Farm Household Income Research Articles

Impact of improved groundnut varieties adoption on income, food security and nutrition of farming households in Katsina State, Nigeria

Abstract Previous empirical studies on improved groundnut varieties in Nigeria have not focused on the impact of the adoption of improved groundnut varieties on monetary returns, food security, and the nutrition of farming households. It is therefore important to provide evidence to justify the expenditure on improved groundnut varieties development in Nigeria. Using observational data from 100 randomly sampled groundnut farmers, this study determined the impact of improved groundnut varieties (IGV) adoption on farming households’ income, food security, and nutrition in a rural area of Northwestern Nigeria. The Propensity Score Matching Technique was used for data analysis. The majority of the respondents (75%) are adopters of IGV. The likelihood of adoption increases with extension contact, labour, and the level of commercialization. Adopters of IGV had an increase of ₦ 48171.7 ($133.1) and 14.96 in Gross margin/hectare and dietary diversity increased by 14.96, respectively. There was also an improvement in the food security status of the adopters. The study concluded that adopting improved technologies can enhance farming households’ welfare. It was therefore recommended that farmers be encouraged to adopt IGV to increase the returns from groundnut production and household food security and nutrition status.

Farmers’ Decision to Delay Selling of Coffee in West Lampung, Indonesia

Robusta coffee is a leading export commodity in Lampung Province. Coffee farmers face the problem of high coffee price fluctuations. During the harvest season, the price of coffee will decrease, so farmers are advised to adopt a system of delay selling. This study aims to analyze the system of selling coffee by farmers and to analyze the determinants of coffee farmers’ decisions to delay selling coffee. The research was conducted in West Lampung Regency in November-December 2022. The sub-districts of Way Tenong, Air Hitam, and Batu Brak were purposively selected as research locations. The number of samples is 190 coffee farmers taken by random sampling. Data were analyzed using binary logistic regression. The results showed that 26.84% of the farmers applied a system of delayed selling. Farmers stored coffee in the form of dry coffee fruit to delay selling between 1-10 months after the coffee fruit has dried. With a delayed selling system, farmers got a higher selling price. The determinants of a farmer’s decision to delay selling coffee are farming experience, education level, coffee production, coffee price, household income, and number of family members.

Contribution of Integrated Farming System (IFS) Units Towards Household Income in Kerala

From an economic point of view, combining various components in the same unit helps to diversify farmers’ income. An attempt was made to determine the contribution of various components, adopted in an IFS unit, to the annual household income among the IFS units of Kerala during 2022. In this study, total annual household income was computed by summing up the gross income from all the on-farm sources. The study revealed that 52.78 per cent of respondents were found in the low-income category, followed by one-third in the medium-income category. Among the selected components, the contribution of income from the crop component, dairy component, and poultry component, was found to be low to medium, while the trend in income generation from fish component was from medium to low. In the case of apiculture and mushroom components, medium to high-income generation was also noticed. It was also found that farm size, experience in farming, economic motivation, training undergone, and herd size were positively correlated with the total farm income of households.

Kontribusi Pendapatan Usahatani Bunga Bahan Canang terhadap Pendapatan Rumah Tangga Petani di Kecamatan Banjarangkan, Klungkung

Contribution of Canang Flower Farming Income to Farmer's Household Income in Banjarangkan District, Klungkung
 Balinese Hindu life can’t be separated from the consumption of flowers such as canang flowers. The income will contribute to farmer's household income so the contribution needs to be known. This study aims to determine: a) the income of canang flower using farming analysis methods, b) the source of household income by household income analysis, and c) the contribution of canang flowers income to household income by contribution of farming income analysis. The result showed that the income of canang flowers is Rp2.605.107/year/person for pacar air flowers, Rp39.626.893/year/person for gemitir flowers, and Rp12.267.678/year/person for both commodities. Sources of household income of farmers come from the income of canang flower, farming income other than canang flowers (plants and livestocks), and non-farming income. The contribution of canang flower income to farmers' household income is in the very low category, namely 23.58%. This showed that farmers do not rely on income from canang flower farming to meet their household needs. Training and mentoring of farmers, providing market information and the accuracy of fertilizer distribution are expected to increase farm productivity so it can increase income as well as its contribution.

Dampak Pariwisata terhadap Sosial Subak dan Perbandingan Pendapatan Rumah Tangga Petani pada Sektor Pertanian dan Sektor Pariwisata (Studi Kasus di Subak Teges, Desa Peliatan, Kecamatan Ubud, Kabupaten Gianyar)

The Social Impact of Tourism on Subak and Comparison of Farmers' Household Income in the Agricultural Sector and the Tourism Sector (Case Study in Subak Teges, Peliatan Village, Ubud District, Gianyar Regency)
 Tourism is a sector that significantly contributes to the economic growth of Bali Province. The development of tourism will also develop other related sectors, such as agriculture, livestock, plantation and handicraft. Farmers in Subak Teges, Peliatan Village, Ubud District, Gianyar Regency for instance, have experienced the economic benefits generated by tourism development. This study aims to see the impact of tourism on subak, particularly the function of subak, as well as to compare the farmer households’ income from the agricultural and the tourism sectors. The sampling technique used was purposive random sampling involving 41 respondents. The data was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The study results show that tourism provides significant changes to the five functions of subak. The household income of farmers working in the agricultural sector and the tourism sector differs significantly (t-test shows a significance of 0.000). The average household income of farmers in the agricultural sector is only Rp. 1,282,635 per month, while in the tourism sector it is Rp. 3,113,415 per month. The annual farmer households income in the agricultural sector is Rp. 15,391,623, while in the tourism sector it is Rp. 37,360,976. For that reason, it is important for Subak Teges to maintain the synergy between agriculture and tourism by promoting Subak as a tourism destination and preserving rice fields.

채소가격 안정제 작동원리 및 효과 분석

In this study, working mechanism of the vegetable price stabilization policy is theoretically identified and the effects of this policy on farm household income is empirically assessed. Farm household income is evaluated to be increased by KRW 119.36 billion for the producers of winter radish, autumn radish, autumn cabbage and garlic, if the actual supply amount from the farmers participating in the policy is the same as the contract quantity under this policy. In addition, the income increase of non-participating farmers is estimated to be 107.3 billion won which is very high compared to 12.03 billion won for the income increase of participating farmers. The estimated overall effect is larger than the vegetable price stabilization policy cost of 106.9 billion won in 2021, which imply that the policy needs to be continuously implemented.

INCOME DIVERSIFICATION: A STRATEGY FOR MANAGING POVERTY AMONG WET SEASON SMALL-HOLDER RICE PRODUCERS IN JIGAWA STATE, NIGERIA

This study was conducted to assess income diversification as a strategy for managing poverty among wet season smallholder rice producers in Jigawa State, Nigeria. The justification for the research hinges on the fact that more knowledge about the extent and nature of livelihood diversification and poverty status among rural farming household is required for effective designing and implementation of poverty reduction policy and strategies. Multi-stage sampling techniques consisting purposive and random sampling were used in selecting 292 wet season smallholder rice producers who were interviewed using structured questionnaires by trained enumerators. The analytical tools employed include descriptive statistic, Simpson diversification index, FGT model and Probit regression models. The result shows that the mean age of 40 years and mean household size was 12 persons. Wet season rice production was the major occupation for the farmers with most of them having a farming experience of more than 24 years on the average. However, the average farm size was 2 hectares. The average annual income from rice production is ₦166119, while the average annual income from dry season production was ₦159704. The result of SID of the farming household shows that 51.6% had high income diversity and 48.4% had low-income diversity scores. The FGT model revealed the poverty level of the farming household which shows that 60.3% of the smallholder wet season rice producers were poor while 39.7% were non poor. The poverty depth was -0.35 for the poor and 0.53 for non-poor. The severity of poverty index for the poor is 0.78. Farming household income diversification also significantly influence poverty status. It is therefore recommended that since the study observed that the incidence of poverty had slightly drop from 64.1% to 54% as a result of diversification among the non-poor farming household. Therefore, farmers should be encouraged to diversify their economic activities to earn more income to be able to increase their income base so as to cover their expenditure on consumption and social obligation. This can be achieved through creation of enabling socio-economic environment that will generate employment opportunity for the farming household.

Portrait of Household Income and Corn Farmers Welfare City and Village Area in Gorontalo District, Indonesia

The purpose of this research is to):1 examine the contribution of income from corn farming to household income of farmers in city and village areas and 2) photograph the welfare level of corn farmers in village and city areas. This research was conducted in Gorontalo Regency. The object studied is the welfare of corn farmers based on the Sajogyo criteria approach. The type of research data is primary data, with the data source being corn farmers; therefore, the method used is a survey. The sampling technique used purposive random sampling. The purposive technique (deliberately) was carried out for samples of city and village areas. The criteria for the regional sample are; distance, accessibility, the form of government administration, and facilities. The selected sample cities are Tenilo and Tilihuwa Villages, while the selected village areas are Modelidu Village and North Dulamayo Village. The number of sampling units is 87 farmers, with the distribution of each region using proportional allocation. The results showed that: 1) the contribution of income from corn farming to the total household income of corn farmers in city areas is 33.69%, and in village areas, it was 59.02%. Statistically, in village areas, the proportion of farmers whose sources of income from corn farming exceed other incomes is significant, while in city areas, the proportion is not significant; 2) if the household income of corn farmers only comes from corn farming, based on the Sajogyo indicator, the welfare level of corn farmers in city areas is included in the poor category, while corn farmers in village areas are in the near poor category.

Farmer household food security in two dimensions in Lombok, Indonesia

Household food security is faced with two important problems, namely how to expand income sources and how to properly distribute their income for life necessities. The purpose of this study was to analyze the comparison of the distribution patterns of household income and expenditure of wetland farmers with dry land and to analyze the determinants that affect the household food security of wetland and dryland farmers in Lombok Island. The research design used a cross-sectional study with a survey method. The collected data will be analyzed using qualitative and quantitative data analysis methods. In general, the qualitative data analysis used is policy analysis (program evaluation), institutional analysis, potential analysis, and priority determination of community-level problems. Qualitative data analysis was carried out through the process of filtering data, categorizing, concluding, and retesting. Quantitative data analysis used a logistic regression model. The results of the study concluded that: The sources of income of farmers in wetlands are more varied than those of dryland farmers. Meanwhile, wetland farmers household expenditures are relatively the same as wetland farmers. The food security of wetland farmer households (90%) is better than farmer households in dryland (83.3%). Meanwhile, wetland farmer household food insecurity is lower than wetland farmer households. The distribution pattern of wetland farmer household income comes from rice, and maize cultivation, while in dryland areas, it is sourced from rice, corn, and soybean farming. Distribution patterns Household expenditure of wetland and dryland farmers is divided into expenditures for food and non-food. The factors that determine household food security in dry and wetland areas are farmer household income.

농촌지역 신재생에너지 발전사업 주민참여 활성화 연구 - 농촌태양광 시스템을 중심으로 -

This study investigated the status of resident participation in the policy of supplying new and renewable energy in rural areas. According to the survey, most of the rural residents were well aware of the new and renewable energy supply project promoted by the government. However, it was found that participation in the project was difficult mainly for economic and social reasons. In order to activate the participation of rural residents who can’t participate in the renewable energy power generation project for economic and social reasons, it is necessary to develop and promote business models and support policies for power generation projects in which village communities participate. Changes in residents' acceptability due to resident education and operation for solar power systems were analyzed. As a result of the survey, it was found that the satisfaction of rural residents was high when new and renewable energy power generation projects were introduced in rural areas. Therefore, it is thought that the government's goal of increasing farm household income and expanding the supply of new and renewable energy in rural area can be successfully achieved by the improvement of resident acceptability and the increase of the participation rate. Lastly, this study presented a plan to improve the resident acceptability of the renewable energy system by using the rural solar project and survey results.

Research on the Impact of Rural Land Transfer on Non-Farm Employment of Farm Households: Evidence from Hubei Province, China

Agricultural scale operations and industrialization promote the transfer of the rural labor force to the industry sector, and the non-farm employment of farmers plays a great role in increasing their income and reducing poverty. It is of great significance to explore the non-farm employment of farmers for the governance of relative poverty and the achievement of common prosperity. The propensity score matching (PSM) and generalized propensity score matching (GPSM) were used to analyze the impact of rural land transfer on farm households' non-farm employment. According to the PSM estimation, compared to the farmers' land not transferred, the rural land transfer significantly increased the proportion of non-farm employment personnel in farm households and the months of per year non-farm employment per person. The total land transfer, paddy land transfer and dry land transfer could significantly increase the proportion of non-farm employment personnel in farm households by 0.074, 0.029 and 0.085 units, respectively, and could significantly increase the months of per year non-farm employment per person by 0.604, 0.394 and 0.617 units, respectively. According to the GPSM estimation, different types of rural land transfer areas have significant positive effects on the proportion of non-farm workers and the months of per year non-farm employment per person, and show an obvious increasing trend of returns to scale, that is, the proportion of non-farm workers and the months of per year non-farm employment per person of farmers are higher than the increase in rural land transfer area. Additionally, the return to scale effect of dry land transfer area is more obvious. In order to raise the income of farm households and narrow the gap between urban and rural areas, the land transfer system can be further improved, urbanization with the county town as an important carrier can be vigorously promoted, the participation of farm households in non-farm employment in the local area can be promoted and the support policy system for non-farm employment of rural labor force can be improved.

Crop diversity and farm income: evidence from a large-scale national survey

PurposeThis study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of crop diversification in increasing the income of farm households. In addition, this study introduces the impact of natural disasters in the analysis to determine how diversification helps mitigate the negative effect of disasters on farm income. More importantly, the study also analyses the effect of diversification on farm income by farm class to see where the benefits of diversification are concentrated.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses a linear model, in which agricultural income is expressed as a function of diversification, natural disasters and several control variables. Diversification is measured using the Simpson index of diversification. The linear model is enhanced with the inclusion of an interaction term of natural disasters with the diversification index to shed light on the role of diversification in negating their harmful effect on agricultural income. Finally, to analyze the impact of institutional variables on farm income, the interactions of diversification with irrigation, insurance, usage of technical information and formal training are incorporated in the linear model.FindingsThe study highlights the importance of demographic, farm and institutional variables in raising farm income. The study suggests that an increase in education level, irrigation, usage of technical information and possession of Kisan Credit Card (KCC) have a positive impact on agricultural income. The study reveals that crop diversification has a positive impact on farm income and the benefits of diversification are conditioned by institutional factors. Thus, there is a need for policy intervention to ensure increased irrigation facilities along with extension services to provide information to the farm households. It has been found that small farmers gain more from crop diversification than larger farmers. Furthermore, the results show that natural disasters negatively impact farm income, but their impact can be mitigated by higher levels of diversification.Originality/valueThe results of the study are based on the recent unit-level data from the 77th Round of the National Sample Survey Office survey. The survey covers a large number of farm households and reports information for the year 2018–2019.

THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE BEEF CATTLE FARMING SECTOR TO HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN THE TEAK FOREST AREA (CASE STUDY IN THE KEDUNGADEM SUB-DISTRICT, BOJONEGORO REGENCY)

Limited employment opportunities in rural areas make it more challenging for people to live a prosperous life. The social and economic conditions of rural communities tend to depend on the agrarian sector, such as the livestock sector. The livestock sector as an agricultural sub-sector is a very strategic and reliable way to create economic growth, reduce unemployment and create additional sources of income for the community. Most of the population of the Kedungadem sub-district in the Bojonegoro Regency work in the agricultural sector, for example in livestock farming. This study reveals the total income of cattle farmers’ households and the contribution of income derived from beef cattle farming activities to the total household income of farmers who live in the teak forest area. One hundred beef cattle farmers were randomly selected and grouped into one of three beef cattle farming scales, based on the number of cattle owned. This study shows that the average total income in scales I, II, and III was IDR. 19,211,392.15/year, IDR. 34,583,874.51/year, and IDR. 42,945,805.17/year, respectively. The average cattle farmer’s income from beef cattle farming in scales I, II, and III was IDR. 4,002,674.71/year; IDR. 9,482,032.71/year; and IDR. 19,716,588.39/year, respectively. The average contribution of beef cattle farming activity to the total income of farmers’ households in scales I, II, and III was 20.94%, 27.42%, and 47.00%, respectively. This study suggests that the farmers need to improve their economic management in order to survive or increase the income they derive from cattle farming. Farmers should also cooperate with Perhutani, a state forest company, as there are a number of ways in which the teak forest can support the sustainability of their cattle farming.

The Effect of Behavior and Characteristics of Shallot Farmers on Production Risk in Deli Serdang District

Horticulture is part of the agricultural sector which has received quite a lot of attention by the government to continue to be developed. Shallots are horticultural crops that are currently widely grown in Indonesia and have high economic value and demand. The development of shallot farming is basically aimed at increasing the productivity and welfare of farmers. However, shallot cultivation does not fully provide maximum benefits for farmers. This happens because of the risk in the implementation of onion farming. The risk factors that occur are production risk and shallot price risk. Production and price risks will reduce the income of shallot farming so that the household income of farmers decreases. Therefore, agricultural development through increasing productivity must be in line with the handling of the risks faced. The research area was determined purposively, namely in Liang Pematang Village, Sinembah Tanjung Muda Hulu District, Deli Serdang Regency, with the consideration that the area is one of the shallot production centers in Deli Serdang Regency. The sample in this study were farmers who were working on shallots in the research area. The samples taken were 30 shallot farmers. Farming risk level analysis using Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA). From the results of the study, it is known that the characteristics of shallot farmers are farmers of productive age and the dominant education is quite high at the high school level. Most farmers own more than 2,000 m2 of land, and have been farming for more than 10 years and the land used is their own land. The risks faced in shallot farming based on severity from the highest to the lowest are the selling price of shallots, fertilizer prices, weather conditions, Pest attacks, availability of seeds, diseases and labor.

Determinants of farmers’ adoption of Sasakawa Global 2000 cassava-maize intercrop technologies in Abia State, Nigeria

This study assessed adoption of cassava-maize intercrop technologies of the Sasakawa Global 2000 African Agronomy Initiative among farmers in Abia State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling procedure was used to select sixty (60) cassava farmers for the study. Data were collected with a structured questionnaire and analyzed using percentage and multiple and Pearson product moment correlation analyses). Mean farm size of the farmers was 1.3 hectares, fortnight contact with extension services (68.3%) and mean annual farm income of N291,774.00. Farm visits (100%) were majorly used in disseminating these technologies to farmers. Farmers had favourable perception (3.0) to Sasakawa cassava-maize intercrop technologies. Multiple regression result showed that household size (β=3.593), education (β=2.8324), farming experience (β=2.8260), farm income (β=2.6243), farm size (β=-2.7001) and extension contact (β=2.8227) influenced farmers’ adoption of Sasakawa cassava-maize intercrop technologies in the study area. There is need to promote human capacity and technical assistance to extension agents for effective dissemination and adoption of these technologies by farmers in the study area.

Nilai Tukar Petani sebagai Indikator Kesejahteraan Petani Kedelai di Kecamatan Pulokulon Kabupaten Grobogan

This study aims to determine the average exchange rate of soybean farmers and determine the factors that affect the exchange rate of soybean farmers in Grobogan Regency. The basic method used in this research is analytical descriptive. The research location was chosen purposively, namely in Pulokulon District, Grobogan Regency. The type of data used in this study is primary data from 50 respondent farmers. Analysis of the data used is multiple linear regression. The results showed that the Farmer's Exchange Rate (NTP) was 115% which indicated that the farmers were in a prosperous condition. All variables studied together have a significant effect on the exchange rate of soybean farmers in Grobogan Regency. The results of the t-test analysis showed that other farm income variables, farmer household food expenditures, non-farm income and non-food expenditures of farmers' households had a significant effect on the soybean farmer's exchange rate, while the variables of farmer age, education, number of farmer family members, and farm income individually does not significantly affect the exchange rate of farmers in Grobogan Regency. From the results of the t-test analysis, the function model of the exchange rate of soybean farmers in Grobogan Regency is Y = 59.418 + 0.381X1 – 2.319X2 + 7.276X3 + 1.077x10-5X4 + 4.498x10-6X5 –3.681 x10-6X6 - 3.656 x10-6X7 - 3,859x10-6X8. Based on the results of the study, suggestions that can be given are that it is necessary to provide counseling regarding increasing the productivity of other farming commodities and being able to maximize the use of the yard to plant vegetables and fruits for household consumption and to use fuel efficiently. Farmers can have a side job outside the agricultural sector such as being a laborer, trader, or other work so as to increase the household income of farmers. The government can provide assistance in the form of capital for farmers both to develop farming and other businesses with the hope that the income obtained by the community will increase so that the welfare of farmers will also increase. In relation to soybean farming, farmers should form partnerships with women farmer groups in selling soybeans.

A study of the impact of land transfer decisions on household income in rural China.

As an important measure to enhance the allocation of land resources and achieve moderate scale operation in China, land transfer has an irreplaceable role in giving full play to the social and economic value of land. This paper uses data from the China Family Panel Studies in 2018 and applies OLS, PSM and mediator effects to study the impact of land transfer on household income. The results of the study show that: firstly, participation in land transfer can significantly increase the income level of farming households, but the impact of different land transfer acts on household income varies. Secondly, the age and physical condition of the household head, the number of agricultural and non-agricultural members in the household and the poverty status of the household all have a negative effect on household income. On the other hand, the education level of the household head, the household size and the presence of village officials in the household, agricultural subsidies, land titling and land size all have a positive effect on household income. Thirdly, the impact on household income for households that did not participate in land transfer is greater than for those that did. The results of the mediator effect test show that land transfer has a significant effect on household farm income, and that farm income has a full mediator effect, but all have a positive significant effect on household income.

Participatory management of weed infestation in Lake Tana - setting a better future in the front mirror

Lake Tana is one of the biosphere reserves in Ethiopia registered by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Water hyacinth is expanding in the lake owing to increased nutrient load from the watershed. As efforts from the government alone could not bring the anticipated change, local peoples’ engagement and contribution are believed to sustainably and effectively manage the watershed and prevent the weed’s spreading. This study, therefore, aims to estimate households’ contribution (willingness to pay–WTP–and willingness to contribute labor–WTCL–) to prevent and control water hyacinth and hence improve lake ecosystem services through a hypothetical watershed management in Lake Tana. This study applied quantitative and qualitative methods. It was conducted among 560 randomly selected households of the Libo-kemkem district using a contingent valuation method from March to April/2021. Eleven key informant interviews were also conducted. Bivariable and multivariable interval regression models were used to identify the determinants of households’ potential contribution. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data. As the weed is believed negatively impact the ecosystem services provided by the lake, 72% of the respondents showed willingness to contribute to the proposed management program. About 32 and 39% of the respondents were willing to pay in cash and to contribute labor, respectively, to prevent weed infestation. On the other hand, 28% of them were neither willing to contribute in cash nor in labor to the hypothetical market. The findings showed respondents’ mean annual WTP and WTCL were 632.8 Ethiopian birr and 30.1 man-days per household, respectively. The place of residence, educational status, farm plot area, household income, family size, and conference participation significantly influenced WTP and/or WTCL. In this hypothetical improvement scenario, an estimated annual WTP and WTCL of nearly 12 million Ethiopian birr and 700 man-days per year, respectively, are reported considering the total households in the study area. Therefore, collaborative efforts by different stakeholders are the next steps to realize the hypothetical contributions.

Analisis Ketahanan Pangan Berdasarkan Proporsi Pengeluaran Dan Konsumsi Energi (Suatu Kasus Pada Rumah Tangga Petani Buruh Di Desa Gunungmanik Kecamatan Tanjungsari Kabupaten Sumedang)

The purpose of this study is to find out the total income and expenditure of farmers' households, to know the proportion of food expenditure to the total expenditure of farmers' households, to know the energy and protein consumption of farmers' households, and to find out the condition of food security of farmers' households in Gunungmanik Village based on indicators of the proportion of food expenditure and energy consumption levels. This research uses descriptive analytical methods. Technical research used is research survey. Based on the results of the study obtained information that the average household income of farmers in Gunungmanik Village is Rp 3,159,598.04 obtained from agricultural business income of Rp 2,009,589.00 (63.61%) and from outside the farm business income of Rp 1,150,000.00 (36.39%). The average expenditure on food is Rp 1.364.284,28 per month and non-food expenditure is Rp 919.413,42 per month. The average proportion of food expenditure to total expenditure is 59,74%. The average energy consumption of farmers' households in Gunungmanik Village is 1,159.68 kkaal/ person/day, while the average energy consumption rate is 54.81%. The food security conditions of farmers' households in Gunungmanik Village based on their levels are food resistant by 1,37%, food vulnerable by 2,73%, lack of food by 24,65% and food insecurity by 71,23%.

Productivity and Welfare Impact of Adoption of Improved Seed in Ethiopia; Critical Review

This paper is primarily concerned with reviewing the productivity and welfare impacts of improved seeds in Ethiopia. Methodology: This study reviews both theoretical as well as empirical research conducted in Ethiopia. The method of analysis used in this paper is content analysis of literature, with careful organization and presentation of the results. Finding: The result of this critical review has confirmed that using improved seeds enhances productivity and welfare in a significant and promising way. Adoption of improved seeds boosts farm household income, food security, household spending, and poverty reduction. It is also implying that improved seed's impact can be increased if it is paired with other technologies such as fertilizer. Finally, it is suggested that increasing awareness of the availability and benefits of improved seed, increasing access to improved seed, and combining improved seed with other agricultural technologies such as fertilizer help to promote farm household production and well-being.