Changes In Income Tax Rates Research Articles

Save It for a Rainy Day: Evidence from State Corporate Income Tax Rate Changes

ABSTRACT We examine the effect of state corporate income tax rate changes on firms’ liquidity management. Using a difference-in-differences design, we find that firms hold more cash when they are experiencing an increase in state corporate income tax rate. More specifically, on average, a 1 percent increase in state corporate income tax rate leads to a 2.51 percent increase in firms’ average cash holdings. We also find that the effect is stronger in firms with low and risky cash flows, more growth opportunities, and more financial constraints. We find no evidence of this relationship when the state corporate income tax rate decreases. Overall, these findings suggest that firms conserve more cash to mitigate tax-induced frictions, which is consistent with the precautionary motive of cash holdings. Our paper speaks to policymakers that the increase of state income tax rate has real effects on firms’ cash holdings. Data Availability: All data used in this study are from publicly available sources. JEL Classifications: H25; H710; M41; G33.

Evaluating the Veracity of the Laffer Curve in Flat-Income-Tax Economies

The Laffer Curve is a concept that postulates a concave downward curve, representing the relationship between a country’s tax rates and tax revenue. This theory proposes that an increase in tax rates would initially raise the government’s tax revenue to a certain threshold, and further hikes in tax rates beyond this threshold would result in a decline in total tax revenue. This paper aims to empirically evaluate the validity of the Laffer Curve theory within nations with a flat income tax system. By establishing a quadratic model accounting for the changes in income tax rates and tax revenue of eleven nations, this paper has found that only one of them verifies the Laffer Curve theory. The discrepancy is further analyzed, and the limitations of the model are identified, with further research suggestions in later sections.

Stock Market Response to Changes in the Statutory Corporate Income Tax Rate: Comparative Analysis between Developed and Developing Economies

In this study, the authors use an empirical approach to evaluate the impact of changes in the statutory corporate tax rate on stock market returns. The main objective is to investigate whether changes in income tax rates impact stock market returns and to examine the extent of this impact. According to the United Nations country classifications, the authors categorized the sample economies into two types: developed and developing1. The study further scrutinizes the differences in the outcomes when comparing developed with developing economies using a comparative study approach. Data on corporate tax rates and corresponding stock market returns are analyzed for developed economies of Japan, US and Italy, and developing economies of South Africa, Malaysia and India. The study uses panel data regression and correlation analysis of the variables of stock market returns and corporate tax rates from1990 to 2010. The statistical analysis revealed that the only significant impact was of tax cuts on stock market returns in general, and developed countries responded more strongly to tax cuts. For a 1% tax cut in rates, the stock markets could expect an increase in returns of 0.185% in the year of the tax change. Tax hikes, however, did not reveal any significant adverse effect on stock market returns. Hence, it is pertinent to note that developed and developing economies exhibit varied behaviors toward corporate tax policies and governments could make calculated decisions, considering the consequences of their tax policies on capital markets and corporate valuations.

A full-fledged analytical model for the Laffer curve in personal income taxation

The standard approach to evaluate the Laffer curve of personal income taxation focuses on the impact on income tax revenue alone. However, this is an incomplete depiction of reality, as income tax rate changes also affect revenue collection from other taxes -i.e. consumption taxes and social security contributions. In addition, to the extent that administration and compliance costs correlate with tax rates, the Laffer curve should also consider this correlation. This paper develops a complete microeconomic model for the Laffer curve of personal income tax, taking into account all these omissions. Results confirm that these omissions generate the false illusion of a Laffer curve with a higher-than-real revenue maximum and a narrower prohibitive zone than exists in reality.

Pengaruh Perubahan Tarif Pajak Penghasilan, Struktur Modal Dan Kebijakan Dividen Terhadap Harga Saham

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of changes in income tax rates according to PP no. 30 of 2020, capital structure and dividend policy on stock prices in manufacturing companies in the Food and Beverage sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2016 –2020. This type of research uses descriptive quantitative. The population in this study were 30 companies. The sampling technique in this study was purposive sampling, so that a sample of 15 data from 3 companies was obtained for 5 years. Methods of data analysis using multiple linear regression analysis with the help of SPSS application. The results of the partial analysis show that the tax rate and dividend policy have no effect on stock prices. While the capital structure has a positive influence on stock prices. However, simultaneously stock prices are affected by changes in income tax rates, capital structure, and dividend policy. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the high and low tax rates are not able to affect stock prices. the higher the capital structure will be followed by an increase in stock prices. While the dividend policy can not affect changes in stock prices.

Pelaksanaan Pemungutan Pajak Penghasilan Bagi Usaha Mikro Kelas Menengah berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 23 Tahun 2018 di Kota Surakarta

<em>This study aims to determine the implementation of tax collection for micro and middle-class businesses based on Government Regulation Number 23 of 2018 in the City of Surakarta. This research is a descriptive empirical legal research. The primary data includes data from direct interpretation in the field. The data collection techniques used are interviews and literature study, research instruments in the form of data from interviews and Government Regulation Number 23 of 2018, then the technical analysis used was the deductive method. The results showed that the implementation of Income Tax collection for Middle Class Micro Businesses in Surakarta has increased although it is not optimal. Changes in income tax rates for MSMEs based on Government Regulation Number 23 of 2018 affect the compliance of MSME taxpayers. The ease of paying taxes has no effect on the compliance of UMKM taxpayers because there is still not even socialization of changes in tax rates. The implementation of Government Regulation Number 23 of 2018 is quite good with increasing tax revenues after the change in tax rates takes effect.</em>

Executive Compensation, Individual-Level Tax Rates, and Insider Trading Profits

We consider insider trading profitability as a means for executives to shift the impact of changes in individual-level tax rates to shareholders. Consistent with predictions from an analytical model, we document a positive association between abnormal insider trading profitability and changes in income tax rates at the federal and state level. We estimate that the changes in insider trading profitability offset between 12% and 16% of the effect of tax rate changes on net compensation for an average executive. We predict and find that several factors moderate this relation. We conclude that executives pass a portion of the tax effects onto shareholders through insider trading profits.

Ретроспективный анализ изменения ставок подоходного налога в России в 90-е гг. XX века

Ретроспективный анализ изменения ставок подоходного налога в России в 90-е гг. XX века

Taxation, Entrepreneurship, and Incorporation Status of Self-Employment

This paper splits self-employment, which has mostly been used as a proxy for entrepreneurship, into two different entrepreneur types with incorporated and unincorporated businesses. This split sheds light on examining how these two types differ in sensitivity to individual-specific marginal and average income tax rate changes in the US. Thus, I analyze the probability of becoming an incorporated or unincorporated self-employed worker by utilizing logit and IV models. I use the Annual Social and Economic (ASEC) rotating panel data of the Current Population Survey (CPS) from 2005 to 2019 to track a paid employee's decision to become a self-employed worker. My empirical findings show that marginal and average personal income tax rates positively affect the decision to become a self-employed worker with an incorporated business. However, I do not find a statistically significant relationship between the tax rates and entry into unincorporated self-employment. My results are robust to alternative specifications. The positive association between the tax rates and entry into incorporated self-employment might be due to increased opportunities for tax sheltering and income shifting. This might lead to unequal taxation, and the choice of legal form might be distorted by tax considerations.

Abolishment of Proft tax Effects in the Republic of Armenia

Problems in tax administration, especially direct taxation, are one of the most important challenges for the taxation system of Armenia. The high level of the informal sector further affects the effective functioning of the system and the replenishment of the state budget. In this regard, there is a need for reforms in direct taxation presented in this article. The research objective is to evaluate possible effects of abolishment of proft tax in the Armenian economy. For this purpose, we approached the neoclassical dynamic general equilibrium model presented in expanded form and in discrete time. Impact assessment of the reforms in corporate taxation system in Estonia and Georgia was also based on the same model. Therefore, after the effects of the abolishment of proft tax in the Armenian economy are assessed, a comparative analysis of the results observed with those of Estonia and Georgia will be conducted. The model calculates the effect of changes in income tax rates on government revenues, capital per unit of labor, level of consumption and output in the country. The article also presents the parameterization of the model considering the specifcs of the Armenian economy. The study has revealed that reforming the taxation system for organizations in Armenia will lead to an increase in the general welfare of the population, net investments and aggregate output. At the same time the tax revenues of the state budget of Armenia will decrease by 3.92%. The results of the study will allow the government of Armenia to apply a new approach to taxing the profts of organizations. It will lead to an increase in the transparency of business, a decrease in the level of corruption and the concealment of the profts.

Can State Tax Policy Increase Economic Activity and Reduce Inequality?

AbstractPrevious research shows that when changes in national commodity and income tax rates affect labor supply decisions differently, relative rates can be altered to increase welfare. In the U.S., 40 states impose both a sales and income tax; however, the reliance varies widely. This paper uses a computable general equilibrium model to examine tax policy changes in Colorado. The findings suggest that the revenue neutral changes to income and sales tax rates can affect both the level of economic activity and the distribution of income. When labor force participation is highly sensitive to income tax rate changes—which this paper suggests is the case—progressive changes to Colorado's tax policy changes can both reduce inequality and increase output and employment.

Who Reacts to Income Tax Rate Changes? The Relationship between Income Taxes and the Motivation to Work: The Case of Azerbaijan

This research investigates the effects of income taxation on the motivation to work by employing a survey method for the Azerbaijan population. The two research questions of interest are, if subjects consider income taxes when deciding how many hours to work and how subjects would react to a hypothetical 5% income tax rate increase. Also examined are the responses to these questions between subjects with different socio-economic characteristics. Examining cross-sectional data of 326 respondents reveals that income taxes do not influence Azerbaijan labour market participants’ motivation to work, regardless of their socio-economic characteristics. Empirical results indicate that reactions to hypothetical income tax rate increases show that the strength of response differs significantly across gender, age, marital status, field of employment, and income level. However, there are no significant results for differences in gender and after-tax wages. Our study contributes to the labour supply literature with the theory that after an income tax is imposed, both the average price and the average utility of leisure is greater for high wage earners than low wage earners.

RESPON PERUBAHAN TARIF PAJAK PENGHASILAN, INSENTIF DAN NON-INSENTIF PAJAK TERHADAP MANAJEMEN LABA

Tax is an obligation that must be paid by the company, the greater the income the company the greater the tax due. Management expects the tax payment detail to allow management to do the engineering to minimize the income tax burden. This study aims to examine the effects of changes in income tax rates that Law. 36 of 2008 on Income Tax on discretionary accrual due to a decrease in income tax rates between 2009 and the Agency for the year 2010 is the year 2009 by 28% and in 2010 dropped to 25%. In addition, this study also aims to determine the impact of tax and non tax incentives as well as the percentage of shares traded on the Stock Exchange of earnings management behavior. Sample of this study is manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, which has published its financial statements from 2009-2010. Methods of analysis in this study using multiple regression analysis to determine the effect of independent variables earnings pressure, debt level, earningsbath, firm size, managerial ownership and the percentage of shares) against the dependent variable (discretionary accruals) and using independent sample t-test for the different test equipment. independent sample t-test was used to examine differences in the level of discretionary accruals between 2009 and 2010 after a decline in income tax rates. The results showed that before and after the reduction in tax rates, the management was not convicted of discretionary accruals to make savings income. This suggests that management in Indonesia did not take action to make opportunistic earnings management in order to decrease the tax rate Agency 2010. From the regression resultsof tax incentives and the percentage of shares traded on the Stock Exchange a significant effect on discretionary accruals, non-tax incentives only to have a significant earnings pressure on discretionary accruals, while the level of debt, earnings bath, firm size and managerial ownership has no significant effect on discretionary accruals.

PENGARUH PERUBAHAN TARIF PAJAK PENGHASILAN BADAN TERHADAP RETURN SAHAM DENGAN LIABILITAS PAJAK TANGGUHAN SEBAGAI VARIABEL INTERVENING PADA PERUSAHAAN MANUFAKTUR YANG TERDAFTAR DI BEI (Periode 2008 – 2010)

<p><em>This research aimed to test whether there is the effect of changes in corporate income tax rate to return stock with deferred tax liabilities as an intervening variable. Changes in corporate income tax rates expected to have an indirect effect on stock returns. </em></p><p><em>Variables used in this research include the change in the corporate tax rate as independent variables, stock returns as dependent variable and deferred tax liabilities as an intervening variable. The population used in this research were all manufacturing companies listing on the Stock Exchange in the period the change in corporate income tax rate is 2008-2010. Data were analyzed using path analysis technique to assess causal relationships between variables that have been set. </em></p><em>The results of this research indicate that the phenomenon of corporate income tax rate changes have no significant effect either on the deferred tax liabilities and stock returns, while deferred tax liabilities had a positive effect on stock returns. Results of this research concluded that the deferred tax liabilities can not be a mediator or intervening variable between corporate income tax rate changes and stock returns.</em>

Implications of Fiscal Policy for Housing Tenure Decisions

Many of the world's wealthy countries provide fiscal incentives to homeowners. Yet, the impact of such tax breaks on housing tenure decision is unclear. Using difference-in-differences approach, this study estimates the effect of mortgage interest deduction on home ownership in the United States. The identification relies on the large changes in income tax rates and standard deduction. The largest of these changes increased income tax rate by as much as 23,9% and decreased standard deduction by 7,2% between 2002 and 2004. The baseline estimates suggest that increase in income tax rate in a state that allows mortgage interest deduction is associated to 3 percentage points increase in home ownership relative to states that didn't change their fiscal policy and to 5 percentage points - relative to states that do not allow mortgage interest deduction but had a comparable increase in tax rates. The results are robust to a range of alternative specifications.

Redistributive Effects on Income Tax Rates and Tax Base 1984-2009: Evidence from Japanese Tax Reforms

The primary objective of this paper is to examine how, and to what extent, changes in income tax rates and income tax deductions affect income inequality from a longitudinal perspective, by using microdata of Japanese individuals and households. The findings of this paper could shed light on the effects of tax rates and tax deductions on tax progressivity. First, redistributive effects of Japanese income tax reforms declined for the period from 1984-2009. Second, the tax reforms with reductions in tax rates and in tax base gave rise to greater redistributive effects of income tax rates and smaller redistributive effects of tax base. Third, any progressivity measure and approach to determine pretax income showed the same trends, with respect to the redistributive effects of tax reforms.

Management Of Accrual Components In Response To Corporate Income Tax Rate Changes: Evidence From Korea

Changes in the statutory corporate income tax rate provide firms with an opportunity to reduce their tax burden by shifting their taxable income from higher to lower tax rate years. One negative consequence of shifting taxable income across years is higher variation in book income for financial reporting purposes. Taxable income and book income are closely related in most countries, and, in general, reporting volatile book income across years is not a favorable signal to investors. This study investigates how firms shift taxable income and concurrently mitigate book income fluctuation by managing accrual components separately when the statutory income tax rate changes. Unlike prior studies, we decompose discretionary accruals into two components and examine distinctive patterns of accrual management in Korea, where book-tax conformity is high and aggressive tax avoidance is restricted. We find that firms manage book-tax accruals for taxable income shifting and manage book-only accruals to mitigate book income fluctuation. Furthermore, we find the extent of book-tax and book-only accruals management varies depending on the firms tax and financial reporting costs. The results of this study provide clear and compelling evidence of firms opportunistic accrual management behavior in response to statutory tax rate reduction.

Introduction

Introduction

The Growth Effects of Tax Rate in the OECD

The literature testing for aggregate impacts of taxes on long-run growth rates in the OECD has generally used tax rate measures constructed from macroeconomic aggregates such as tax revenues. These have a number of advantages but two major disadvantages: they are typically average, rather than marginal, rates, and are constructed from endogenous tax revenues. Theory predicts a number of responses to both and tax rates, but empirical analogues of the latter tend to be at the level. In addition though most OECD economies are best regarded as small open economies, previous macroeconomic tests of OECD tax-growth relationships have implicitly been based on closed-economy models, focusing on domestic tax rates. This paper explores the relevance of these two aspects – macro average versus micro marginal tax rates, and open economy dimensions – for test of tax-growth effects in OECD countries. We use annual panel data on a number of and tax rate measures and find: (i) statistically small and/or non-robust effects of macro-based tax rates on capital income and consumption but more evidence for labor income tax effects; (ii) statistically robust GDP growth effects of modest size from changes in income tax rates at both the personal and corporate levels; (iii) international tax competition, in which both domestic and foreign corporate tax rates play a role, is consistent with the data; (iv) tax effects on GDP growth appear to operate largely via impacts on factor productivity rather than factor accumulation.

Recent Marginal Labor Income Tax Rate Changes by Skill and Marital Status

This paper calculates monthly time series for the overall safety net’s statutory marginal labor income tax rate as a function of skill and marital status. Marginal tax rates increased significantly for all groups between 2007 and 2009, and dramatically so for unmarried household heads. The relationship between incentive changes and skill varies by marital status. Unemployment insurance and related expansions contribute to the patterns by skill while food stamp expansions contribute to the patterns by marital status. Remarkably, group changes in hours worked per capita line up with the statutory measures of incentive changes.