Parental Income Research Articles

Foreign bank presence and income inequality in Africa: What role does economic freedom play?

This study contributes to income equality (IE) literature by examining four important issues. First, the study examines the effects of foreign bank presence (FBP) on IE. Second, the paper identifies the minimum threshold level of FBP which can lead to IE. Third, the effect of economic freedom on IE was investigated. Fourth, the paper determines whether economic freedom interacts with FBP to minimise IE. The findings are based on macro data for 33 African countries from 1995 to 2020. The findings from the two-stage system generalised method of moment indicate that unconditionally, FBP reduces income inequality. Also, results from the threshold effect reveal that whilst FBP reduces income inequality, if it exceeds 52%, it may contribute to it. Additionally, the study reveals that economic freedom dampens IIE. Furthermore, economic freedom conditions FBP to reduce IE. Based on these findings, policymakers are advised to exercise caution in attracting foreign banks and to promote local financial institutions. Policymakers are also advised to implement policies to promote economic freedom.

A cross-sectional study on the dietary patterns of multiethnic Malaysian preschoolers and their sociodemographic determinants.

Early childhood is a critical developmental stage where established dietary patterns can impact lifelong health outcomes. This study investigates dietary patterns and their relationships with sociodemographic factors among Malaysian preschoolers. A total of 643 preschoolers of Malay, Indian, Chinese and other ethnicities participating in South East Asian Nutrition Surveys (SEANUTS II) were included. Dietary intake was assessed using a single triple-pass 24-h dietary recall method. Dietary patterns were derived using principal component analysis and their association with sociodemographic factors was determined using complex sampling logistic regressions. Five dietary patterns were identified: "healthy eating," "wholegrains and starchy vegetables," "high salt and sugar," "Western food," and "sugary drinks and legumes". Having older siblings was inversely associated with a "healthy eating" pattern (adjusted OR: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.33-0.87). Malay ethnicity was associated with higher odds of adhering to the "high salt and sugar" pattern (adjusted OR: 4.12, 95% CI: 2.20-7.75). Meanwhile, children living in urban areas (adjusted OR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.03-3.01), those from middle-income families (adjusted OR: 3.20, 95% CI: 1.38-7.40) and whose fathers were overweight (adjusted OR: 2.79, 95% CI: 1.58-4.94) showed a higher association with "Western food" pattern. Conversely, children whose mothers had overweight were less likely to adhere to the "Western food" pattern (adjusted OR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.30-0.83). Older age was significantly associated with a greater likelihood of the "sugary drinks and legumes" pattern (adjusted OR: 3.99, 95% CI: 1.75-9.06). There was no significant association between "wholegrains and starchy vegetables" pattern with sociodemographic characteristics (all p > 0.05). These findings suggest that ethnicity, age, residence area, having older siblings, parental weight status and household income level are associated with dietary patterns among multiethnic preschoolers in Malaysia. Thus, these sociodemographic characteristics should be considered when designing targeted dietary strategies and interventions for preschoolers.

Income mobility and crime: a hierarchical cluster analysis on principal components for 27 OECD countries

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to investigate the linkages between intergenerational income mobility and crime for 27 OECD countries, considering different types of crime, family ties, enforcement, in terms of punishment rate and perceived quality of the legal system, redistributive outcomes and government expenditure.Design/methodology/approachUsing the Global Database of Intergenerational Mobility (GDIM), the empirical analysis is conducted by coupling the principal components analysis with the hierarchical clustering. The variance tests verify the robustness of the clusters.FindingsIncome mobility is higher in those countries where there is high public investment devoted to education and high perception of rule of law to buffer the adverse effects of crime on income mobility. The redistributive policies must be oriented to better the wealth distribution and not only income equality opportunity to decrease crime and to increase income mobility. A plausible existence of “hidden” income mobility emerges from the linkages between income mobility and frauds.Social implicationsMore redistributive policies for education, income and wealth equality should be applied in those countries with low income mobility and high violent crime rates; higher punishment rates should be applied to reduce the rates of thefts and frauds in high income mobility countries.Originality/valueThe main contribution is the identification of what type of crime leads to downward income mobility, as well as the role of perceived quality of the legal system, government and family ties in the association between income mobility and crime, suggesting also the potential existence of “hidden” income mobility.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-07-2023-0520

Analysis of The Influence of Economic Stability, Economic Growth and Level of Human Resource Readiness on Income Equality

Analysis of The Influence of Economic Stability, Economic Growth and Level of Human Resource Readiness on Income Equality

Benefit Incidence Analysis terhadap Program Bidikmisi di Universitas Diponegoro

ABSTRACTOne of the ways to improve the quality of human resources is by providing educational assistance programs for students who wish to continue their education to higher education. Bidikmisi is one of the scholarship programs provided by the government in helping prospective students, especially those who are less fortunate, to pursue higher education.This study focuses on analyzing the impact of the application of the Bidikmisi scholarship using the Benefit Incidence Analysis (BIA) method. The data used in this study are primary data. Data was collected using a survey method through questionnaires distributed to Bidikmisi students who were the sample. The sample used is Bidikmisi students with active status at Diponegoro University from class 2017, 2018 and 2019.The results of this study indicate that the Bidikmisi program at Diponegoro University is a progressive policy. The university as the organizer of the bidikmisi program is considered appropriate in providing the obligations of bidikmisi recipients to bidikmisi students at Diponegoro University. The group of students with the lowest level of parental income gets a 33 percent distribution of benefits from the Bidikmisi program funds. The concentration curve lies above the 45 degree diagonal line, so the 10 percent of students with the lowest income level (first quintile) in the population receive more than 10 percent of the benefits of the subsidy so that the distribution of benefits can be said to be progressive in absolute terms.

Pengaruh Tingkat Pendapatan Orang Tua Terhadap Pendidikan Anak

Education is a necessity in human life. This process continues throughout life and is achieved through three ways: formal education, non-formal education, and non-informal education. The social status of parents (income level) is very important for children’s education. A family with a good income level not only fulfills daily needs such as meeting children's educational needs but of course also influences the development of attention to daily needs, including the education needs of their children. This study aims to find out the impact of parents' income rates on children's education. The research method used is a library survey. The results of this study show that parents' income rates influence their children's education. Several other factors influence, such as parents' educational levels, children's abilities, and other external factors. However, the results of this study show that the influence of parents' income rates on children's education dominates.

Relationship between parental income and financial literacy level among students

Financial literacy has become an important element in improving the quality of individual, familial, societal, and national well-being. This study aims to find the relationship between parental income and financial literacy level among students at Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris. The research employed a quantitative method using a closed-ended questionnaire to collect the data for the analysis. The research sample was selected using a stratified sampling technique and simple random sampling that consists of 366 undergraduate education students. The result indicates that parental income has a weak and significant positive relationship with financial literacy levels among students. Based on the regression analysis, the father’s income explains about 2.76% of the variance in financial literacy, while the mother’s income explains 10.8% of the variance in financial literacy. The results of this study show that parental income has a relationship with student’s financial literacy level. This finding of this study will help to understand more about the factor that can affect financial literacy.

Evaluasi Program Percepatan Penurunan Stunting di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Baqa Samarinda Seberang

The purpose of the study is to describe and analyze the results of the evaluation of policies to accelerate stunting reduction and identify their impact in the region. This research uses qualitative descriptive method, to process data obtained from the research location. Qualitative descriptive research is generally to describe, explain, clarify, and describe the observed variables in accordance with the formulated problem so that researchers can describe the empirical reality related to the Acceleration of Stunting Reduction program in the work area of the Baqa Health Center, Samarinda Seberang District. Based on the research conducted, it can be concluded that the policy of Accelerating Stunting Reduction in Baqa Samarinda Seberang Village has not been fully effective because its utilization is still not optimal, although it is efficient in achieving the goal of improving the quality of infant/toddler health. Budgets relevant to stunting targets show good results, but need more attention for income equality and welfare. This policy has been evenly distributed and received a positive response from the government and the community, and its implementation is right on target. The positive impact of this policy can be seen from the reduction in stunting rates, ease of access to online programs, budget stability, and new adaptations needed for stunting handling in the future.

The Correlation of Education, Employment, Parental Income and Social Emotional Development with the Nutritional Status of Preschool Children Living in Flood Areas

Nutrition is a biological factor that influences children's growth and development. In 2022, the World Health Organization stated that around 148.1 million children under five years old have a height that is not appropriate for their age or stunting, 45 million children are too thin compared to their height or wasting, and 37 million children are too heavy for their height or overweight..This study aims to determine the nutritional status of preschool children in flood areas and looking at the correlation of education, employment, parental income and children's social emotional development with the nutritional status of preschool children. The sample in this study was 114 preschool children aged 3 - 6 years who lived in flood areas. Sampling technique with cluster sampling. There are 9.6% of children who are very underweight, 29.8% are underweight, 15.8% are at risk of being overweight according to weight per age. According to height per age, there are 22% of children who are malnourished and 0.9% obese. According to BMI, there are 22.8% malnutrition and 18.4% malnutrition. There were 13.2% of children in the short category and 4.4% of very short children. There is a social emotional relationship between children and nutritional status according to BMIA. However, stunting and undernutrition or underweight are important findings in this study. These findings relevant for nursing to design and implement treatment or prevention interventions in overcoming nutritional problems in children. Future studies require surveys with larger samples and with more varied characteristics.

Functional brain connectivity predictors of prospective substance use initiation and their environmental correlates.

Early substance use initiation (SUI) places youth at substantially higher risk for later substance use disorders. Furthermore, adolescence is a critical period for the maturation of brain networks, the pace and magnitude of which are susceptible to environmental influences and may shape risk for SUI. We examined whether patterns of functional brain connectivity during rest (rsFC), measured longitudinally in pre-and-early adolescence, can predict future SUI. In an independent sub-sample, we also tested whether these patterns are associated with key environmental factors, specifically neighborhood pollution and socioeconomic dimensions. We utilized data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study®. SUI was defined as first-time use of at least one full dose of alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, or other drugs. We created a control group (N = 228) of participants without SUI who were matched with the SUI group (N = 233) on age, sex, race/ethnicity, and parental income and education. Multivariate analysis showed that whole-brain rsFC prior to SUI during 9-10 and 11-12 years of age successfully differentiated the prospective SUI and control groups. This rsFC signature was expressed more at older ages in both groups, suggesting a pattern of accelerated maturation in the SUI group in the years prior to SUI. In an independent sub-sample (N = 2,854) and adjusted for family socioeconomic factors, expression of this rsFC pattern was associated with higher pollution, but not neighborhood disadvantage. Brain functional connectivity patterns in early adolescence that are linked to accelerated maturation and environmental exposures can predict future SUI in youth.

EFFICIENCY OF SDGS IMPLEMENTATION IN VILLAGE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TO REDUCE INCOME DISTRIBUTION INEQUALITY

Introduction: Village development in Indonesia aims to improve the welfare of the community, especially in terms of income equality. To achieve this goal, people-centered sustainable development is needed. Sustainable development is an effort to improve the quality of life while still trying not to exceed the ecosystem that supports life. Sustainable development in villages can be implemented through the Village SDGs. The Village SDGs include 17 goals that are interconnected with each other. Each goal has specific targets in addressing pressing social, economic, and environmental issues and creating a more just and sustainable future together. The purpose of this study is to determine whether people-centered sustainable development is effective in reducing income distribution inequality and to explain how it affects income distribution inequality. Methods: Using DEA analysis and panel data regression, the research object is 33 provinces in Indonesia. Results: The results show that education and income have a significant negative effect on income inequality. Furthermore, health has a significant positive effect on income distribution inequality. Conclusion and suggestion: Equal access to education, health, and equal income, will be effective in reducing the level of inequality in the community.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on children overweight in Japan in 2020.

This study aimed to explore the association between the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and overweight incidence among preadolescent elementary school children in Japan. A population-based longitudinal study was conducted in Adachi City, Tokyo, Japan, using data from the Adachi Child Health Impact of Living Difficulty (A-CHILD) study. The control group (2016-2018) comprised 434 children, and the COVID-19 exposure group (2018-2020) included 3500 children. Overweight was defined as a body mass index (BMI) z-score of 1 SD or more according to the World Health Organization standards. The study design involved comparing BMI z-scores before and after exposure to the pandemic, considering the associated lifestyle changes and potential consequences on physical activity, parental employment status and income. By 6th grade, the prevalence of overweight increased from 17.7% to 19.2% in the control group and 22.5% to 29.5% in the COVID-19 exposure group. Difference-in-differences analysis revealed that children's exposure to COVID-19 significantly increased BMI z-scores (coefficient 0.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.14-0.29) and a higher odds ratio of overweight (odds ratio 2.51, 95% CI 1.12-5.62), even after adjusting for time-varying covariates. The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with an increased prevalence of overweight among elementary school children in Japan.

Effect of pharmaceutical promotion and incentives offered by pharmaceutical companies on the prescribing pattern of medical students: a cross-sectional study from a developing nation Pakistan

BackgroundPharmaceutical companies continuously pursue healthcare professionals, starting from the medical college level, which can ultimately lead to irrational prescribing of drugs and antibiotics. Therefore, our main aim was to evaluate the opinions and attitudes of medical students toward pharmaceutical promotion.MethodsThis study utilized a cross-sectional online survey that applied the snowball sampling technique. Data were collected from three public and three private sector medical colleges in Punjab, Pakistan using snowball sampling. A modified version of a pre-structured questionnaire was used to collect data between October 2020 and January 2021. Medical students from the third year onward were captivated. The tool was made available on Google Forms and students could access it by clicking the link shared. The effect of promotion on prescribing pattern and future prescribing of antibiotics were measured. Descriptive statistics, chi-square, and t-test were used to analyze the data.ResultsA total of 1,301 students filled out the survey, but only 1,227 responses were acceptable. The average age was found to be 23.4 ± 1.59 years. Slightly more than half of the respondents were male participants (57.7%), and a significant proportion (84.1%) reported being aware of pharmaceutical promotion. A smaller number (27.7%) felt that physicians who meet medical representatives more frequently tend to prescribe more antibiotics and 46.3% indicated they would be willing to prescribe antibiotics under the promotional influence. Medical students who were male, in senior college years, attended government institutions, and had lower parental income showed significantly higher perception and attitude scores (p < 0.05) which, in turn, may show their inclination to promotional activities. Many students agreed with the view that pharmaceutical promotion (PP) activities may alter prescribing practices and also believed that they contribute to the increased irrational prescribing of drugs and antibiotics.ConclusionThe study revealed that only a small number of students are willing to engage in promotional activities and accept rewards, which influences their choice toward selection of drugs and antibiotics. This study highlighted the necessity of giving proper educational instructions regarding the promotion of drugs to medical students. This study also focused on the educational prerequisites of the students.

Long-Term Effects of Equal Sharing: Evidence from Inheritance Rules for Land

Abstract What are the long-term economic effects of a more equal distribution of wealth? We investigate consequences of land inequality, exploiting variation in land inheritance rules that traverse political, linguistic, geological, and religious borders in Germany. In some German areas, inherited land was to be shared or divided equally among children, while in others land was ruled to be indivisible. Using a geographic regression discontinuity design, we first show a more equal land distribution in areas with equal division; other potential drivers of growth are smooth at the boundary and equal division areas were not historically more developed. Today, equal division areas feature higher average incomes and more entrepreneurship which goes in hand with a right-shifted skill, income, and wealth distribution. We show evidence consistent with the more even distribution of land leading to more innovative industrial by-employment during Germany’s transition from an agrarian to an industrial economy that, in the long-run, led to more entrepreneurship.

Relationships between moderate vigorous physical activity, motor- and health-related fitness and motor skills in children.

Childhood is an important transitional period for the development of healthy physical activity (PA) behaviours, so it is important to understand its impact on a healthy lifestyle. This study aimed to determine the influences of sex, socioeconomic status (SES) and body composition (BC) on the relationships between PA, motor skills, motor- and health-related physical fitness in 5-8-year-olds. Participants were a subsample consisting of 299 children (150 boys, 149 girls, mean age 6.83 ± 0.96 years) from the Exercise, Arterial Modulation and Nutrition in Youth South Africa study (ExAMIN Youth SA). Anthropometric measures, health-related physical fitness (HRPF), motor-related physical fitness (MRPF), objectively measured PA and demographic information were determined. Only 66% achieved the recommended 60 min of daily moderate vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with 19% classified as having unhealthy body composition (11% overweight, 8% obese). Fat-free mass and SES revealed small-to-moderate influences on the relationship between MVPA, standing broad jump (SBJ;r= 0.32), predicted VO2max (r= 0.28) and beep levels (r= 0.22). For MRPF, the quality of running (r= 0.12) and balancing were associated with MVPA. Adjusting for sex, BC and SES in the relationship between PA with HRPF and MRPF, reductions in most correlations were observed. Moderate vigorous physical activity levels were positively associated with HRPF, MRPF and some motor skills in 5-8-year-olds. Socioeconomic status (lower parental income, employment and education negatively influenced the association between MVPA and fitness [beeps, SBJ,O2max]).Contribution:This study provides knowledge with regard to the use of accelerometer for baseline data for PA, MRPF, HRPF as well as motor skills in South African children.

Analysis Of Factors Affecting Women Marriing Early In Jembrana District

Fertility is influenced by the low age at first marriage, high population growth is a burden on national development, so efforts are needed to reduce the rate of population growth. Population growth in Jembrana Regency cannot be separated from fertility, because the low age at first marriage has an impact on early marriage which is triggered by factors such as the respondent's education, parents' education and income, premarital pregnancy and area of residence. This study aims to analyze the simultaneous and partial influence of respondents' education level, parents' education and income, premarital pregnancy, and area of residence on early marriage among women in Jembrana Regency. The number of samples in this study was 100 PUS women who were married and lived in Jembrana Regency. The sample determination method used was nonprobability sampling , namely Quota Sampling and Accidental Sampling . The data analysis technique used is logistic regression analysis. The results of this study show that, simultaneously, the respondent's education level, parents' education and income, premarital pregnancy, and area of residence have a significant effect on early marriage among women in Jembrana Regency. The respondent's education level, parents' education, namely the father, and parents' income partially have a negative and significant effect on early marriage among women in Jembrana Regency, while the respondent's mother's education does not have a negative and insignificant effect on early marriage among women in Jembrana Regency. Premarital pregnancy causes more early marriages compared to not premarital pregnancy and the difference is significant . Area of residence means that respondents who live in villages experience early marriage at a higher rate than those who live in cities and the difference is significant.

More than clean teeth! Identifying factors that contribute to the development of early childhood caries.

This review aimed to identify established and updated evidence-based factors that could contribute to a child's development of Early Childhood Caries (ECC). Four online databases were used to source evidence including the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Scopus. The data search selected studies published between 2017 and 2021. Three specific terms were used to search: Dental Caries, Children, and Risk Assessment. There were three teams involved in data collection, two teams then reviewed selected articles. Exclusion criteria included any duplicate studies, commentaries, and editorials. Inclusion criteria included only randomised control trials and cohort studies. Selected studies must include children younger than 72 months, define the demographics, their clinical characteristics, and have clear follow-up of the patients involved. Commonly identified factors that were mentioned in multiple studies were then collected and assigned strength depending on the evidence measured using ratios. These could then beutilised to form a draft Caries Risk Assessment tool. 512 abstracts and 52 articles were screened, having matched the criteria set. Extraction of the data was completed under four headings: the child's age at the time of study (in years/months), risk predictors, the outcome, and the quality of the evidence presented. The GRADE system was then employed to separate the studies into high, moderate, low, and very low categorisation. Eventually, 22 new studies were included that would build on the original 25 articles that were identified in the previous systematic review. The most defining factors across the most recent systematic reviews in 2021 highlighted behavioural factors such as toothbrushing quality - parental supervision, frequency, and fluoride exposure. Specifically, the presence of plaque was used as a marker for oral hygiene evaluation. Dietary history included snacking frequency and, controversially, baby-toddler breastfeeding patterns. However, this does not take into consideration the dental impact - mainly the frequency or timing of breastfeeding (e.g. overnight). The review emphasises the importance of consideration of socio-economic factors though this may be a difficult topic of discussion if families are struggling i.e. household income and education level of parents or guardians. There is also mention of factors that do not have a significant evidence base such as the child's gender, ethnicity, and parental smoking status. In conclusion, the factors found to be relevant in the development of ECC were the child's age, toothbrushing quality/plaque control, parental involvement in toothbrushing, fluoride exposure, pattern of dental attendance, dietary sugar exposure, and habits, clinically carious active lesion presence, the oral bacterial composition (Streptococcus mutanspresence) and the socio-economic status of the child and their family. Though the review encourages identification of the caries risk factors in the mentioned groups, separated by both dental and non-dental professionals, ideally the aim would be to create a holistic care approach for management and signposting.

DETERMINANTS OF CHILDHOOD OBESITY: A REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

Childhood obesity is a complex public health issue with significant implications for long-term health outcomes and healthcare costs. This study investigates the determinants of childhood obesity, focusing on socioeconomic and environmental factors. Data were collected from 310 children and their families using a structured questionnaire from Jodhpur City. Socioeconomic variables included parental education level and household income, while environmental factors encompassed access to healthy food options and safe outdoor spaces for physical activity. Multiple regression analysis examined the relationship between these factors and childhood obesity, controlling for potential confounders. Results indicate that parental education level and household income were inversely associated with childhood obesity, suggesting that higher socioeconomic status may protect against obesity risk. Additionally, access to healthy food options in the neighborhood emerged as a significant predictor of childhood obesity, highlighting the importance of environmental factors in shaping dietary behaviors. These findings underscore the need for multifaceted interventions targeting socioeconomic disparities and ecological barriers to promote healthy weight among children. Effective strategies may include improving access to nutritious foods and creating supportive environments for community physical activity. Addressing the determinants of childhood obesity is crucial for mitigating its adverse health effects and reducing the burden on healthcare systems. KEYWORDS: Childhood Obesity, Public Health, Healthy Lifestyle, Socioeconomic Factors, Physical Activity

Individual and Interpersonal Factors Associated with Youth Antisocial Behavior among a Low Income, Immigrant, and Ethnic Urban Youth Sample

This study explores the association between youth antisocial behavior outcomes and predictors including individual factors (youth attitudes) and interpersonal factors (friends and parents) in a low income, immigrant, and ethnic community in Pomona, California USA. Social cognitive theory is used in a cross sectional design to perform correlation and multiple regression analysis on survey data from 2,693 high school students. While factors related to youths and their best friends were associated with youth antisocial behavior outcomes, parental factors did not show any association with youth antisocial behavior outcomes in both correlation and regression analysis. These results conflict with dominant trends in the literature and underscore the need for at risk communities such as Pomona to develop their own community data so that intervention programs can respond to their unique circumstances. The following intervention strategies are recommended for youth program designers in Pomona: prioritize individual youth and friends in intervention activities; develop intervention strategies to grow parental influence on youth antisocial behavior such as integrating engagement tools which immigrant, minority, and low income parents could use to counter antisocial risk factors and enhance protective factors. Future research should investigate the factors that drive the influence of best friends on youth antisocial behavior particularly how these trump parental influence in Pomona and other disadvantaged environments. The research findings should shape the intervention strategies recommended above.

Success Attribution and Support for Income Equality: Evidence from the United States and Germany

Income inequality within countries is a pressing global issue, and understanding its determinants is crucial for informing policies aimed at fostering economic fairness. In this paper, we use individual data from World Values Survey (WVS) wave 7 data (2017-2022) to study how the attribution of success to different (luck or effort) factors affects the views on income distribution (specifically, whether to support income equality or inequality). Our main hypothesis is that attributing success to effort rather than luck leads to a larger and statistically significant increase in the acceptance of inequality in the indulgent country – the United States. We indeed find that attributing success to effort is significantly and positively correlated with supporting income inequality in the United States, while this correlation is significantly weaker in Germany. But from the regression results, the country does not significantly change the relationship between success attribution and supporting income equality. Therefore, we reject our main hypothesis and conclude luck rather than effort as the source of success can’t lead to a more substantial and statistically significant increase in support in income equality in indulgent countries.