Regional Income Research Articles

Receipt of Gender-Affirming Surgeries Among Transgender and Gender Diverse Veterans.

Gender-affirming surgery (GAS) can be an important part of comprehensive care for transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals, but this care is not provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) because of an exclusion in the medical benefits package. To describe the receipt of GAS by veterans and assess the associations between key sociodemographic characteristics and receipt of chest ("top") and genital ("bottom") surgeries. Cross-sectional national survey (the GendeR Affirming Care Evaluation (GRACE)), among TGD Veterans conducted between September 2022 and July 2023. A total of 6653 Veterans (54% response rate) completed the survey. Self-reported "top" and "bottom" GAS were key outcomes. Covariates included gender identity, sex assigned at birth, age, race, ethnicity, income, employment status, education, relationship status, sexual orientation, and geographic region. Among all respondents, 39% had ≥ 1 GAS. Among the 4430 veterans interested in top surgery, 38% received it; 23% of 3911 veterans interested in bottom surgery had received it. In multivariable models, older age (50 + vs. 18-39) was associated with higher receipt of top and bottom surgery while nonbinary gender identity (vs. binary gender identity), lower household income (< $50,000 vs. > $75,000), less education (less than a college graduate vs. Master's degree or more), sexual orientations other than heterosexual, and residing in a region other than the Pacific were associated with lower receipt of top and bottom surgery. Individuals assigned male (vs. assigned female) at birth had lower receipt of top surgery and higher receipt of bottom surgery. GAS receipt was low and there were important disparities by gender, sex, income, education, sexual orientation, and region. By removing the exclusion to providing GAS, VA could reduce barriers to accessing GAS and decrease disparities among TGD veterans.

Analisis Pengaruh Sektor Pariwisata Terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) di Kota Batu

Batu City's Original Regional Income in 2021 has the lowest total income compared to other cities in East Java. Meanwhile, Batu City is a tourism city that has great potential in East Java Province, where the condition of the Regional Original Income should be much better. The goal of this study is to determine how Batu City's regional original income is impacted by the quantity of tourism attractions, visitors, hotels, and restaurants. This study makes use of time series and secondary data covering a 12-year period, from 2011 to 2022. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the data, and SPSS 25 was used to interpret the results. Overall, the results show that the independent factors have a favorable impact on regional original income. Subsequently, based on the partial findings, the quantity of restaurants, tourism attractions, and visitors all positively and marginally affect regional original income. However, Batu City's Regional Original Income is positively and significantly impacted by the quantity of hotels.

Was priority setting considered in COVID-19 response planning? A global comparative analysis

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic forced governments across the world to consider how to prioritize resource allocation. Most countries produced pandemic preparedness plans that guide and coordinate healthcare, including how to allocate scarce resources such as ventilators, human resources, and therapeutics. The objective of this study was to compare and contrast the extent to which established parameters for effective priority setting (PS) were incorporated into COVID-19 pandemic response planning in several countries around the world. MethodsWe used the Kapriri and Martin framework for effective priority setting and performed a quantitative descriptive analysis to explore whether and how countries’ type of health system, political, and economic contexts impacted the inclusion of those parameters in their COVID-19 pandemic plans. We analyzed 86 country plans across six regions of the World Health Organization. ResultsThe countries sampled represent 40% of nations in AFRO, 54.5% of EMRO, 45% of EURO, 46% of PAHO, 64% of SEARO, and 41% of WPRO. They also represent 39% of all HICs in the world, 39% of Upper-Middle, 54% of Lower-Middle, and 48% of LICs. No pattern in attention to parameters of PS emerged by WHO region or country income levels. The parameters: evidence of political will, stakeholder participation, and use of scientific evidence/ adoption of WHO recommendations were each found in over 80% of plans. We identified a description of a specific PS process in 7% of the plans; explicit criteria for PS in 36.5%; inclusion of publicity strategies in 65%; mention of mechanisms for appealing decisions or implementing procedures to improve internal accountability and reduce corruption in 20%; explicit reference to public values in 15%; and a description of means for enhancing compliance with the decisions in 5%. ConclusionThe findings provide a basis for policymakers to reflect on their prioritization plans and identify areas that need to be strengthened. Overall, there is little consideration for explicit prioritization processes and tools and restricted attention to equity considerations; this may be a starting point for policymakers interested in improving future preparedness and response planning. Although the study focused on the COVID-19 pandemic, priority setting remains one of the policymakers’ most prominent challenges. Policymakers should consider integrating systematic priority setting in their routine decision-making processes.

Mass Incarceration, Maternal Vulnerability, and Birth Outcomes Across U.S. Counties

ObjectivesTo examine the associations among mass incarceration, maternal vulnerability, and disparities in birth outcomes across U.S. counties, utilizing an ecological model and reproductive justice perspective was used. This study tests whether mass incarceration is associated with infant mortality and low birthweight across U.S. counties, and whether maternal vulnerability explains the relationship between mass incarceration and birth disparities.MethodsData were derived from a variety of public sources and were merged using federal FIPS codes. Outcomes from the CDC Vitality Statistics include percent low birth weight births (births below 2499 g divided by singleton births to women aged 20 to 39) and infant mortality (infant deaths per 1000 live births). Black–White rate ratios were calculated for the birth outcomes to specifically examine the large Black–White disparity in birth outcomes. The analysis controlled for urbanicity, income inequality, median household income, residential segregation, and southern region, as well as a fixed effect for state level differences.ResultsFindings show that counties with higher rates of incarceration have higher prevalence of infant mortality and low birthweight, as well as greater Black–White disparity in infant mortality. Mass incarceration is associated with increases in adverse birth outcomes and maternal vulnerability partially mediates this relationship.ConclusionsFindings provide evidence that heightened levels of incarceration affect birth outcomes for all residents at the county-level. It is imperative to address the overuse of mass incarceration in order to support adequate reproductive healthcare of vulnerable populations in the United States.

Analysis of Local Government Financial Statements as A Basis for Making National Economic Recovery Loan (PEN) Policies in the Jakarta Provincial Government

This research was conducted to analyze local government financial statements as a basis for making decisions or policies on the use of Regional PEN Loans in the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government. Due to a decrease in revenue as a result of the co-19 pandemic, the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government is looking for other sources of funding to finance development to meet public services. The data used include budget and realization of regional income and expenditure, as well as the value of Construction in Progress which is supported by qualitative information in CaLK. The research method uses descriptive qualitative by collecting data in the form of images, numbers, tables, sentences, in the form of secondary data. The results of the study concluded that the information presented in the financial statements has an important role in assisting the policy making of the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government in applying for Regional PEN Loans and meeting the criteria as a loan recipient.

Determination Of Local Own-Source Revenue (Pad) In Districts And Cities Across East Java Province In 2020-2021

This study aims to determine the effect of regional tax revenues, regional levies and results of separated regional wealth management on local own-source revenue (PAD) in regencies and cities throughout East Java in 2020-2021, either partially or simultaneously. This study uses a quantitative approach with multiple linear regression analysis methods, classical assumption tests, hypothesis testing and coefficient determination (R2). The results of this study show that simultaneously (test f) local taxes, regional fees and the results of regional wealth management which are decided to affect regional original income (PAD) in Regencies and Cities throughout East Java in 2020-2021. Meanwhile, partially (t test) the regional tax variable has an effect on regional original income (PAD) in Regencies and Cities throughout East Java in 2020-2021. The regional retribution variable has a positive effect on regional original income (PAD) in Regencies and Cities throughout East Java in 2020-2021. Meanwhile, the results of separated regional wealth management have no effect on regional original income (PAD) in regencies and cities throughout East Java in 2020-2021.

Analysis of effectiveness and contribution of regional tax on original regional income in Kota Kupang

Purpose: This research was conducted at Badan Pendapatan Daerah Kota Kupang, with the aim of determining the contribution of the effectiveness of regional taxes and the contribution of regional taxes in Kota kupang to the regional income of Kupang in 2015-2019. Research Methodology: The approach used in this research is descriptive quantitative, with data analysis techniques carried out by comparing the realization of local tax revenue against the target of regional taxes at times 100% to determine the contribution of regional tax effectiveness. Furthermore, to calculate the contribution of local taxes to local revenue, we compare the realization of local taxes with the original regional income multiplied by 100%. Results: The results show that the average contribution of regional tax effectiveness for five years shows the criteria of being effective and even very effective, except for the types of entertainment tax and parking tax, which provide less or even ineffective contributions. Meanwhile, the contribution of local taxes to local revenue shows very good criteria, but the contribution of local levies is less. Therefore, it is hoped that the regional government will be able to explore the tax potential, which is still ineffective, and improve the strategy for optimizing the overall regional original income.

Is temperature adversely related to economic development? Evidence on the short-run and the long-run links from sub-national data

We examine the effect of rising temperatures on regional economic development, using annual sub-national data for over 1500 regions in 152 countries between 1990 and 2017. In a panel setting with region- and country-year fixed effects, we find no evidence of a homogeneous or heterogeneous effect of rising temperatures on economic development as measured by regional per capita income. Additionally, we find no non-linear relationship between temperature and economic development. We also employ a long-difference approach that is attuned to exploring the long-run relationship between rising temperatures and regional income. Results indicate that rising temperatures have a negative long-run impact on regional per capita income for a minority of regions located in countries with weak economic, legal and political institutions. Furthermore, these vulnerable regions experience a decline in long-term population and human capital development. The use of alternative regional per capita GDP data from 1950 onwards yields similar empirical results. Our findings suggest that negative economic effects of temperature increase with time, only becoming apparent in the long run for regions in already disadvantaged countries. Thus, country-specific conditions may moderate regional economic vulnerability to future temperature increases due to global climate change.

Flypaper Effect pada Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) dan Dana Alokasi Umum (DAU) Terhadap Belanja Daerah di Kota Mataram

The regional autonomy system is an effort given to regional governments in the form of authority to manage and administer local affairs in accordance with the needs and characteristics of each region. Sources of regional income can come from, among others, the General Allocation Fund and Original Regional Income. The Flypaper Effect phenomenon can occur when local governments prioritize using transfer funds rather than PAD to meet spending needs. This research is a quantitative descriptive study to look at the Flypaper Effect phenomenon in Mataram City. The results show that Mataram City during the 2018 - 2022 period using Descriptive Statistical Analysis - Crosstab did not experience the Flypaper Effect phenomenon because Regional Original Income (PAD) on Regional Expenditures was greater than the General Allocation Fund (DAU) on Regional Expenditures. The results of this research indicate that the DAU allocation in Mataram City is in accordance with the aim of DAU allocation by the central government, namely encouraging a region to increase its own regional income by optimizing the potential and wealth that exists in that region

DETERMINANTS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND REGIONAL INEQUALITIES IN KARNATAKA

The determinants of human development and regional inequality in Karnataka is analysed in this study. This study majorly examined the indicators of human development. This paper investigation is also based on secondary data using co-efficient variations (CV) examines overall inequality of human development within Karnataka. The study results are evident from 1991 to 2011 HDI values that the districts from the southern regions of the state have higher HDI values compared to northern regions of the state, signifying high intra-regional inequality in human development in the state. It observes that Kalaburgi the revenue region (Ballari, Bidar, Kalaburgi, Koppal, Raichur and Yadagiri districts) has stood lowest in the per capita income. Kalaburgi region‟s per capita income is less than half of the per capita income of the Bengaluru region. KEY WORDS: Human Development; Poverty; Inequality

The effects of fuel subsidies on regional income distribution through smuggling

AbstractFuel subsidies, intended to improve consumer affordability, can result in economic distortions through altered relative prices and negative environmental impacts. Furthermore, these subsidies can lead to unintended consequences, such as fuel smuggling, especially to neighboring countries where significant price differences exist. While previous research has extensively explored the economic dimensions of fuel subsidies, the potential interplay between fuel smuggling and its impact on regional income distribution remains understudied. This study investigates the effects of fuel smuggling, stemming from Iran's long history of significant fuel subsidies, on income distribution across all 30 provinces of the country. We employ a model to specify the demand for fuel smuggling, using fuel prices in neighboring countries and the distance to the nearest border as sources of identification. Subsequently, we estimate the monthly smuggling profit across regions and assess this profit's influence on regional income distribution. Our empirical analysis draws on monthly data on gasoline and diesel sales from 160 fuel distribution districts in Iran, spanning the period from 2005 to 2014. Our findings demonstrate specific cases of smuggling activities that account for an average of 25% of total fuel consumption and generate substantial income in economically disadvantaged border provinces. We discuss the socioeconomic implications of fuel subsidies, with a focus on smuggling activities.

PERANCANGAN SISTEM INFORMASI LOCATION BASED SERVICE (LBS) OBJEK WISATA MENGGUNAKAN METODE INKREMENTAL BERBASIS ANDROID DI KOTA BEKASI

Tourist attractions are a necessity for people to go on holiday with their families. Tourist attractions in Bekasi also have great potential for regional income if they are managed well. Data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) shows that the population of Bekasi Regency currently reaches 3.3 million people and Bekasi City 2.6 million, an increase of around 1 million in the last 5 years. In the modern era, technology is developing so rapidly that it has become one of society's main needs. Technology that is always developing, such as smartphones and Android, can be easily utilized in carrying out various activities. Location Based Service (LBS) is a location service that uses GPS (Global Positioning Service) which functions to find a destination location to make it easier for users. Many people travel to a certain place to enjoy their holiday, this is a necessity in life to refresh the mind while working or studying. For this reason, it is necessary to present an information system that provides tourist attraction location services to make it easier for people to find these tourist attractions. The Location Based Service (LBS) information system can help the public in showing directions. This information system can help the public to carry out holiday activities to tourist attractions. This Location Based Service (LBS) system provides information services regarding tourist attractions and travel preparation tips. This tourist attraction's Location Based Service (LBS) system is also equipped with a location route feature.

Unveiling income disparities in rural E-commerce landscape: Evidence from China

China's rural e-commerce (EC) has grown significantly, recognized as a crucial tool for rural development. However, income effects of rural e-commerce vary among different groups of farmers due to their distinct roles and benefits, raising the possibility of a "mean trap" in previous studies whereby regional farmer income averages have been used to indicate rural e-commerce benefits. Using Meta-Regression Analysis (MRA), the study found that the income effect is more common in EC-active minority groups with higher access and participation levels. Enhanced incomes mainly occurred among marketing-oriented farmers, with limited impact at the village level and predominantly at the county level.

Kebijakan Bidang Ekonomi Pemda Kota Metro terhadap Pengelolaan Lokasi Usaha di Nuwo Intan Kota Metro Tahun 2018

This research discusses efforts to develop Metro City as a city of the future, focusing on the successful integration of the Trans Sumatra Toll Exit in Batanghari Ogan. In the context of development, emphasis is placed on the importance of green open space areas to make Metro City beautiful and act as a model for the autonomy of other cities. Through a literature review, relevant research includes analysis of regional economic regulations and the role of regional government policies in development, with examples of scientific journals that support business contributions to regional income. Although the results of previous research already exist, this research more specifically explores the economic policies of the Metro City regional government regarding the management of Nuwo Intan business locations in 2018. The nature of this research is descriptive and qualitative, using qualitative analysis to describe the phenomenon and influence of the Metro City Regional Government's economic policies on street vendors' income in Nuwo Intan.

Nationwide assessment of illicit drug consumption patterns in South Korea using wastewater-based epidemiology during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2022)

Illicit drugs have become a crucial global social issue, with South Korea experiencing a continuous increase in the number of offenders and drug smuggling. This study employed wastewater-based epidemiology to investigate consumption patterns of 8 illicit drugs and their 7 metabolites during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2022) in South Korea. Ten compouds were detected in the wastewater influent. Methamphetamine (METH) was prevalent in samples, followed by amphetamine and ecstasy (MDMA). Interestingly, MDMA and ketamine (KET), which were not detected in previous Korean studies conducted before COVID-19 pandemic, were detected in this study. METH exhibited the highest consumption rates, decreasing from 16.6 to 12.4 mg/day/1000 people between 2020 and 2022, while MDMA increased over the three years (mean: 1.16, 1.24, and 1.62 mg/day/1000 people in 2020, 2021, and 2022, respectively) (p < 0.05). Significant correlations were identified between regional income levels and the consumption rates of METH (p < 0.01), MDMA (p < 0.01), and KET (p < 0.05). Furthermore, METH and MDMA consumption rates in cities were positively correlated with the number of drug offenders arrested and local clubs in those cities. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into shaping regulatory policies related to illicit drugs and future studies.

The Influence of Entertainment Tax, Advertising Tax and Parking Tax on Yogyakarta City Regional Tax Revenue

Tax is a region's income that is sourced from wealth and resources managed by the local government which is a source of Regional Original Income. This research aims to determine the effect of entertainment tax revenue, advertising tax and parking tax on regional tax revenue in the city of Yogyakarta. The population in this study is entertainment tax revenue, advertising tax, parking tax in the city of Yogyakarta. The research period starts from 2020 - 2022. The technical analysis of this data uses a multiple linear regression test with local tax revenue as the dependent variable as well as entertainment tax and advertising tax. The results of the research show that the entertainment tax variable and regional tax revenue do not have a significant influence, while the advertising tax variable and the parking tax variable have a significant influence on regional tax revenue.

Transition and trend analysis of the burden of depression in China and different income countries: Based on GBD database and joinpoint regression model

BackgroundDepression is a leading cause of disability and poor health worldwide and is expected to rank first worldwide by 2030. The aim of this study is to analyze the transition and trend of depression burden in China and various income-level countries by utilizing the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database and the Joinpoint regression model. This analysis seeks to comprehend the variations in the burden of depression across different income regions and evaluate their developmental patterns. MethodsBased on the GBD 2019 open dataset, this study extracted data on YLD (Years Lived with Disability), DALY (Disability-Adjusted Life Years), and incidence related to depression. The analysis focused on the period between 1990 and 2019, covering global data and distinguishing between high-income, upper-middle-income, lower-middle-income, low-income countries, and China. We utilized the Joinpoint regression model to fit the spatiotemporal trend changes among different income-level countries. Pairwise comparisons were conducted to examine the parallelism and to determine if the differences in trend changes among various regions were statistically significant. ResultsFrom 1990 to 2019, the age-standardized YLD and DALY for depression female were higher than that in male. The YLD total change rate of depression men was higher than that of women. China exhibited the largest disparity in total YLD change rates between genders, reaching 0.08. During 1990 to 2019, the incidence of depression in 2005–2019 increased among females in middle to high-income countries, low-income countries, and China as compare to that of 1990–2005. Notably, China shown the most increase the incidence rate of females (from −0.4 % to 0.84 %). China experienced the most significant change in the YLD of depression during this period (AAPC = 0.45, 95 % CI = 0.41, 0.48, P < 0.01). China's YLD/Incidence rate was higher compared to the global, HICs, UMCs, LMCs, and LICs. In China, the YLD/incidence rate of depression began to rise in 1994, peaking around 2010, and then gradually declining. Since 2010, the growth rate of depression DALYs in China has been higher than the global average, high-income countries, upper-middle-income countries, lower-middle-income countries, and low-income countries. The DALY's AAPC value for the HLCs was the highest (AAPC = 0.24, 95 % CI = 0.22, 0.25, P < 0.01). The UMCs, in comparison to other regions, incidence rate had the highest AAPC value (AAPC = 0.48, 95 % CI = 0.46, 0.50, P < 0.01). ConclusionsGiven the significant variations in the burden of depression across countries with different income levels, future strategies aimed at reducing the burden of depression should adopt tailored and differentiated approaches according to each country's specific needs and developmental stages.

Multidimensional analysis for assessing sustainability determinants of rice farming in Siak, Riau

Abstract This study was conducted in five villages in Bunga Raya District (Kemuning Muda, Bunga Raya, Tuah Indrapura, Jayapura, and Buantan Lestari), the rice production centers of Siak Regency, Riau. The research location was selected based on the largest percentage of rice field area. The research was conducted from January to July 2019. This research aims to determine sustainable lowland rice farming management variables for future lowland rice farming development in Bunga Raya District, Siak Regency. Purposive sampling was used to choose the 82 sample farmers, who were selected using the Slovin equation. The respondents are selected with a margin of error of 7% of the total population of farmer families. Data was gathered through the use of interview techniques, questionnaires, and field observations. Multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) was used to analyze sustainable rice farming management factors after updating the Rapfish program. According to the findings of the sustainability study of 42 studied variables, 12 of them show sensitivity. Five of the ten stakeholder needs attributes were examined to provide sensitivity. The combined analysis of current prospective sustainability with stakeholders yielded five attributes determining factors for the sustainability of lowland rice farming in Bunga Raya: land conversion, participation in training/extension services, pesticide use, agro-tourism potential, and farmer capital availability. Another recommendation that policy makers need to consider, which is no less important, is to always preserve the rice field ecosystem by developing natural and human resources, so that increasing the welfare of farmers and increasing regional income can be achieved.

Analisis Pendapatan Objek Wisata dan Kontribusinya Terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah Kabupaten Bone Bolango Tahun 2020-2022

This research aims to analyze the level of income generated by tourist attractions in Bone Bolango Regency and to analyze the extent of the contribution of tourist attraction income levies to Regional Original Income in Bone Bolango Regency. The data source used in this research is secondary data sourced from time series data over a three year period, namely from 2020 to 2022. This research utilizes a documentation method that involves the use of secondary data, with a range of observations from 2020 to 2022. The secondary data used used comes from a report prepared by a related institution. The data analysis technique used in this research is quantitative descriptive analysis, namely by using the calculation of tourist attraction income and calculating the contribution of tourism levies to local original income using the Value Formatting method. The research results show that (1) After conducting research over the last three years, income from the Bone Bolango Regency tourist attraction has experienced stable growth. Total income during this period reached impressive figures, with an average amount during 2020 to 2022 of IDR. 674,056,515. This success reflects efforts to manage and increase the attractiveness of tourist destinations in Bone Bolango Regency. (2) After conducting research over the last three years, the contribution of tourism sector levies to the original regional income of Bone Bolango Regency has experienced fluctuations. The tourism sector managed to achieve an excellent contribution level with an average of 58.43% during 2020 to 2022. This success not only reflects the attractiveness of the Bone Bolango Regency tourist destination, but also the effectiveness of management strategies and positive engagement.

Performance Strategy to Improve Quality for Hotel Employees Post Covid-19 at Conrad Hotel Nusa Dua BALI

The purpose of this research is to determine strategies for the quality of employee performance and hoteldevelopment after Covid 19 to improve the quality and standards of guest comfort. Various hotel sectors in theNusa Dua area are competing with each other to improve and renovate everything that is still lacking andmaximize it for the comfort of guests visiting the hotel. the hotel and in general to increase the hotel's incomeand of course also have a big impact on the attractiveness of tourists who visit the hotel. The Covid-19 pandemichas become a global problem that has not only hit the health sector but also Bali tourism in particular. Thedecline in the tourism sector is demonstrated by the decrease in the number of room occupants and the averagelength of stay of guests at each hotel in Nusa Dua. This decline meant that hotel revenues were greatly reducedand they had to bear high operational costs. So, a quality strategy for employee performance is needed forhotels in Nusa Dua, especially at the Conrad Bali Hotel, in preparing work guidelines for the progress andcontinued comfort of guests staying at the hotel. By using interview analysis of one of the employees at theConrad Hotel Nusa Dua, Bali, the results were found to be the best quality strategy for employee performance.For example, creating and rearranging guidelines or procedures to increase the level of standardization andquality of work for every employee who works at the Conrad Hotel Nusa Dua. And supported by the use of theentire tourism workforce to seize and take advantage of maximum opportunities. Such as supporting nationalto international scale activities carried out in Nusa Dua, Bali. Some of the suggestions given to support thisresearch are that hotels in Nusa Dua, Bali in particular must be more active in carrying out various promotions,either through online promotions, through online travel agents, social media or through tourism organizations such as through the tourism office. Bali, influencers and the central government are still supported by CHSEcertificates and maintaining health protocols during the pandemic to maintain the safety of tourists visitingand staying in Nusa Dua, Bali. Apart from that, during the pandemic period where we don't know how long itwill end, hotels can collaborate with local governments to intensify promotions to friendly countries which canincrease foreign exchange sources and regional income, for example Chinese and Russian tourists.Keywords: Employee quality, work strategy, tourism development.