Contribution To Income Research Articles

Family income and polygenic scores are independently but not interactively associated with cognitive performance among youth genetically similar to European reference populations.

Cognitive abilities are heritable and influenced by socioeconomic status (SES). It is critical to understand the association between SES and cognition beyond genetic propensity to inform potential benefits of SES-based interventions and to determine if such associations vary across (i) cognitive domains, (ii) facets of SES, and/or (iii) genetic propensity for different aspects of cognition. We examined the contributions of neighborhood socioeconomic advantage, family income, and polygenic scores (PGS) for domains of cognition (i.e., general cognitive ability, executive function, learning and memory, fluid reasoning) in a sample of children (ages 9-10; n = 5549) most genetically similar to reference populations from Europe. With some variability across cognitive outcomes, family income and PGS were independently significantly associated with cognitive performance. Within-sibling analyses revealed that cognitive PGS associations were predominantly driven by between-family effects suggestive of non-direct genetic mechanisms. These findings provide evidence that SES and genetic propensity to cognition have unique associations with cognitive performance in middle childhood. These results underscore the importance of environmental factors and genetic influences in the development of cognitive abilities and caution against overinterpreting associations with PGS of cognitive and educational outcomes as predominantly direct genetic effects.

Determinants of rural women economic empowerment: the Case of Bahir Dar Zuria Woreda in Amhara Region, Ethiopia

The issue of women's empowerment has been a topic of ongoing discussion in developing countries, considering the complex socio-demographic and cultural factors at play. Women tend to face disadvantages compared to men across various human development indicators. Therefore, it is crucial to thoroughly examine the different factors that influence women's economic empowerment within the specific context of Ethiopia. This study examines the factors that contribute to the economic empowerment of women in rural areas of Bahir Dar Zuria Woreda in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. The research employed multi-stage probability sampling techniques to achieve its objectives, resulting in a sample of 382 rural women randomly selected from seven selected kebeles. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression were used to analyze the collected data. The study found that more than half of the women achieved a medium level of economic empowerment. The results revealed that age, educational status, income contribution, and ownership of property positively influenced rural women's economic empowerment. In addition, opening a savings account, information access, mobile phone accessibility, and membership of women's associations positively and significantly affect women's economic empowerment in the study area. Conversely, marital status, hours spent on unpaid work, and early age at marriage negatively.

Inequity in the utilization of the home and community integrated healthcare and daily care services in older adults with limited mobility in China

BackgroundThis study aimed to analyze the needs and utilization of the home and community integrated healthcare and daily care services (“home and community care services” for short) among older adults in China and to investigate the inequity in services utilization.MethodsCross-sectional data were obtained from the 2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Needs and utilization rates of the home and community care services in older adults of 60 years old and above were analyzed. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the factors associated with services utilization among older adults with limited mobility. Concentration index, horizontal inequity index, and Theil index were used to analyze inequity in services utilization. Decomposition analyses of inequity indices were conducted to explain the contribution of different factors to the observed inequity.ResultsAbout 32.6% of older adults aged 60 years old and above had limited mobility in China in 2018, but only 18.5% of them used the home and community care services. Among the single service utilization, the highest using rate (15.5%) was from regular physical examination. Limited mobility, age group, income level, region, self-assessed health, and depression were statistically significant factors associated with utilization of any one type of the services. Concentration indices of any one type service utilization and regular physical examination utilization were both above 0.1, and the contribution of income to inequity were both over 60%. Intraregional factor contributed to about 90% inequity of utilizing any one type service, regular physical examination and onsite visit.ConclusionsThis current study showed that older adults with needs of home and community care services underused the services. Pro-rich inequities in services utilization were identified and income was the largest source of inequity. The difference of the home and community care service utilization was great among provinces but minor across regions. Policies to optimize resources allocation related to the home and community care services are needed to better satisfy the needs of older adults with limited mobility, especially in the low-income group and the central region.

The impact of war on forest logging: Changes in logging practices in Syrian rural communities

Syria has been struggling with a prolonged and brutal war for over a decade, leaving much of the country in devastation and its forests severely degraded. While many studies have identified logging for firewood as a significant driver of deforestation during the war, there is a notable absence of research specifically addressing logging behavior within the context of war. This research seeks to address this gap by examining the changes in logging behavior among local communities, the effects of violence and socioeconomic variables on wood harvesting, the contribution of wood income to people's survival during the war. To do that, we conducted survey questionnaires in two coastal villages in Syria—Blouta and Nehel al Annaze—which experienced high and low levels of violence, respectively. Our findings reveal that logging activities increased once the war began, with more people involved in forest harvesting and average days spent logging per week significantly increasing from 1.5 to 4. Additionally, the war appeared to reduce the gender disparity in logging activities: before the conflict, women engaged in logging significantly more frequently than men, but this difference became insignificant during the war. The level of violence alone did not significantly affect the amount of wood logged per month. Furthermore, income generated from wood harvesting played a substantial role in bridging the gap between the monthly income needed to cover their basic necessities and the actual income of families in both villages by 46.94 % and 84.83 % of the gap in Nehel al Annaze and Blouta, respectively. These results highlight the crucial role of forest resources in supporting rural livelihoods during times of war. Post-war effective forest management will be vital to ensure the sustainable use and recovery of forest resources, supporting both ecological restoration and economic stability for the rural communities.

Analisis Usahatani Jagung dan Kontribusinya Terhadap Pendapatan Keluarga Petani Jagung di Desa Sukanalu, Kecamatan Barusjahe, Kabupaten Karo

This study aims to determine the production costs incurred for corn farming per hectare per growing season, the farmer's income obtained from farming per hectare per growing season, and the contribution of net income from farming to family income. The data analyzed is data for one planting season in season I (Marc- August) 2022. The population in this study are farmers who cultivate corn. determine the sample using the accidental method which is a sampling method if all members of the population are used as samples, namely 50 families. From the research results, it can be concluded that the average production cost is the largest for the component of labor wages, the average net income is quite profitable to increase family income, and the contribution of corn farmers' income to total family income in the study area is categorized as low. Keywords : Cost, net income, and contribution

Multifaceted contribution of environmental pollution, race and income to health inequities in Texas

Abstract Prior studies found links between ethnic background, socioeconomic status, and proximity to toxic environmental contaminants harmful to human health. However, there is no consensus among environmental economists on whether ethnicity or economics are the primary causes of health inequity under the influence of environmental hazard exposure. This paper explores this research question in Texas, the second largest US state, and the most diverse demographically, using a comprehensive framework with twelve main factors as key determinants for environmental-related health outcomes. The matrix of associations among factors of environmental pollution, economic class, race/ethnicity, and state of health is very complicated by multiple inter-correlations among components. To differentiate the relative importance of various factors, twelve statistically large population cohorts were compared, based on four racial/ethnic groups, each with three different levels of poverty. This novel approach allows for more meaningful comparisons, by normalizing groups for ethnicity and prevalence of poverty, two of the most influential socioeconomic factors. Compared to majority-White communities, majority-Hispanic and -Black communities were found to be more disproportionally negatively impacted by environmental pollution and socioeconomic challenges. This resulted in worse health outcomes: higher prevalence of chronic diseases and a shortened life span. The prevalence of poverty appears to play a dominant role in health outcomes across all racial/ethnic groups. Consistent with prior research, the Hispanic community has shown a strong positive correlation with the prevalence of diabetes, while the Black community has a high prevalence of asthma.

Kontribusi Sektor Non Pertanian Terhadap Pendapatan Rumah Tangga: Studi Kasus di Desa Jirak Kecamatan Sajad Kabupaten Sambas

The aim of this research is to analyze the structure of household income originating from the non-agricultural and agricultural sectors, as well as analyzing the contribution of non-agricultural sector income to household income. Regarding how big the contribution of non-agricultural income and farming income is to household income. The sample in this research were farmers taken from Jirak Village, namely 42 respondents. The data analysis method used is quantitative with income analysis. The research results show that sources of income from non-agriculture, namely laborers, traders, weaving craftsmen, craftsmen, technicians and furniture, average IDR 1,402,262 per month, while sources of income from rice farming reach an average of IDR 965.972. This shows that non-agricultural income is greater than rice farming income. These results prove that non-agricultural income is seriously used to help with farming and household needs. Then the contribution of non-agricultural income to farmer household income is 59,21 %, this shows that the contribution of non-agricultural income is greater than rice farming income.

Impact of Income on Livelihood of Tribal Goat Farmers of Odisha, India

The present investigation was carried out to find out the contribution of income in improving the livelihood of tribal goat farmers in the Kandhamal district of Odisha which was purposively selected as this district is highly concentrated with local goats. The sample of 112 goat farmers for this study was selected randomly from sixteen villages which were also selected from four randomly selected blocks of the district. With the help of the pre-tested interview schedule, the data for the study was collected personally by the researcher. The study employed ex-post facto research design and focussed group discussion to capture field data. Economic impact a component of overall livelihood impact was measured with the help of 10 validated statements in a five-point Likert type scale with scores on a continuum with 1(strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) for each of the statement. The study revealed that the farmers’ personal savings, ability to spend money for children education, food, clothing and meeting medical expenses have increased due to goat farming. However, the overall economic impact is medium in nature indicating that the important stakeholders including government agencies involved in promotion of goat farming in the tribal areas should put emphasis on improving the business ability of the famers which will be useful in improving the income level leading to strengthening of livelihood.

Kinerja Ekonomi Usaha Tani Tanaman Pangan dan Kontribusinya pada Kesejahteraan Petani di Desa Sekitar Kawasan Ekonomi Khusus Mandalika, Kabupaten Lombok Tengah

The Mandalika Special Economic Zone (SEZ) development in West Nusa Tenggara Province aims to accelerate economic growth, especially for people in Pujut District-Central Lombok Regency. This research aims to describe the economic performance of food crop farming in villages around the Mandalika SEZ and its contribution to the economic welfare of farmer households. This research uses descriptive methods, and the data was collected using survey techniques in 3 villages with potential for food crop farming, namely Sengkol, Rembitan, and Sukadana villages. The respondents were 75 farmers. The results showed that food crops in villages around the Mandalika SEZ consist of rice, soybeans, and corn, with low productivity and an R/C ratio of 1.48–2.02. The total income from food crop farming is IDR 7,903,504.28/year or 34.06% of the total household income of farmers. The contribution of food crop farming income to farmer welfare based on the Sajogyo criteria was 41.69%, and based on the World Bank Criteria, it was 18.95%. Keywords: food crop, farmers welfare, farmer household, special economic zone mandalika, Central Lombok

Social Inequalities in Loneliness: Disentangling the Contributions of Education, Income, and Occupation

Loneliness represents a serious health risk. However, studies investigating social inequalities in loneliness are rare. Thus, the current study investigates which socioeconomic groups are the most affected by loneliness. Data from the population-based German Aging Survey were used ( N = 3,784), with participants being 40+ years old. Education, income, and occupational prestige were used as socioeconomic indicators. It was found that loneliness scores were descriptively higher in groups with lower educational attainment, lower income and lower occupational prestige. In a linear regression analysis, significant socioeconomic differences in loneliness emerged only for income and occupational prestige. Thus, individuals with a low occupational position and those with low income are systematically more affected by loneliness than higher status groups. Material and occupational resources are likely to constitute major socio-structural explanatory variables for loneliness and should be further investigated as such by future studies.

Analisis Pendapatan Objek Wisata dan Kontribusinya Terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah Kabupaten Bone Bolango Tahun 2020-2022

This research aims to analyze the level of income generated by tourist attractions in Bone Bolango Regency and to analyze the extent of the contribution of tourist attraction income levies to Regional Original Income in Bone Bolango Regency. The data source used in this research is secondary data sourced from time series data over a three year period, namely from 2020 to 2022. This research utilizes a documentation method that involves the use of secondary data, with a range of observations from 2020 to 2022. The secondary data used used comes from a report prepared by a related institution. The data analysis technique used in this research is quantitative descriptive analysis, namely by using the calculation of tourist attraction income and calculating the contribution of tourism levies to local original income using the Value Formatting method. The research results show that (1) After conducting research over the last three years, income from the Bone Bolango Regency tourist attraction has experienced stable growth. Total income during this period reached impressive figures, with an average amount during 2020 to 2022 of IDR. 674,056,515. This success reflects efforts to manage and increase the attractiveness of tourist destinations in Bone Bolango Regency. (2) After conducting research over the last three years, the contribution of tourism sector levies to the original regional income of Bone Bolango Regency has experienced fluctuations. The tourism sector managed to achieve an excellent contribution level with an average of 58.43% during 2020 to 2022. This success not only reflects the attractiveness of the Bone Bolango Regency tourist destination, but also the effectiveness of management strategies and positive engagement.

Gender Indicators Social and Responsibility Statistical Center of Sumatera West

The study aims to display data related to gender social and population indicators of the province of Western Sumatra. On this research method literature review, descriptive. Source data obtained from the data of BPS Province of Western Sumatra as the primary source and in the complete of the relevant articles. The results of this study found that there are eleven gender social and population indicators according to the PBS Province of Western Sumatra, among them; women as a professional force, women's income contribution, gender empowerment index (IDG), women' s participation in parliament, the gender disparity index, average school length (RLS), school life expectancy (HLS), Gender Development Index (IPG), human development index (IPM) by gender, life expectant rate (AHH) by sex, per capita expenditure adjusted by sex.

DETERMINAN PENDAPATAN USAHATANI ALPUKAT DAN KONTRIBUSINYA TERHADAP PENDAPATAN RUMAHTANGGA PETANI DI KAWASAN GEOPARK RINJANI

Pringgasela District is one of the avocado producing areas in the Rinjani Geopark Area, East Lombok Regency. Located 19 km west of the city center of East Lombok Regency. The purpose of this research is to (1) analyze the factors that influence the income of avocado farmers in Pringgasela District. (2) analyze the contribution of avocado farming income to farmer household income in Pringgasela District; The method used in this research is a quantitative-descriptive method. The unit of analysis used in this research is farmers who cultivate avocados in Pringgasela District, East Lombok Regency in 2024. The primary data collection method was carried out through direct observation using a questionnaire for 41 farmers as respondents. The technique for collecting respondent data was carried out by accidental sampling. The research results show that: factors that influence the income of avocado farmers are the amount of production, production costs and the age of avocado farmers. The contribution of avocado farming to farmer household income is 10.48%. Avocado cultivation in the Mount Rinjani geopark area pays attention to sustainability aspects by not using chemical fertilizers in farming activities.

The contribution of household income to rectal cancer patient characteristics, treatment, and outcomes from 2010 to 2020

BackgroundThere is a paucity of recent literature investigating the sole effect of income level on the treatment and survival of patients with rectal cancer. MethodsWe analyzed all cases of rectal cancer in the Rectal Cancer PUF of the NCDB from 2010 to 2020. We utilized the Median Income Quartiles 2016–2020 to define our income levels. The two lower quartiles were combined to create a lower income group, with the upper two quartiles creating the higher income group. The total cohort included 201,329 patients, with 116,843 and 84,486 in the higher and lower income groups, respectively. ResultsLower income patients were more often black (17 % vs 6 %), lived farther from the nearest hospital (33.5 miles vs 25.7 miles) despite being more likely to live in urban areas (25 % vs 7 %), and had lower levels of private insurance (36 % vs 49 %). They underwent more APRs (17 % vs 14 %) and had a 13 % higher chance of undergoing an open operation (OR 1.13, CI 1.09–1.17). Higher income patients had a 12 % reduction in 90-day (OR 0.88, 95 % CI 0.82–0.96) and overall mortality (OR 0.88, 95 % CI 0.86–0.89). ConclusionsClinicians should be aware that lower income patients are often faced with unique challenges that may impact care delivery.

ANALISIS SOSIAL EKONOMI PENGELOLAAN HASIL HUTAN DAMAR (Agathis Dammara) DI DESA RAMBATU, KECAMATAN INAMOSOL, KABUPATEN SERAM BAGIAN BARAT

The objectives of this study were to determine the social aspects of resin forest product management, analyze the level of community income in managing resin forest products and determine the contribution of resin forest product income in Rambatu village, Inamosol sub-district, West Seram Regency. This study applied the survey method to collect data from a specific location, namely Rambatu village, using questionnaires and direct interviews with individuals and groups at the research site. The results of the study revealed that the community of Rambatu Village coexists with resin tree species that have become an additional source of income for the local community. By paying attention to the level of community income in managing resin forest products by striving for management without depleting the results of resin trees in Rambatu village and reviewing the contribution of income from resin forest products which is quite helpful to the community's economy, namely 30.52%, this is smaller than the side income of the community reaching 69.48%. Therefore, the management process must cooperate with related parties such as the Vocational Training Center (BLK) to seek the development of knowledge and skills in managing resin forest products properly and correctly and seek a better sales concept between resin workers and collectors so that the income of the Rambatu community increases.

KONTRIBUSI USAHA NIRA AREN YANG DIJADIKAN SOPI TERHADAP PENDAPATAN PETANI SOPI DI NEGERI HATUSUA KECAMATAN KAIRATU KABUPATEN SERAM BAGIAN BARAT

The aim of the research is to find out the contribution of sopi products to the level of income of sopi farmers and, to find out what factors influence the production and sales of sopi products in Hatusua State, West Kairatu Seram District. From the research results, the contribution of sopi is 66.84% or Rp. 561,497,810 per year. Meanwhile, income outside of beef production contributed 33.16% or Rp. 278,600,000 per year. From the results of the research and calculation of the contribution value to the income value of sopi production and income outside of sopi production. The income from sopi production in Hatusua Country has a very large contribution value, compared to the income contribution value outside of sopi production by sopi farmers. Factors that influence the production and sales of sopi in Hatusua State, Kairatu District, West Seram Regency, namely, factors that influence sopi production include weather, type of palm flower, age of palm trees and, type of mayang production level and, factors that influence sales. sopi is the status of a sopi which is still illegal.

Analysis of Valuation Determinants of Commercial Banks with Digital Services in Indonesia

Purpose: The purpose of the research is to analyze the differences in bank price-to-book value based on the level of digitalization and to explore the influence of digitalization and financial factors on the price-to-book value of banks with digital services. Theoretical Framework: The theoretical framework likely encompasses theories related to digital transformation, financial performance metrics (such as price-to-book value, fee income, return on equity), and possibly theories related to banking and digital services adoption. Method: The research methodology involves statistical tests and Panel Data Regressions. Data from 24 banks covering the period from 2019 to 2022 are utilized. Result and Conclusion: The analysis reveals that higher levels of digitalization are associated with improved contributions of fee income, return on equity, and price to the bank's book value. Additionally, the level of digitalization strengthens return on equity, improves non-performing loans (NPL), and enhances capital utilization, all of which significantly influence price-to-book value. Originality/Value: The novelty of this study lies in its focus on using the price-to-book value (PBV) of commercial banks with digital services as a metric linked to digital transformation, which is distinct from previous research primarily focused on digital banks' profitability. This shift in focus allows for a deeper understanding of the impact of digitalization on bank value.

Economics of Silviculture: Insights from Coconut Seedling Production in Lagos State, Nigeria

Nigeria has a record of producing about 250,000 tons of coconut annually, this production capacity is not enough in satisfying the demand of coconut in the country. Coconut demand exceed its supply currently in Nigeria. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to 120 respondents selected purposively from the list of Lagos State Coconut Development Authority (LASCODA). Specifically, the study identified the variety of coconut seedling raised; examined the costs and returns of coconut seedling production; contribution of coconut seedling income to the total income of coconut seedling producers and identified the constraints on coconut seedling production. Descriptive statistics, budgetary analysis, and likert type scale were employed for analysis. The study revealed that, majority (64.17 percent) of the respondents raised the tall variety of coconut seedling. The budgetary analysis revealed that a typical coconut seedling producer makes a net profit ₦380,128.33/ha with a rate of return of 241.78 percent. Income from coconut seedling production contributed to the total income of the producers (66.3 percent) in the study area. Inadequate credit facilities, inadequate access to training among others were the constraints faced during production. Research recommends that prioritization of coconut seedling production to improve farmer’s accessibility to credit and training programs should be organized for farmers so as to embrace innovation.

Income Contribution of Backyard Gardening and its Association with Household Food Security: A Case Study in an Urban Setting

Households located in urban township settings experience food insecurity which can be alleviated through backyard gardening. This study is to determine the extent of the contribution of backyard gardening to food security. Based on the Logistic Regression Model, household size, farming experience, employment status of the household head and harvesting frequency were found to be significant in affecting the food security status of the household. The study found that backyard gardening contributes (contribution index of 67.25%) towards household food security. Household specific factors should therefore be considered in policy targeted intervention strategies aimed at alleviating food insecurity.

ANALISIS KEBERAGAMAN USAHA RUMAHTANGGA PETANI PADI SAWAH LEBAK DI PINGGIRAN KOTA PALEMBANG

Livelihood strategies are various alternative efforts carried out by households to fulfill living needs for sustainable livelihoods. Through the livelihoods approach, we can understand how people/communities create a livelihood, and how they try to survive. The lives of lowland rice farmers on the outskirts of Palembang City are inseparable from the problem of the water regime conditions of the lowlands with all the impacts it causes as well as social and economic aspects and resource aspects (land conversion) from agriculture to residential and housing land. This research aims to 1) analyze the level of business diversity of farmer households, 2) calculate the amount of income of lowland rice farmer households from the on farm, off farm and non farm sectors. 3) distribute the contribution of various incomes from the off-farm and non-farm sectors to the household income of lowland rice farmers on the outskirts of Palembang City. The data used and the analysis carried out used a combination of primary survey data and qualitative data from the results of in-depth interviews with a sample of 32 families. The results of the research show that the diversity of household businesses of lebak farmers on the outskirts of Palembang City, with the calculation of the entropy index, obtained a value of 0.73. This shows that the efforts made by household members are very good. diverse. The average income from rice farming is Rp. 16,168,113.32 /lg/yr and its contribution to the household is moderate (54.96%), the average non-rice farming income is Rp. 4,319,548.42/year with its contribution to households in the low criteria category (14.68%), and the average non-farming income is IDR. 8,928,750.00/year and its contribution to households in the medium criteria category (30.35%).