Income Population Research Articles

ДИФЕРЕНЦІАЦІЯ НЕРІВНОСТІ РОЗПОДІЛУ ДОХОДІВ НАСЕЛЕННЯ УКРАЇНИ У ВОЄННИЙ І ПОВОЄННИЙ ПЕРІОД

The article highlights the main problems of inequality in the distribution of income of the population, which is an inherent feature of a market economy, which in turn increases the dynamism of the labor market and is a stimulus for economic growth in the country. Characteristic signs of differentiation arise under the influence of various factors that have an economic, demographic or political essence. The main economic factors in modern realities can be considered: peculiarities of the functioning of the labor market, the level of development of the industry or a separate region of the country, as well as factors of demand, supply and distribution. Conducting an active and regulatory policy in the field of income distribution by the state makes it possible to avoid significant inequality. The problem of inequality of income distribution is one of the oldest and leads to social tension in society, therefore it requires detailed study and development of regulatory measures. Analysis and assessment of income inequality is carried out using various approaches and methodologies. They are aimed at the precise definition and development of effective measures that can be used to control the level of inequality and poverty. The growth rates of the population's income achieved in Ukraine give reason for only limited optimism, because compared to developed foreign countries, they are meager, and a significant part of the country's population is below the poverty line. Therefore, current realities dictate the need to deepen scientific research on the identification of negative socio-economic phenomena and the development of fundamentally new measures aimed at increasing incomes and reducing their differentiation.

The wider the gap between rich and poor the higher the flood mortality

Economic inequality is rising within many countries globally, and this can significantly influence the social vulnerability to natural hazards. We analysed income inequality and flood disasters in 67 middle- and high-income countries between 1990 and 2018 and found that unequal countries tend to suffer more flood fatalities. This study integrates geocoded mortality records from 573 major flood disasters with population and economic data to perform generalized linear mixed regression modelling. Our results show that the significant association between income inequality and flood mortality persists after accounting for the per-capita real gross domestic product, population size in flood-affected regions and other potentially confounding variables. The protective effect of increasing gross domestic product disappeared when accounting for income inequality and population size in flood-affected regions. On the basis of our results, we argue that the increasingly uneven distribution of wealth deserves more attention within international disaster-risk research and policy arenas.

A New Perspective for Multivariate Time Series Decision Making through a Nested Computational Approach Using Type-2 Fuzzy Integration

The integration of key indicators from the results of the analysis of time series represents a constant challenge within organizations; this could be mainly due to the need to establish the belonging of each indicator within a process, geographic region or category. This paper thus illustrates how both primary and secondary indicators are relevant for decision making, and why they need to be integrated by making new final fuzzy indicators. Thus, our proposal consists of a type-2 fuzzy integration of multivariate time series, such as OECD country risk classification, inflation, population and gross national income (GNI) by using multiple type-1 fuzzy inference systems to perform time series classification tasks. Our contribution consists of the proposal to integrate multiple nested type-1 fuzzy inference systems using a type-2 fuzzy integration. Simulation results show the advantages of using the proposed method for the fuzzy classification of multiple time series. This is done in order so the user can have tools that allow them to understand the environment and generate comparative analyses of multiple information sources, and finally use it during the process prior to decision making considering the main advantage of modeling the inherent uncertainty.

Case report: Intra arterial thrombolysis with iv line can save an acutely ischemic limb

Case report: Intra arterial thrombolysis with iv line can save an acutely ischemic limb

Mechanism analysis of traffic accident prone points based on The Spatial Durbin Model

The significant increase of freight traffic related collision accidents has aroused people's increasing concern about road safety. Using data from California, this paper studies the spatial relationship between freight related traffic accidents and low-income and minority communities. The study found that household income and minority population were significantly correlated with the density of freight related crashes and freight related crashes that led to serious casualties. Compared with areas with high-income groups, areas with low economic status, such as blacks and Asians, are more than 119% more likely to have traffic accidents. Among them, areas with black populations are more than 39% more likely to have traffic accidents than areas with Asian populations. The results show that freight related collisions are affected by spatial inequality.

E-cigarette use and prevalence of lung diseases among the U.S. population: a NHANES survey.

The primary aim of this study was to evaluate epidemiological characteristics and prevalence of lung disease among e-cigarettes users in the United States. A population-based, cross-sectional survey was performed using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) of 2015-2018. Adults using e-cigarettes (SMQ900), traditional smoking (SMQ020: > 100 cigarettes in lifetime or SMQ040: current cigarettes use), and dual smoking (e-cigarettes and traditional smoking) were identified and compared in their sociodemographic characteristics and prevalence of lung diseases (Asthma: MCQ010 and COPD: MCQ160O). We used the chi square test (categorical variables) and Mann-Whitney test and unpaired-student t test (continuous variables). p-value <0.05 was used as a reference. We excluded respondents <18 years and missing data on demographics and outcomes. Out of 178,157 respondents, 7745 (4.35%), 48,570 (27.26%), and 23,444 (13.16%) were e-cigarette smokers, traditional smokers, and dual smokers, respectively. Overall prevalence of asthma was 15.16% and COPD was 4.26%. E-cigarette smokers were younger in comparison to traditional smokers (median: 25 years vs 62 years; p < 0.0001). In females (49.34% vs 37.97%), Mexican (19.82% vs 13.35%), annual household income above $100,000 (23.97% vs 15.56%), prevalence of e-cigarette smoking was higher in comparison to traditional smoking (p < 0.0001). The prevalence of COPD was higher among dual smokers in comparison to e-cigarette and traditional smoking (10.14% vs 0.25% vs 8.11%; p < 0.0001). Prevalence of asthma was higher among dual and e-cigarette smokers in comparison with traditional smokers and non-smokers (22.44% vs 21.10% vs 14.46% vs 13.30%; p < 0.0001). Median age (Q1-Q3) was lower at which asthma (7 years (4-12) vs 25 years (8-50)) was diagnosed first among e-cigarettes smokers in comparison with traditional smokers. In a mixed effect multivariable logistic regression analysis, we found higher odds of asthma among e-cigarette users in comparison with non-smokers (Odds ratio (OR): 1.47; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.21-1.78; p = 0.0001). Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) respondents were also associated with 11.28 higher odds of e-cigarette utilization (Oddsratio (OR): 11.28; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 5.59-22.72; p < 0.0001). We conclude the higher prevalence of e-cigarette users is seen among the younger population, female, Mexican race, and annual income above $100,000 in comparison to traditional smokers. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and asthma were both more prevalent in dual smokers. As asthma was more prevalent and diagnosed at an early age in e-cigarette smokers, more prospective studies are needed to understand the effects of e-cigarette among the population at risk to mitigate the sudden rise in utilization and to create awareness.

Dengue outbreaks in a city with recent transmission in São Paulo state, Brazil

ABSTRACT We investigated the distribution of dengue cases, solid waste deposits (SWDs), forest fragments, water drainage, population income, and the possible association with dengue outbreaks in Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil. An urban setting with recent transmission. Data were obtained from public agencies. Kernel density maps of the variables were constructed. From 2015 to 2021, 33026 cases of dengue were reported; the incidence and mortality rate were highest in 2016. The number of cases decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020 and 2021) compared with 2019, but alarming rates were registered in 2022. In 2015, 56 points of SWDs were identified, with an increase of 1.6-fold in 2020 and 2021. Multivariate analysis showed a positive correlation between the density of dengue cases and SWDs with the highest correlation (0.70) in 2020. Identifying these areas could guide public health authorities in surveillance measures and improvements in health care infrastructure.

Enhancing sustainability and resilience of elderly dwellings: Optimized refurbishing parameters and air conditioning operation

Refurbishing buildings to minimize lifecycle costs and increase reliance on natural ventilation may reduce building resilience to extreme weather. This is critical for elderly whose health is affected by exposure to thermally stressful conditions. This study proposes a novel approach for refurbishing elderly houses to enhance their sustainability and heatwave resilience with the aim of supporting low-income groups. This approach involves using multi-objective optimization to identify refurbishment parameters and an autonomous control strategy to provide thermoneutral indoor conditions at a low cost.The optimization procedure and control strategy were applied to a case study for a representative apartment in the Mediterranean climate using a validated building model. The strategy led to substantial reduction (61%) in cooling energy, while the optimization yielded Pareto solutions that showed trade-offs between lifecycle cost and resilience. A selected solution resulted in reduced electrical usage for heating (37%) and cooling (45%) and decreased indoor overheating during heatwaves. The study recommends design features for cost-effective and resilient elderly housing in the Mediterranean climate, such as limited window area, enhanced thermal properties, and a modest air conditioning system for low-income populations. Larger windows and AC systems are recommended for high income populations seeking reduced operational expenses and improved sustainability.

TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE URBAN REAL ESTATE MARKET IN UKRAINE

The volatility of external and internal factors affecting the real estate market makes it necessary to study trends and predict the consequences of management decisions to prevent financial losses. The real estate market is a sphere of capital investment in real estate and a system of economic relations arising from real estate transactions. These relations arise when buying and selling real estate, leasing real estate, etc. Depending on the legal framework, external and internal financing conditions, and forms of property ownership, the real estate market is constantly changing and unique to each country, region, and city. To accurately evaluate real estate, it is necessary to monitor in detail all the changes taking place in the market. This article analyzes the factors that influence the formation of supply and demand in the real estate market. Economic factors have the greatest impact, namely: the level and dynamics of population income; differentiation of the population by income level; level of business development and its dynamics; changes in the structure of the business and its profitability; availability of financial resources; the state of alternative and related markets; prices in the real estate market; rental rates; risks of an investment in real estate; construction costs; prices and tariffs for utilities and energy resources. Social factors, such as population dynamics and age structure, the social structure of the population, crime rate and trends in crime, also significantly impact real estate market trends. The interaction of these factors ultimately determines the state and dynamics of supply and demand in the real estate market. At the same time, the direction of their influence may either coincide or differ for supply and demand. This can be better understood by identifying trends in supply and demand and their dependence on these factors. The article examines the history of price dynamics and systematizes the stages of the formation and development of the real estate market in Ukraine. The state of the real estate market during the crisis periods is analyzed and a forecast for the next year is made. Keywords: real estate market, real estate market dynamics, demand, offer, investment potential.

The Employment in Ukraine and the World: The Condition and Prospects

The article is devoted to analysis of tendencies in the employment, its patterns and determining factors in the world and selected countries, problems of the effective population’s employment and prevention of the massive unemployment. The high level of unemployment and large scales of the poverty, small numbers of job vacancies along with large numbers of unemployed per job vacancy are explicit negative features of the domestic and regional labor markets. A problem of special importance is the unemployment that has gained large scales in nearly all the strata of the population, worsened their welfare and life standards, to become a problem of global dimension. &#x0D; Analysis and solutions of unemployment problems have always drawn the increased attention of researchers in economics throughout the history of economic thought. The search for levers and tools allowing for eliminating this phenomenon with reliance on the total employment mechanism has been central to all the economic theories. A review of scientific developments focused on the essence and problems of unemployment shows the variety of approaches to the solution of problems associated with this phenomenon.&#x0D; In view of the above, assessment, modelling and forecasting of the labor market has a leading position in socio-economic studies. The article contains the author’s substantiation of the feasibility of assessment and analysis of the level and dynamics of unemployment as an important component of the labor market under the impact of factors such as the economic mode and its structural change, the technical and organizational level of entrepreneurship, the balance between the structure of production means and workforce, the overall performance of business management system. An analytical review and comparison of the contents of social programs for protection of unemployed in selected countries is made.&#x0D; The problem of assessment and determining the patterns of factor impact on the variations of unemployment level is addressed in the article on the basis of data on the dynamics of real gross domestic product and inflation, used for the aggregated assessment of the current performance of a national economy. It is recommended that the foundations of the policy on stabilization of prices, payment balance and structural transformations be developed in the future, given their impact on the employment and the income of the whole population and their groups, which consequence is supposed to be improvement of the labor market structure, unemployment reduction in particular. Determining the degree and vector of these measures’ impact on a national economy will be the next phase of the study.

Creation of agricultural cooperatives: implementation of activities in the framework of the Pilot project aimed to increase the incomes of the rural population in the Zhambyl region of the Republic of Kazakhstan

The goal is to evaluate the results of the implementation of measures to organize agricultural cooperatives in the framework of the Pilot Project to increase the income of the population in rural areas of the Zhambyl region. Methods – analytical, economics-statistical, monographic. Results – on the basis of the analysis of the activities of existing and newly created agricultural entities of cooperative type, the existing problems at the stage of their formation and functioning, providing necessary equipment, machinery, equipment, working capital, the main reasons hindering their development were identified; the stages of formation of agricultural cooperatives, their impact on the development of AIC of the region, the expected results of the project were d etermined; explanatory work was carried out on the mechanism of intraeconomic relations in a cooperative, the correct preparation of constituent documents, taxation features, accounting and reporting; calculations of the estimated costs, economic efficiency of cooperation in animal husbandry, crop production, storage, primary processing and marketing of agricultural products, logistics of agricultural producers are presented. Scientifically substantiated optimal parameters of promising models of associations based on cooperative principles have been developed in accordance with their areas of activity. Conclusions – the process of cooperation of small farms affects not only economic growth of the main branches of agriculture by reducing costs, increasing production of agricultural products, but also the development of infrastructure, ensuring stable sale of manufactured goods, as well as improving the living standard in the countryside by expanding areas application of labor, creating prerequisites for expanding the scale of rural entrepreneurship. A phased organization of a multilevel system of agricultural cooperatives is recommended, acting in conjunction with state (local) bodies, as well as their financial and public organizations.

Impact of COVID-19 Restrictions on the Urban Thermal Environment of Edmonton, Canada.

The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on urban environments are addressed in many recent studies. However, limited research has been conducted to examine the impact of the pandemic on anthropogenic emissions over urban land use types, and their relation to socioeconomic characteristics. Anthropogenic heat, as the main contributor to the urban temperature, is changed by the sudden halt imposed by COVID-19 lockdowns. This study thus focuses on previously under-explored urban thermal environments by quantifying the impact of COVID-19 on urban thermal environments across different land-use types and related socioeconomic drivers in Edmonton, Canada. Using Landsat images, we quantified and mapped the spatial pattern of land surface temperature (LST) for business, industrial, and residential land use areas during both the pandemic lockdown and pre-pandemic periods in the study area. Results show that temperature declined in business and industrial areas and increased in residential areas during the pandemic lockdown. Canadian census and housing price data were then used to identify the potential drivers behind the LST anomaly of residential land use. The most important variables that affected LST during the lockdown were found to be median housing price, visible minority population, postsecondary degree, and median income. This study adds to the expanding body of literature about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic by providing unique insights into the effect of lockdown on a city's thermal environments across different land use types and highlights critical issues of socioeconomic inequalities, which is useful for future heat mitigating and health equity-informed responses.

Income and rural–urban status moderate the association between income inequality and life expectancy in US census tracts

BackgroundA preponderance of evidence suggests that higher income inequality is associated with poorer population health, yet recent research suggests that this association may vary based on other social determinants, such as socioeconomic status (SES) and other geographic factors, such as rural–urban status. The objective of this empirical study was to assess the potential for SES and rural–urban status to moderate the association between income inequality and life expectancy (LE) at the census-tract level.MethodsCensus-tract LE values for 2010–2015 were abstracted from the US Small-area Life Expectancy Estimates Project and linked by census tract to Gini index, a summary measure of income inequality, median household income, and population density for all US census tracts with non-zero populations (n = 66,857). Partial correlation and multivariable linear regression modeling was used to examine the association between Gini index and LE using stratification by median household income and interaction terms to assess statistical significance.ResultsIn the four lowest quintiles of income in the four most rural quintiles of census tracts, the associations between LE and Gini index were significant and negative (p between < 0.001 and 0.021). In contrast, the associations between LE and Gini index were significant and positive for the census tracts in the highest income quintiles, regardless of rural–urban status.ConclusionThe magnitude and direction of the association between income inequality and population health depend upon area-level income and, to a lesser extent, on rural–urban status. The rationale behind these unexpected findings remains unclear. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms driving these patterns.

RESEARCH ON INFLUENCING FACTORS AND PREDICTIONS OF INSURANCE DEVELOPMENT IN UZBEKISTAN

This thesis presents the results of research on the analysis of the regional insurance markets of Uzbekistan and the modeling of the insurance market. Factors influencing the development of insurance markets were identified and a model was created based on panel data. Regional insurance markets in Uzbekistan were analyzed and a development model was created. For the forecast, a forecast of the volume of insurance premiums for 2023-2026 regions is given, using panel data consisting of the volume of accumulated insurance premiums in the regions, gross regional product, investment, average income of the population, and indicators of the population in the regions. KEYWORDS: regional insurance market, panel data, econometric model, insurance potential, insurance premium, GDP, population income, random effect, fixed effect model

International research and practical conference “Incomes, expenditures and savings of the Russian population: trends and prospects”

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Comparative Assessment of the Human Capital Impact on the Population Income in the European and Asian Regions of Russia

The relevance of the study is explained by the link between economic growth and investment in human capital.The purpose of the study is a comparative analysis of the dynamics of the return of physical and human capital in the European and Asian regions of Russia.Materials and methods. In the article, the authors use the extended Cobb-Douglas production function and conduct a regression spatial analysis based on data of the official Russian statistics.Results. There are estimates of the relationship between the income of the population of regions with the number of employed, with the volume of fixed assets of regions and human capital; the wage fund of the population of regions with the number of employed, with the volume of fixed assets of regions and human capital, the elasticity coefficients are justified. The authors analyzed and interpreted the values of the elasticity coefficients. In particular, the coefficients of elasticity of household income by fixed assets for Asian and European regions tend to decrease; the authors explain this by the low level of investment in the renewal of fixed capital at enterprises. The coefficients of elasticity of income of the population by the number of people employed in the economy of the regions are noticeably higher and tend to increase. At the same time, human capital has a stronger impact on the income of the population than fixed assets and the number of people employed in the economy of the regions. There is a decrease in the influence of human capital on the income of the population in the group of European regions of Russia at the end of the period under review and the relative stability of its returns in the Asian group of regions.Conclusion. The impact of human capital on the income of the population differs significantly in the European and Asian regions of Russia. The authors identified efficiency trends and features of the use of the main factors of production in different groups of regions of the Russian Federation in the period under review. Scientific significance is the generalization of knowledge about the role of human capital in economic development, technology transfer and increasing the investment attractiveness of settlements and regions due to it; obtaining statistically significant models for assessing the economic return of human capital.

Territorial Profiling of the Education System's Performance and Development's Sustainability in Draa Tafilalet Region (Morocco)

Despite the plethoric literature on the education systems’ efficiency and its impact on sustainable development, issues of performance under specific conditions such as in the Moroccan rural contexts are still less studied. The questions of adapted scales to apprehend the education system’s efficiency are raised. Instead of apprehending indicators at a national or regional scale, it is suggested to analyze causality and key parameters at a more detailed scale (provincial or even local). The aims of this study are to apprehend the spatial and territorial differences of the education system’s efficiency using inputs, outputs, and causality in the provincial scale at Draa – Tafilalet region (Morocco). They are pertinent either to diagnose or to plan future education development and sustainability of local development. Official data collected from the General Census of Population and Habitat, the High Commissariat of Plan and the Regional academy of Education and Formation (Errachidia) are analyzed using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) coupled with the profiling approach based on plots of key parameter. Useful indicators to compare the spatial variability of education system’s efficiency in the studied provinces were produced and discussed. The five provinces of the region are considered as adapted Decision-Making Unit (DMU) in the study due to their power and competencies in the decision-making. The Data Envelopment Analysis approach coupled with key variables’ plots is significant to study the spatial differences of education efficiency and development sustainability. It shows evidence of weak education impacts among rural population in the recently created provinces such as Tineghir, Midelt and Zagora. Based on this criterion, Tineghir is ranked in the last position and needs special attention. Considering the importance of public investments in the recently created provinces, it is obvious that this factor is not sufficient to explain observed realities. Other factors such as the socioeconomic status of households, the population income and public equipment intervene. To obtain a better education efficiency and reinforce the development sustainability, the priorities presently given to increase enrolment should change. The content and quality of service and the impacts of the contextual factors on education should be considered.

Ethnomycological prospect of wild edible and medicinal mushrooms from Central and Southern Africa—A review

AbstractIn several regions of Africa, the daily diet is partly dependent on the edible products from wild animals, plants, and mushrooms, driven by their availability, wide distribution in the local environment, and the low incomes of the general population. The documentation of ethnomycological information is particularly important to validate or correct the identification of specimens and the preservation of these natural resources with cultivation potential, thus improving their consumption and utilization for medicinal purposes. The number of wild edible mushroom species consumed varies between different regions of Africa, with around 300 species being documented in the literature. However, despite its rich biodiversity, the African continent is still underexploited, which is reflected in poor food contribution to populations that are often in need. Here, the safe use of mushrooms is guided by the insufficiency of studies that validate their nutritional and medicinal properties, since they are key factors in the suppression of protein deficiency in the everyday diet of the populations and a source of bioactive compounds useful for the formulation of added‐value functional products. Thus, it becomes essential to investigate African mushrooms, not only from the identification point of view, but also in terms of nutritional, chemical, and bioactive characterization, hence deepen the knowledge about this valuable natural resource. Bearing these in mind, the main objective of this study is to systematize the knowledge available in scientific publications and specialized websites, thus gathering information about the valuable profits that come from using these widely appreciated natural products.

Effect of income, industry structure and environmental regulation on the ecological impacts of mining: An analysis for Guangxi Province in China

Mineral resource extraction is often accompanied by severe environmental pollution and ecological damage, hindering mining economies from achieving sustainable development. This paper aims to promote the goal of cleaner production in extractive industries from the perspective of environmental management through a more accurate understanding of how human activities affect the extractive industries. This requires more granular data for environmental damage in mining. The article proposes an ecological threat assessment framework for mining to support sustainable processes in the extractive industry. It integrates biophysical variables, technical indicators, and human activity data. The study is based on data at the mine level with 17 indicators used to evaluate the ecological impact of 13960 mines in Guangxi, China, from 2008-to 2018 in four dimensions: economic and technical indicators of mines themselves, surrounding economic activity, geological and environmental vulnerability, and ecological status of mining sites. Data from multiple sources were used to assess, map, and monitor ecological impacts in mining areas, such as high-resolution satellite images, interview data, environmental assessment reports, and mining rights data. We evaluated the ecological impact level of each mine and the extent to which spatial heterogeneity of regional economic and environmental preferences affected the degree of ecological impact. The results show that growth in population income has changed environmental preferences and driven down environmental disturbances in mines. Reduced dependence of regional economies on the industrial sector has also contributed to environmental improvements. In addition, increasing environmental regulation has limited the ecological impacts of mining, but these environmental regulation impacts are regionally heterogeneous. The effect of laws and rules is lower in cities and regions dependent on mineral resources, where resource extraction companies have more bargaining power. The results of this study will inform environmental management in the mining sector and support sustainable development in the region.

Current patterns of trauma center proliferation have not led to proportionate improvements in access to care or mortality after injury: An ecologic study.

Timely access to high-level (I/II) trauma centers (HLTCs) is essential to minimize mortality after injury. Over the last 15 years, there has been a proliferation of HLTC nationally. The current study evaluates the impact of additional HLTC on population access and injury mortality. A geocoded list of HLTC, with year designated, was obtained from the American Trauma Society, and 60-minute travel time polygons were created using OpenStreetMap data. Census block group population centroids, county population centroids, and American Communities Survey data from 2005 and 2020 were integrated. Age-adjusted nonoverdose injury mortality was obtained from CDC Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Geographically weighted regression models were used to identify independent predictors of HLTC access and injury mortality. Over the 15-year (2005-2020) study period, the number of HLTC increased by 31.0% (445 to 583), while population access to HLTC increased by 6.9% (77.5-84.4%). Despite this increase, access was unchanged in 83.1% of counties, with a median change in access of 0.0% (interquartile range, 0.0-1.1%). Population-level age-adjusted injury mortality rates increased by 5.39 per 100,000 population during this time (60.72 to 66.11 per 100,000). Geographically weighted regression controlling for population demography and health indicators found higher median income and higher population density to be positively associated with majority (≥50%) HLTC population coverage and negatively associated with county-level nonoverdose mortality. Over the past 15 years, the number of HLTC increased 31%, while population access to HLTC increased only 6.9%. High-level (I/II) trauma center designation is likely driven by factors other than population need. To optimize efficiency and decrease potential oversupply, the designation process should include population level metrics. Geographic information system methodology can be an effective tool to assess optimal placement. Prognostic and Epidemiological; Level IV.