Tourism Income Research Articles

Drivers of hunting and photographic tourism income to communal conservancies in Namibia

Drivers of hunting and photographic tourism income to communal conservancies in Namibia

Modeling the occupancy rate and nights spent at tourism accommodations of Spain using autoregressive deep learning networks

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to autoregressively model the net occupancy rate of beds and bedrooms in hotels and similar accommodations and the nights spent at these accommodations of Spain for the period of 1990–2023 using monthly data. Design/methodology/approach The monthly occupancy rate of hotels and the total number of hotel nights data of Spain for the 1990M01–2023M09 range is considered. An autoregressive deep learning network is developed for the modeling of both metrics. Moreover, the results of the proposed autoregressive deep learning method are compared to those of a classical artificial neural network. Findings The actual occupancy rate, total night data and the deep learning model results are compared showing the accuracy of the developed model. Moreover, the R2, mean absolute error, root mean square error and mean absolute percentage error of the models are calculated further demonstrating the high performance of the developed model. The R2 values higher than 0.9 are achieved for both occupancy rate and total number of hotel nights data. Practical implications The modeling results given in this paper demonstrate that the previous values of the net occupancy rate and the total number of nights can be used as inputs of a deep learning network model by which accurate forecasts can be made for the future values of the occupancy rate and the total number of hotel nights. This modeling approach possesses importance from the practical viewpoint considering that the accurate planning and forecast of the net occupancy rate and the total number of nights affect the tourism income. Originality/value This study differs from existing literature by attempting to model the occupancy rate and the total number of hotel nights data autoregressively using deep learning networks.

Perancangan UI/UX Aplikasi Mobile “Tour Kei” Sebagai Pemandu Wisata Maluku Tenggara Menggunakan Metode Design Thinking

Kei Islands is an archipelago that holds a lot of natural beauty, many tourists enter every year for a vacation. Guide is a very important field in tourism, where this guide is tasked with providing information to tourists. However, the existing guide services are lacking so that incoming tourists sometimes do not get a guide and are confused about where to start the journey and rarely get information about the destinations visited, therefore in this study try to give ideas to the Tourism Office in the form of designing UI / UX applications “Tour Kei” which become digital guides in increasing the tourism potential of the Kei islands. The design results will be calculated using the SUS calculation method, with the results of the score being at 81 in the “Acceptable” category with a grade scale of “A” and a rating at the “Excellent” level. With these results the design idea is well received and meets the level of use.

Research on Underwriting Decision-Making of Insurance Companies in Areas with Frequent Extreme Weather Based on Comprehensive Evaluation Method

The purpose of this research is to develop an insurance company underwriting model by pre-processing and model construction of collected data in order to assess whether to underwrite insurance in extreme weather-prone areas and to analyse the factors that influence underwriting decisions. In this paper, data such as insurance company payout rate, number of insured, homeowners' income in selected areas, health insurance coverage, year of construction of historical landmarks, GDP per capita, and tourism income were processed, and minimum-maximum normalisation and zero-mean normalisation were used to eliminate differences in feature magnitude. In the model construction, the logistic regression model and BP neural network were used to derive the underwriting probability, and the three main factors of natural disaster risk assessment, payout rate, and homeowner influence were introduced, and the relationship between these factors and the underwriting probability was described by the logistic distribution function, which determined that the underwriting probability should be underwritten when the underwriting probability Pi≥0.5. The natural disaster risk assessment model selects disaster factors, disaster environment and disaster receptors as assessment indicators, constructs the CEDP model, and calculates the weights using the AHP model, the Topsis model and the CPITIC weighting method, and carries out fuzzy clustering analysis on the CEDP index of 25 regions to classify the risk into five levels. For insurer profits, solvency, premium income and claims ratios were analysed, ratios based on annual claims to total premiums were calculated, and the impact of homeowners' incomes, property and historic buildings on underwriting decisions was assessed. Insurance company underwriting decision factors in areas prone to extreme weather are ultimately determined.

Weather conditions and tourism demand: A tested by threshold regression in 5 major tourism destinations in Thailand

The objective of this study is to explore the relationship between changing weather conditions and tourism demand in Thailand across five selected provinces: Chonburi (Pattaya), Surat Thani, Phuket, Chiang Mai, and Bangkok. The annual data used in this study from 2012 to 2022. The estimation method is threshold regression (TR). The results indicate that weather conditions proxied by the Temperature Humidity Index (THI) significantly affect tourism demand in these five provinces. Specifically, changes in weather conditions, such as an increase in temperature, generally result in a decrease in tourism demand. However, the impact of weather conditions varies according to each province’s unique characteristics or highlights. For example, tourism demand in Bangkok is not significantly affected by weather conditions. In contrast, provinces that rely heavily on maritime tourism, such as Chonburi (Pattaya), Phuket, and Surat Thani, are notably affected by weather conditions. When the THI in each province rises beyond a certain threshold, the demand for tourism in these provinces by foreign tourists decreases significantly. Furthermore, economic factors, particularly tourists’ income, significantly impact tourism demand. An increase in the income of foreign tourists is associated with a decrease in tourism in Pattaya. This trend possibly occurs because higher-income tourists tend to upgrade their travel destinations from Pattaya to more upscale locations such as Phuket or Surat Thani. For Thai tourists, an increase in income leads to a decrease in domestic tourism, as higher incomes enable more frequent international travel, thereby reducing tourism in the five provinces. Additionally, the study found that the availability and convenience of accommodation and food services are critical factors influencing tourism demand in all the provinces studied.

Impact of Political Instability on Tourism in West Bengal.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of political instability on tourism-related business performance, incoming tourist flows in West Bengal, and overall tourism-based earnings. The nonlinear effects of political risk and economic growth on tourism receipts are examined in this research. Nevertheless, the secondary data that is now accessible with the unobserved component model technique detection only provides a broad picture of the issue. Experts such as managers of lodging establishments, staff members of local tourism development offices, and tourism researchers were interviewed as a result. Expert interviews exposed West Bengal's tourism industry's prospects, challenges, and potential developments in the face of the region's five years of political unrest. The findings confirm earlier research showing that, in the near run, political unrest lowers tourism. However, the long-term viewpoint has yielded various results from the expert interviews with main province cities. Political instability benefits cities with developed tourism businesses that are located outside of crisis areas. Places that relied on visitors from the countries or continents like Europe, Germany, China, USA are mostly affected. The political unrest in eastern West Bengal did not significantly affect cities with low levels of tourism development.

Research on the Impact of Rural Tourism on Farmer’s Sustainable Livelihood and Coordinated Development (Case Study Jiwodu Village in Yangshuo, Guangxi)

Rural tourism is considered a viable strategy for achieving sustainable rural economic development and poverty reduction, offering significant economic, social, cultural, and ecological benefits. However, as an external force, rural tourism disrupts the livelihood capital and strategies of farmers, significantly influencing their sustainable livelihoods. This paper uses the sustainable livelihood analysis framework from a micro perspective to assess rural tourism's impact on farmers' livelihoods, particularly in Jiwodu Village, Guangxi, China. By categorizing farmers based on the proportion of rural tourism income in their total household income—Tourism-related, Tourism-dominated, and Tourism-exclusive livelihoods—the study constructs a farmer livelihood capital scale, employs a participatory assessment method, and compares changes in the five major livelihood capitals before and after rural tourism development, exploring farmers' perceptions of its impact.

Upaya Pengelolaan Sarana Pada Objek Wisata Air Soda di Desa Parbubu I Kecamatan Tarutung Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara

The Parbubu I soda water tourist attraction is one of the areas located in North Sumattra Province, Tarutung District, which is known as the Gospel tourism city, and also has the advantage of agricultural products such as yagung, sawa, coffee, and also has a variety of natural beauty and diversity. culture so that it can give rise to various potential tourist attraction destinations. Local communities also take the initiative to actively manage it into a potential tourist attraction. So tourist options are varied, and so are they. The Tourism Office in North Tapanuli district still has many problems that must be paid attention to, such as facilities, facilities for tourist visitors, in each tourist attraction destination location which are not yet adequate and still have not yet optimized management efforts, which still lacks professional human resources. Formulation The problem in this research is how to manage the facilities of a manager of the Parbubu I soda water tourist attraction, Tarutung District, as well as for the foundation of a researcher who wants to conduct research, in other tourist motorcycle taxi destinations and in their respective areas in North Tapanuli Province. The method used is a qualitative methodology which is descriptively oriented by having informants and also using data collection techniques, you can use observation techniques, interviews, document analysis. From this research, the researcher feels that the government of the tourism office and the district of Tarutung sub-district, and also especially the government of the village of Parbubu I, is establishing a cooperative relationship with the management of the Parbubu I soda water tourist attraction, because the management of the tourist attraction destination comes from the local community or is Individually, in terms of regional income, the Tarutung District Government has not implemented regulations so that tourism income goes into the coffers of a manager and Parbubu village or is distributed to the community who manages the soda water tourist attraction destination.

Impact of Income, Gender and Age of the Tourist on Spiritual Tourism in Varanasi

Varanasi is the oldest city of the world. It is also known as Kashi. It is famous for spiritual tourism for all religions. Hindus visit here to see the temple of Lord Shiva and Ganga Aarti, Buddhist visit here for the Sarnath. This study highlights the impact of income, gender and age of tourists on spiritual tourism in Varanasi. Spirituality means belief and religion has been since and in future will be one of the major factors for tourism. Using the correct stimuli called spirituality the tourism industry can excel. The search for spirituality has always been and will remain a major motivator for tourist for exploring religious and spiritual destination. There were the main objective of this study to analyze the impact of income, gender and age of tourist on spiritual tourism in Varanasi. There were three hypothesis were formulated. 50 respondents were selected for data collection. In analysis part correlation test has been used. All three null hypotheses were rejected and all three alternative hypotheses were accepted. Therefore we can say that there is a strong impact of income, gender and age of tourist on spiritual tourism in Varanasi. This study will further help to others researchers who can do research on this topic with different variables and timeframe.

Countermeasures to promote sustainable construction and coordinated development of healthy cities: a case study of Dandong City

In order to promote sustainable construction and coordinated development of healthy cities in small and medium-sized cities, as well as to improve people's happiness, this paper takes the border city of Dandong as an example. It constructs 5 primary indexes and 28 secondary indexes, including healthy environment, healthy culture, health service, healthy society, and healthy tourism real estate. Among them, the index for healthy tourism real estate includes five secondary indicators: tourism income, number of tourists, real estate transaction volume, average selling price of commercial housing, and renovation of old residential areas. This paper analyzes the overall goal of healthy city construction in Dandong using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The relative priorities of the five first-level indicators considered are: healthy environment; healthy society; health service; healthy tourism real estate; and healthy culture. This indicates that a focus on creating a healthy environment is more important in evaluating a city's health. According to data analysis, Dandong has met national standards for creating a healthy environment and promoting a vibrant cultural scene. In addition to this achievement, the number of practicing (assistant) doctors per 1000 people in health services reached national standards in 2018, and people's living standards have gradually improved. Combining the advantages of local tourist destinations with the promotion of healthy development in the tourist industry, and balanced growth in real estate development as contributed to the creation of a positive social environment conducive to good health.

Exploring Apulia’s Regional Tourism Attractiveness through the Lens of Sustainability: A Machine Learning Approach and Counterfactual Explainability Process

Visitor attraction dynamics lead tourism industry paths. A complex artificial neural network model was built to predict the incoming tourism flow in the Apulia region of Southern Italy as a function of the heterogeneity of the tourism supply available in this area. Open data from the Regional Tourism Observatory were targeted. Information on the distribution of facilities and activities that attract regional tourist flows was collected and grouped by municipality. An artificial neural network model was built with total tourist attendance as the dependent variable and tourist attractions as regressors. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) was used to select the optimal model using the lowest value. The final model was run with a hidden layer consisting of three neurons and a decay value of 0.01. A Multi-Objective Counterfactual model (MOC) was then constructed using a randomly selected row of normalized data frame to validate a useful tool in increasing total tourist attendance by 20% over that of the randomly selected municipality. A Garson’s variables importance plot indicated natural landscapes such as beaches, sea caves, and natural parks have a primary role expressed in terms of variable importance in the AI algorithm when used as an innovative methodology for evaluating tourism flows in the Apulia region. A further MOC model built using a randomly selected row of normalized data frame showed convents, libraries, historical buildings, public gardens, and museums as the top five features most modified to improve total attendance in a randomly selected municipality. Use of AI modeling revealed that the implementation of nature-based solutions may speed up the flow of tourism in the Apulia region while also promoting sustainable social development.

Impacts of the terrorist attacks and political incidents in major cities on tourism industry: Evidence from the tourism managers in Turkey

Tourism crises caused by terrorism are characterised by a sharp decline in inbound tourism and a severe deterioration of destination image. Between 2015 and 2017, Turkey suffered terrorist attacks and political incidents in major cities such as Istanbul, Ankara, Gaziantep, and Şanlıurfa. This paper explores crisis-related factors and their influence on destination image and tourism demand with a series of three studies adopting both primary data collected from tourism managers and secondary data analysis of tourism statistics. Study A explored the adapted measurement tool's reliability and validity to define the factors related to crisis impacts. Study B involved CFA to validate the dimensions of measurement tools and regression analyses to examine their influence on destination image and tourism demand. Study C included a comparison of the tourist arrival and expenditure statistics from 2014 to 2019 with a secondary data analysis. Study A showed that the long-term effects of crises caused by terrorism must be evaluated in structural and political dimensions. Study B indicated that both factors affected destination image negatively, while only structural problems influenced international and domestic tourism demand. Study C supported the effect of both factors on tourist arrivals and tourism income, involving the analysis of tourism statistics.

The paradox of global capitalism in crisis and global popular free mobilisation: The merger of the tourist and the temporary resident

Instability is inherent in global capitalism, impacting all countries, particularly those directly reliant on this economic framework. The USA shapes tourism metrics in dependent nations and influences inbound tourism spending. Using logarithmic models and power tests, the study delineated four dynamic fields (Cn) supporting the thesis of the fusion of tourism and temporary residency. This study demonstrates that tourism and migration correlate with political, economic, and social instability, as evidenced by high statistical correlations. Variance increases during instability, leading to more residency petitions per tourist entry. This pattern is repeated during three major crises: the 2008–2009 financial crisis, the 2011–2013 conflicts in the Middle East and Africa, and the 2016–2017 regional political turmoil and Venezuelan migration. Economic classification tests confirm the association between instability, armed conflict, and heightened tourism and residency tendencies. Tourism income rises steadily, and residency averages increase, especially during periods of regional instability. The study highlights the tight link between tourism and migration with political, economic, and social instability. The statistical analysis reveals significant correlations, showing higher residency pressure during unstable periods. The applied tests confirm that countries in turmoil exhibit heightened tourism and migration tendencies.

Развитие экологического туризма в регионе: холистический подход к управлению стратегическими коммуникациями

In recent decades, there has been a change in the system of tourism development and its gradual integration into the socio-economic space of the regions of the Russian Federation, which requires comprehensive work with goals, risks, and target audiences and involves the use of strategic communication based on a holistic approach. The purpose of the article is to present the concept of the strategy and practice of regional ecological tourism development from the point of view of holistic marketing and strategic management. The issue reflects increased competition between Russian regions for leading positions in the domestic market and the attraction of incoming tourists. The empirical basis of the study is based on holistic marketing and analysis of ecological tourism indicators in the regions over time. The authors of the article conducted a study of modern approaches to the use of strategic communication in the development of ecological tourism in the Ural Federal District of the Russian Federation, as well as the identification of possible development vectors. In the article, the researchers assessed the impact of strategic communication on the ecological tourism management system at the regional level and also determined the role of strategic communication in management decision-making, as well as the use of technologies and tools to minimize risks. Based on the analysis carried out by the authors of the article, a model of strategic communication was developed to achieve the key goal, i.e., the effective development of ecological tourism in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The Effect of Tourism Revenue on Community Welfare through Economic Growth

This study aims to determine the direct influence of tourism income on the well-being of the population and the indirect impact of tourism income on public welfare through economic growth. The research utilizes secondary data sourced from the Central Statistical Authority of Surabaya and the Regional Revenue Authority of Surabaya, Indonesia, covering the years 2013 to 2022. The methodological approach adopted for this study is linear regression, incorporating intervening variables to assess these relationships. The analysis reveals that tourism income has a significant positive impact on the well-being of the population when considered directly. This direct influence is substantial, indicating that higher tourism revenue correlates strongly with improved living standards for the people of Surabaya. Additionally, when examining the indirect effects, the study finds that tourism income also positively impacts public welfare through the channel of economic growth. However, this indirect impact, while significant, is of lower magnitude compared to the direct influence. Overall, the findings suggest that promoting tourism can be a robust strategy for enhancing the well-being of the population in Surabaya. The dual pathways—directly through income and indirectly via economic growth—highlight the multifaceted benefits of a thriving tourism sector for public welfare.

Can Remittance Promote Tourism Income and Inclusive Gender Employment? Function of Migration in the South African Economy

With globalisation and international trade, remittances and migration significantly influence economic activities, yet their impact on tourism income and gender-specific employment remains under-researched. This study uses autoregressive distributed lags and Granger causality to examine the effects of remittances and migration on tourism income and employment in South Africa. Three models are established as follows: for aggregate employment, male employment, and female employment, each with equations for tourism income and employment. Key findings from this study indicate that remittances significantly drive tourism income in both the short and long run across all models. Conversely, employment negatively impacts tourism income, hinting at sectoral trade-offs. Migration positively affects tourism income in the short run for male and aggregate models but is insignificant for female employment. Remittances boost male employment in both the short and long run, whereas their impact on female employment is significant only in the long run. Causality analysis shows a bidirectional relationship among employment indicators, with unidirectional causality from remittances to migration and from migration to income. This study recommends policies to support remittance inflows and their productive use in tourism, along with targeted interventions to reduce gender disparities in employment and promote equitable economic opportunities.

Overseas Capital Streams and Economic Growth Nexus: Pragmatic Insights from Nepal

The objective of the present research is to ascertain the impact of foreign capital inflows, including grants, loans, remittances, and income from tourism, on the economic growth of Nepal. This study utilizes secondary data acquired from several Nepalese economic surveys and World Bank reports. The data consists of 35 data points spanning from the fiscal years 1987/88 to 2021/22. The link between foreign capital inflows and GDP growth in Nepal is examined using fundamental statistical approaches like quantile regression, trace and Max-Eigen cointegration tests, and descriptive statistics. The results show that Nepal's grants, debt, foreign remittances, tourism earnings, and GDP growth co-integrate over the long term. Notably, 80.5 percent of Nepal's GDP growth fluctuation is accredited to foreign grants, loans, remittances, and tourism income. While foreign loans and grants are not statistically significant in and of themselves to measure GDP growth, foreign remittances and tourism income are. For every percentage increase in the median value of remittance and tourism income, the GDP grows by 0.251 and 0.816 percent, respectively. More revenue from tourism than from remittances goes towards Nepal's economic growth. Legislators can, therefore, enact suitable measures to encourage the expansion of the tourism industry

Empowering nature's potential to increase income in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in Bryson City NC

Efforts to increase tourism income in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park are by exploiting its natural potential. Empowering natural potential through sustainable management of existing potential, namely processing it into a tourist attraction, is expected to increase city income which will automatically increase community income. The concept of empowering natural potential to become a tourist attraction with sustainable management is the basis for community service activities carried out at the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in Bryson City NC. The activity began with a survey of the location to identify and verify the natural potential in the city, namely the existence of mountains which are the mainstay potential of the tourist city, then continued with focus group discussion activities and closed with training activities for the community in Bryson City consisting of tourism awareness groups. as well as city residents who will be involved in managing the Smoky Mountains as a tourist attraction. For sustainable management, in the future, it is targeted that there will be sustainable synergy between the government and the tourist city of Bryson in assisting the management of the Smoky Mountains as a tourist attraction as well as managing homestays as supporting tourist destinations in Bryson City.

The Effects of the Pandemic on Romanian Incoming Tourism

In this paper we study the impact of Covid-19 pandemics on the incoming tourism in Romania. Following the typology of crises in general and the specific nature of the Covid crisis, we will see what effects this most recent pandemic had globally and what economic policies were taken to counteract the adverse effects of the pandemic. We will see that the lockdown and mobility restrictions at European level have led to a free fall of the incoming tourism, increasing the share of domestic tourism on the one side, while on the other hand we observe the tendency of people to move to the countryside. There have been observed some trends that favoured nature tourism, but we also witnessed, that OECD recommends continuing with a more sustainable tourism. We witnessed in 2022 a recovery of tourism in the European Union, which seems to invalidate the trends reiterated by OECD. Through a statistical regression we try to forecast the trend of incoming tourism in Romania, which gives us two possible directions of its evolution. Analysing the pessimistic case, we also identify systemic risks at the level of Romanian incoming tourism, that is focusing on a few countries only, so we see diversification as a very urgent matter for Romanian tourism.

Phygital as a Lever for Value Propositions in Italian Cultural Tourism Startups

The proliferation of innovative digital technologies is increasingly evident in the domains of culture and tourism. This trend, characterized by significant a potential for experimentation and practical application, necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the emerging tools that are enhancing the cultural tourism sector. Central to this evolution is the emergence of cultural startups that are leveraging advanced technological solutions to revolutionize market dynamics. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, which severely impacted the cultural sector, there is a pressing need for innovation. This study combines the concept of cultural tourism startups with the notion of ‘phygital’—a blend of physical and digital realities—aiming to augment the existing, yet limited, body of research in this field. This research seeks to provide insights into the market trends shaped by cultural startups, focusing on tourism. By examining case studies of Italian cultural tourism startups that are implementing innovative and engaging ‘phygital’ strategies, we aim to offer theoretical contributions to the discourse on phygital applications in culture, as well as practical recommendations for the managers and founders of cultural tourism startups that are venturing into new business models. The selected startups are primarily engaged in enhancing the experiences of incoming tourists, improving customer and partner interactions, and promoting the conservation of Italy’s cultural heritage.