoretical apparatus is not prepared to address questions of differences in the level of opportunity already enjoyed by the beneficiaries of the policy. This failure poses a problem for normative reasoning, namely, that morally relevant differences among individuals are ignored. This paper concentrates on the implications of this blindness and provides an equality metric that is better equipped to recognize disparity and its moral implications.

Analysis of the factors forming the observed inequality in the income of population in Russia

The article considers the problem of population’s income inequality in the Russian Federation and detection of the factors affecting it. Population’s income differences demonstrate both intrinsic and unavoidable differences among individuals and their groups in terms of their participation in the social processes, and the governmental efforts aimed at reasonable and fair distribution of the national wealth among the citizens. The research objective was to identify the dynamics of the Gini index as acknowledged indicator for population inequality in terms of income and to analyze the factors defining such dynamics. The research was carried out based on the national statistical data. The authors detect close connection between the downturns in economy, especially decrease of the dynamics of average income per capita, and the level of population inequality in terms of income. However, contrary to expectation, the correlation is direct which means that during the periods of slowing of the income growth the values of Gini index being the avowed income inequality indicator also reduced. On the other hand, the authors point out that such connection exists only for time series. While studying the static populations’ income differences in various regions no correlation between the income size and difference values was found. Based on the research results the authors draw the conclusion about undesirability of violent fluctuations in the dynamics of the population’s effective earnings, as well as about justifiability of the efforts of national and regional authorities aimed at the improvements of the income policy.

“If the Work Requirement is Strong”: The Business Response to Basic Income Proposals in Canada and the US

Historical accounts of the business response to basic income proposals imply that employer attitudes have been mixed. In the 1970s and 1980s, when an array of basic income schemes was proposed, some groups were supportive and others were opposed. This paper shows that, in a number of high-profile proposals in Canada and the US, behind the apparent dissensus among business groups lays a consensus stance against universalistic and unconditional guaranteed income schemes. The disagreement among business groups comes down to either (1) a basic misunderstanding of proposal details, or (2) the fact that the policy itself can take on a wide range of concrete forms. To the extent that business has exhibited support for guaranteed income policies, the actual policies in question tended to be “two-tiered” rather than unitary, selective rather than universal, and miserly rather than generous. The income maintenance policies that garnered some support among business groups would all include explicit or implicit work requirements for “able-bodied” adults. By contrast, generous, unconditional guaranteed income policies that reduce workers’ market dependence—namely, those that basic income advocates find desirable—found no audience in business circles. I close by exploring the mechanisms underlying the impact of basic income on bargaining relationships in the labour market and comment on the promises and pitfalls of a social policy that continues to be highly malleable.

Killing two birds with one currency: Income and fiscal policies in a growth model of a currency union

Building on a two-country Kaleckian model of a currency union, we examine the consequences of balance-of-payments adjustment policies, focusing on the interdependence between the long-run growth paths of member countries. The model separates the short-run from the long-run dynamic, comparing price and wage dynamics in each country in the light of Thirlwall’s balance-of-payments-constrained growth model. We show that by shifting the burden of adjustment to the less competitive country, austerity and wage moderation policies lead to long-term recessionary effects. Only expansionary policies in the more competitive country can achieve the two goals of reducing external imbalances and increasing the long-run growth rate in both member countries.

RURAL WOMEN AND VIOLENCE: READINGS OF A REALITY THAT APPROACHES FICTION

Abstract This is an epidemiological study on violence against rural women, based on data from public safety in small and medium-sized municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul. The objective was to trace and analyze the geoepidemiological profile of these events from perspectives Sociological The idea is maintained that social inequalities limit or even impede the full exercise of citizenship, forming a factor of vulnerability. Violence becomes a health problem because it affects individual and collective health, demanding the formulation of public policies to deal with it. The results indicated increased rates of violence in cities with the worst socioeconomic indexes. It is considered that the implementation of health, employment, education and income policies can help in the fight against discrimination and victimization based on gender asymmetries.

Foreign debt, conflicting claims and income policies in a Kaleckian model of growth and distribution

AbstractThe paper develops a Kaleckian model of growth with endogenous income distribution, determined by conflicting claims on income shares. The article analyzes different demand, distribution and debt regimes, with external debt playing a differential role according to its impact on the exchange rate and on debt-servicing. We further study the impact of a tax-based income policy on the exchange-rate pass-through and external competitiveness. We find that the threat of taxation (or subsidies) can serve as an instrument to coordinate income claims, lower inflationary pressures and improve external price competitiveness.

The case for NIT+FT in Europe. An empirical optimal taxation exercise

We present an exercise in empirical optimal taxation applied to a Negative Tax with Flat Tax reform for a sample of eight European countries: Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg and the United Kingdom. Two popular approaches to empirical optimal taxation are the structural analytical approach and the non-tructural “sufficient statistics” approach. This paper presents a different approach that combines structural microeconometric modelling, behavioural microsimulation and numerical optimization. For each country, we estimate a microeconometric model of labour supply for both couples and singles. A procedure that simulates the households' choices under given tax-transfer rules is then embedded in a constrained optimization program in order to identify optimal rules under the public budget constraint. The optimality criterion is the class of Kolm's social welfare function. The tax-transfer rules considered as candidates are members of a class that includes as special cases various versions of the Negative Income Tax: Conditional (means-tested) Basic Income, Unconditional Basic Income, In-Work Benefits and General Negative Income Tax, combined with a Flat Tax above the exemption level. The analysis in most cases show that: the General Negative Income Tax strictly dominates the other rules, including the current ones; the Unconditional Basic Income policy is better than the Conditional Basic Income policy; Conditional Basic Income policy may lead to a significant reduction in labour supply and poverty-trap effects; In-Work-Benefit policy is strictly dominated by the General Negative Income Tax and by the Unconditional Basic Income. We also exemplify the possibility of identifying the mapping between the contry-specific “primitives” (social preferences, productivity, public budget constraint, labour supply elasticity and Gini coefficient) and the optimal tax-transfer rules.

An empirical study on the growth factors and environmental satisfaction of medical innovative talents in Xinjiang

Objective Though the research on the satisfaction of environment and factors influencing the growth of the talented in medical science in Xinjiang, the author focuses on the shortcomings and reasons of current development of the talented, and provides specific suggestions and improvement for the cultivation of the talented. Methods Using Xinjiang Medical University First Affiliated Hospital as the research object, author investigates the influential factors of growth, and the satisfaction of environment though the questionnaires. Results According to the principal components analysis, the factors which influence the growth the talented in medical science are put in flowing order: political factor>environmental factor>education factor>family factor. According to the data envelopment analysis, in the satisfaction of environment of hospital technological innovation, the talented in hospital technological innovation consider that the cultivation plan, research expenses, support for scientific research, recruitment, and social welfare are at a better satisfaction rate; but the duration of academic research, income policies, selection of the talented, and the outcome of the research are at a low satisfaction rate. Conclusions Based on the current development and cultivation of the talented in the innovation of medical science, there are still many shortcomings. Hospital must continue international cooperation, insist to do the cultivation of the talented and the innovation team, and complete the selection mechanisms, in order to give enough time for the scientific research, and create a good atmosphere of medical science innovation at the same time. Only when the services for the talented are well-prepared, Xinjiang medical science innovation can achieve enough support and motivation for the development of the talented. Key words: Medical science; Scientific talents; Satisfaction

1 アメリカ年金政策における401(k)成立の意義 : 1980年代企業IRAとの競合関係の分析を中心に(III 投稿論文)

1 アメリカ年金政策における401(k)成立の意義 : 1980年代企業IRAとの競合関係の分析を中心に(III 投稿論文)

УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ИНФЛЯЦИОННЫМИ ПРОЦЕССАМИ В РОССИИ

Managing inflation is a major problem for monetary and economic policy, as it is difficult to simultaneously combat inflation and to develop a permanent mechanism of its control. At the moment Russia is in crisis, because foreign means of payment replace the national currency, which leads to the deterioration of the national economy. Each state strives for stable and low inflation. Anti-inflation regulation uses deflationary policy, income policy and exchange rate policy as the advanced methods. A state may apply the adaptive policy, when the population adapts to the increased prices and the government reduces tax rates and payments. The analysis of inflation processes and inflation expectations showed that in Russia the primary devaluation effect (2014-2015) was weakened by 2016 due to the drop of market demand andgradually exhausted. Consequently, the Russian economy in 2016 reached the historic lows and amounted to 5.4% - the lowest level over a quarter of a century. According to the conducted research, it can be inferred that the development of economy of the Russian Federation develops under a conservative scenario. In terms of this scenario, during the period from 2018 to 2023 inflation will be slightly higher than in the innovation scenario and will make on average 4.8%. In the future, much will depend on the scenario of the development of the global economic crisis. There are possible various inflationary excesses, but their nature will be very limited in time and scope and won’t become a serious problem for the population and economy of the country.