Bank Income Research Articles

Uncovering gaps in women's authorship: A big data analysis in academic surgery.

Women are underrepresented in surgical authorship. Using big data analyses, we aimed to investigate women's representation as first and last authors in surgical publications worldwide and identify underlying predictors. We retrieved eligible surgical journals using Scimago Journal & Country Rank 2021. We queried articles indexed in PubMed from selected journals published between January 2018 and April 2022. We used the EDirect tool to extract bibliometric data, including first and last authors' names, primary affiliation country, and publication year. Countries and dependent territories were classified following World Bank income levels and regions. Women's representation was predicted from forenames using the Gender-API software. Citations were included if gender accuracy was ≥80%. We analyzed 210,853 citations containing both first and last authors' forenames, representing 158 countries and 14 territories. Women constituted 23.8% (50,161/210,853) of the first and 14.7% (31,069/210,853) of the last authors. High-income economies had more women as first authors than other income categories (p<0.001), but fewer women as last authors than upper-middle- and lower-middle-income economies (p<0.001). The odds of the first author being a woman were more than three times higher when the last author was also a woman (OR 3.21, 95% CI 3.13-3.30) and vice versa (OR 3.25, 95% CI 3.16-3.34) after adjusting for income level and publication year. Women remain globally underrepresented in surgical authorship. Our findings urge concerted global efforts to overcome identified disparities.

Foreign bank presence and income inequality in Africa: What role does economic freedom play?

This study contributes to income equality (IE) literature by examining four important issues. First, the study examines the effects of foreign bank presence (FBP) on IE. Second, the paper identifies the minimum threshold level of FBP which can lead to IE. Third, the effect of economic freedom on IE was investigated. Fourth, the paper determines whether economic freedom interacts with FBP to minimise IE. The findings are based on macro data for 33 African countries from 1995 to 2020. The findings from the two-stage system generalised method of moment indicate that unconditionally, FBP reduces income inequality. Also, results from the threshold effect reveal that whilst FBP reduces income inequality, if it exceeds 52%, it may contribute to it. Additionally, the study reveals that economic freedom dampens IIE. Furthermore, economic freedom conditions FBP to reduce IE. Based on these findings, policymakers are advised to exercise caution in attracting foreign banks and to promote local financial institutions. Policymakers are also advised to implement policies to promote economic freedom.

Tracking the Global Burden of Neural Tube Defects and Assessing Disparities Across World Health Organization Regions: A Scoping Literature Review.

Neural tube defects (NTDs) are an important cause of global morbidity worldwide. Well-planned global neurosurgery and public health efforts can aid vulnerable communities, but there is a need to elucidate the global burden of NTDs and identify regions without available data to better target interventions. A scoping review to quantify worldwide NTD prevalence using the PubMed/Medline and birth defects surveillance registries was conducted. Data published after January 1, 1990, encompassing prevalence values of at least the 2 most prevalent NTDs-spina bifida and encephalocele-were abstracted. Average NTD prevalence rates were aggregated by World Health Organization (WHO) region and World Bank classification, and differences were determined using the analysis of variance test. Differences in availability of nationally representative data by WHO region and World Bank classification were determined using χ2 tests. This review captured 140 studies from a total of 93 of 194 WHO member countries. The percentage of countries within a geographic region with available NTD prevalence data was highest in the Eastern Mediterranean (EMR) (85.7%) and lowest in Africa (AFR) (31.3%). The NTD prevalence range was 0.9-269.6 per 10 000 births. Statistically significant differences in reported NTD prevalence rates existed by WHO Region (P = .00027) and World Bank income level of study country (P = .00193). Forty countries (43%) had conducted national-level studies assessing NTD prevalence. There was a statistically significant difference in the availability of nationally representative prevalence data depending on the WHO region (P = .0081) and World Bank classification of study country (P = .0017). There is a gap in availability of NTD prevalence data worldwide, with many WHO member states lacking national-level NTD prevalence estimates. These findings highlight the need for greater NTD surveillance efforts to identify the countries with the greatest need for targeted global intervention.

A comparative study on bank income diversification: which non-interest income component is beneficial?

PurposeThis paper aims to conduct a comparative study on the impact of income diversification and the main non-interest components on banks’ financial performance and risk-adjusted profitability in China and Egypt.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses both static and dynamic panel regression analyses on a sample of Egyptian and Chinese banks from 2009 to 2022.FindingsIncome diversification yields positive effects on bank profitability in Egypt and China. Trading income consistently exhibits a significant positive influence on bank profitability in both nations. Conversely, fee-based income positively impacts bank profitability in China, whereas in Egypt, this effect is observed under dynamic-based regression models. On the contrary, income diversification does not consistently increase risk-adjusted profitability in both countries, especially Egypt.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to examine the impact of income diversification on Egyptian bank performance while identifying the most significant non-interest income components. In addition, the comparative analysis conducted in this study reveals the positioning of China, the largest economy among emerging countries, in terms of the degree of income diversification, its impact on bank profitability and the extent to which non-interest income components contribute to bank profitability when compared with Egypt, representing an emerging country characterised by different levels of bank market power, financial infrastructure and expertise. Findings hold significant implications, suggesting that bank managers and policymakers should prioritise diversifying income sources, particularly through fee-based services and trading activities in China, and trading activities in Egypt, to enhance financial profitability.

Examining global and gender disparities in high-impact evidence synthesis on lung cancer: A 2000-2024 analysis of Cochrane Library.

e23021 Background: Most cancer-related deaths occur in low-middle-income countries (LMICs), yet LMICs are underrepresented in global oncology research. Women have also historically been underrepresented in clinical literature. High-impact evidence synthesis influences guidelines and practice worldwide, so equitable authorship can ensure that issues presented are applicable globally. The Cochrane Library is a repository of high-impact systematic reviews that can be authored from all over the world. So, we aimed to analyze the representation of LMICs and women in the authorship of lung-cancer-related Cochrane Reviews. Methods: From the topic 'Lung and Airways' in the Cochrane Library, we included all studies related to lung cancer, published till February 2, 2024. We extracted the authors’ national affiliations, categorizing them into LMICs and non-LMICs based on the 2023 World Bank income classifications. Collaboratives/ groups were considered as a single entity. Following this, we manually captured at least one webpage for each author showing their gender or gender pronouns. For authors whose gender could not be determined via manual search, we used Gender-API, an artificial intelligence-based software, to determine their gender based on their name and country. Authors with &lt; 90% certainty of gender on Gender-API were categorized as unknown. Results: We included 42 reviews that had 233 authors, including three group authors. United Kingdom (22.32%; n = 52/233), followed by Australia (16.31%; n = 38/233), Spain (13.3%; n = 31/233), China (9.01%; n = 21/233) and France (6.87%; n = 16/233) were the most represented countries. There were no authors from LMICs. Manually, we ascertained gender for 85.04% (n = 194/228) of authors, and overall, for 94.74% (n = 216/228). Women constituted 42.6% (n = 92/216) of all authors. They were, however, better represented as first authors (50%; n = 19/38) and corresponding authors (54.05%; n = 20/37). Conclusions: Despite suffering the brunt of cancer, LMICs had no representation in lung-cancer-related Cochrane reviews. While authorship had a male preponderance overall, women were well represented as first and corresponding authors. Addressing authorship disparities in global oncology literature, via mentorship and capacity building, can improve its applicability and utilization.

A Comparative Analysis of Otolaryngology Journal Characteristics and Metrics Across World Bank Income Groups.

There are marked barriers to research and publishing for low- and middle- income country (LMIC) ENT researchers. This could be reflected in LMIC journal characteristics and research, which has never been investigated. We aim to characterize differences in the number, geographic distribution, publishing costs, reach, number of articles, citations, and impact factors of high-income country (HIC) journals compared to LMIC journals. We included journals listed under the category "Otorhinolaryngology' in three major journal databases. From journal websites, we collected data related to financial model, waiver policy, access, and distribution. Additionally, from the Clarivate Journal Citation Reports 2022, we collected the following journal metrics: total articles, total citations, journal citation indicator, journal impact factor (JIF), 5-year JIF, and JIF without self cites. 79.7% HIC journals offered English editing services, compared with 25.0% of LMIC journals. Additionally, 40.0% of HIC journals are solely open access compared with 92.0% in LMICs. Lower journal metrics were seen in LMIC journals, including 2022 mean total articles (107 HICs vs. 60 LMICs), total citations (4296 vs. 751), journal citation indicator (0.88 vs. 0.35), and journal impact factor (12.68 vs. 0.82). We have identified substantial differences in the distribution, English editing services, and journal metrics of HIC journals compared to LMIC journals. These may point to potential barriers to publishing and research access for those in LMICs. To support LMIC research, future work should evaluate opportunities to increase the number of ENT journals in LMICs, expand open access publishing, improve access to language services, and increase LMIC research impact.

Strategi Pemasaran PT Bank Syariah Indonesia KCP Cemara Asri dalam Menawarkan Produk Pembiayaan Pra Pensiun Guna Menarik Minat Nasabah

The purpose of this study was to determine effective marketing strategies in offering pre-pension financing products by PT Bank Syariah Indonesia KCP Cemara Asri and increasing customer interest in this product. This study also aims to determine how effective marketing strategies can increase bank income and improve the quality of Islamic financial services. In this study, researchers applied a qualitative method that prioritizes data collection through field study techniques or field research. This approach was chosen to obtain an in-depth understanding of the obstacles faced by Bank Syariah Indonesia KCP Cemara Asri in marketing pre-retirement financing products. Qualitative methods allow researchers to dive into the perspectives of various related parties and analyze effective marketing strategies to increase customer interest in these products. effective marketing strategies for PT Bank Syariah Indonesia KCP Cemara Asri for pre-retirement financing products involve an integrated and diverse approach. The steps include increasing public education about the product, strengthening digital promotion, establishing cooperation with companies, and organizing seminars and education to the public.

Access to and quality of elective care: a prospective cohort study using hernia surgery as a tracer condition in 83 countries

Timely and safe elective health care facilitates return to normal activities for patients and prevents emergency admissions. Surgery is a cornerstone of elective care and relies on complex pathways. This study aimed to take a whole-system approach to evaluating access to and quality of elective health care globally, using inguinal hernia as a tracer condition. This was a prospective, international, cohort study conducted between Jan 30 and May 21, 2023, in which any hospital performing inguinal hernia repairs was eligible to take part. Consecutive patients of any age undergoing primary inguinal hernia repair were included. A measurement set mapped to the attributes of WHO's Health System Building Blocks was defined to evaluate access (emergency surgery rates, bowel resection rates, and waiting times) and quality (mesh use, day-case rates, and postoperative complications). These were compared across World Bank income groups (high-income, upper-middle-income, lower-middle-income, and low-income countries), adjusted for hospital and country. Factors associated with postoperative complications were explored with a three-level multilevel logistic regression model. 18 058 patients from 640 hospitals in 83 countries were included, of whom 1287 (7·1%) underwent emergency surgery. Emergency surgery rates increased from high-income to low-income countries (6·8%, 9·7%, 11·4%, 14·2%), accompanied by an increase in bowel resection rates (1·2%, 1·4%, 2·3%, 4·2%). Overall waiting times for elective surgery were similar around the world (median 8·0 months from symptoms to surgery), largely because of delays between symptom onset and diagnosis rather than waiting for treatment. In 14 768 elective operations in adults, mesh use decreased from high-income to low-income countries (97·6%, 94·3%, 80·6%, 61·0%). In patients eligible for day-case surgery (n=12 658), day-case rates were low and variable (50·0%, 38·0%, 42·1%, 44·5%). Complications occurred in 2415 (13·4%) of 18 018 patients and were more common after emergency surgery (adjusted odds ratio 2·06, 95% CI 1·72-2·46) and bowel resection (1·85, 1·31-2·63), and less common after day-case surgery (0·39, 0·34-0·44). This study demonstrates that elective health care is essential to preventing over-reliance on emergency systems. We identified actionable targets for system strengthening: clear referral pathways and increasing mesh repair in lower-income settings, and boosting day-case surgery in all income settings. These measures might strengthen non-surgical pathways too, reducing the burden on society and health services. NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Global Surgery and Portuguese Hernia and Abdominal Wall Society (Sociedade Portuguesa de Hernia e Parede Abdominal).

IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON THE FINANCIAL STABILITY OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN KENYA

&lt;p&gt;Countries worldwide were gripped by the COVID-19 pandemic for the greater part of 2020 and 2021. COVID-19 spread to virtually all nations around the globe, causing a contraction of the global economy, and Kenya was no exception. Governments worldwide deployed social distancing, lockdowns, and curfews, which resulted in employee lay-off, business closure, and suppressed demand for commodities and services, eventually trickling down to commercial banks. The Kenyan banking sector experienced deterioration in asset quality which has been worsening since 2014 when it stood at 5.6 percent, reaching an all-time high of 14.5 percent in 2020 whereas Return on Assets which has also been declining since 2014, stood at 4.46 percent dropped to a record low of 2.07 percent in 2020 during the pandemic. This study, therefore, sought to determine how the financial stability of Kenyan commercial banks has been impacted by the COVID-19 shock. The study sought to specifically establish how both Z-score and capital adequacy of Kenyan commercial banks were impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Financial intermediation theory, Capital buffer theory, and Financial Instability Hypothesis anchored the study. The research design embraced was non-experimental, while the financial stability proxy was Z-score. The study’s target population was 19 commercial banks in Kenya between the years 2015 and 2022, which had complete data on all the study variables. Annual bank-level data was obtained from Kenya`s Central Bank`s annual supervision reports from 2015-2022. Event study methodology was used while collecting data whereby, the event window was 2020-2021, the period before the event (COVID-19) was 2015-2019, and the period after the event was 2022. The study espoused a panel vector autoregression model in data analysis where the impulse response functions were generated. The researcher discovered that the COVID-19 pandemic adversely impacted Z-score and capital adequacy. Based on the research findings, the Government of Kenya ought to institute non-disruptive pandemic control measures such as proper hygiene and wearing of masks as opposed to quarantines and lockdowns, which are detrimental to commercial banks' operations and other businesses, ultimately leading to a decline in income for commercial banks. Moreover, since capital acts as a shock absorber for banks, Kenyan commercial banks should strive to achieve and maintain the minimum capital adequacy ratios set by the Central Bank of Kenya. This will ensure that commercial banks in Kenya cushion themselves against economic shocks generated by pandemics such as COVID-19.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;JEL:&lt;/strong&gt; E44, E58, G01, G21, G28, G32&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Article visualizations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/-counters-/edu/0227/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Global burden and socioeconomic impact of knee osteoarthritis: a comprehensive analysis.

To report the trend changes of the prevalence, incidence, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) according to age, sex, sociodemographic index (SDI), and income. This analysis used estimates from the broader Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2019, which covered 201 countries from 1990 to 2019. National prevalence, incidence, and DALYs were shown by using ggplot2 and maps packages. Five-year intervals were used for age groupings. The Commonwealth and the World Bank income classifications were used for income grouping. Globally, there were ~364.58 million prevalent cases (females: 225.16 million), 29.51 million incident cases (females: 17.53 million), and 11.53 million DALYs (females: 7.09 million) due to KOA in 2019. The Western Pacific Region had a high endemicity of ~7,319.87 cases per 100,000 people (7.64%). Japan's prevalence rate (12,610.12 cases per 100,000 population) was 10 times that of Somalia (1,178.23) in 2019. In 200 countries (except the United Arab Emirates), the prevalence, incidence, and DALY rates of KOA in 2019 were higher among females than among males and increased with age up to the oldest age group. The prevalence was highest in the high-middle SDI countries, and the incidence and DALYs were highest in the middle SDI countries. There was a large burden of KOA worldwide, with some notable intercountry variation. Some countries had 10 times the burden of other countries. Increasing population awareness regarding the prevalence, incidence, and DALYs of KOA with a focus on the population in the Western Pacific Region is needed, particularly for older females. informs health policy development, and contributes to improving the efficiency, equity, and effectiveness of healthcare systems.

Global variations in funding and use of hemodialysis accesses: an international report using the ISN Global Kidney Health Atlas

BackgroundThere is a lack of contemporary data describing global variations in vascular access for hemodialysis (HD). We used the third iteration of the International Society of Nephrology Global Kidney Health Atlas (ISN-GKHA) to highlight differences in funding and availability of hemodialysis accesses used for initiating HD across world regions.MethodsSurvey questions were directed at understanding the funding modules for obtaining vascular access and types of accesses used to initiate dialysis. An electronic survey was sent to national and regional key stakeholders affiliated with the ISN between June and September 2022. Countries that participated in the survey were categorized based on World Bank Income Classification (low-, lower-middle, upper-middle, and high-income) and by their regional affiliation with the ISN.ResultsData on types of vascular access were available from 160 countries. Respondents from 35 countries (22% of surveyed countries) reported that > 50% of patients started HD with an arteriovenous fistula or graft (AVF or AVG). These rates were higher in Western Europe (n = 14; 64%), North & East Asia (n = 4; 67%), and among high-income countries (n = 24; 38%). The rates of > 50% of patients starting HD with a tunneled dialysis catheter were highest in North America & Caribbean region (n = 7; 58%) and lowest in South Asia and Newly Independent States and Russia (n = 0 in both regions). Respondents from 50% (n = 9) of low-income countries reported that > 75% of patients started HD using a temporary catheter, with the highest rates in Africa (n = 30; 75%) and Latin America (n = 14; 67%). Funding for the creation of vascular access was often through public funding and free at the point of delivery in high-income countries (n = 42; 67% for AVF/AVG, n = 44; 70% for central venous catheters). In low-income countries, private and out of pocket funding was reported as being more common (n = 8; 40% for AVF/AVG, n = 5; 25% for central venous catheters).ConclusionsHigh income countries exhibit variation in the use of AVF/AVG and tunneled catheters. In low-income countries, there is a higher use of temporary dialysis catheters and private funding models for access creation.

Essential components of teacher professional development for financial literacy: A literature review

Financial literacy, as a fundamental skill in the 21st century, has become a life skill that is urgently needed to be improved. Globally, the drive to enhance financial literacy involves integrating it into the education curriculum, necessitating educators’ comprehensive grasp of financial literacy education before imparting it to students. This research aims to outline a conceptual model of financial literacy professional development to improve teachers’ professional competence, employing a narrative review that synthesizes 28 relevant literatures retrieved from Scopus databases. The results of the study show that an effective training model for teacher professional development (TPD) in financial literacy education should focus on essential financial literacy content consisting of planning and budgeting, banking services, income and careers, insurance, investment, savings, also spending and credit. Furthermore, the main characteristics of TPD regarding financial literacy education should encompass content focus, coherence, ownership, active learning, duration, and collective participation.

Tác động của khủng hoảng tài chính đến đa dạng hóa thu nhập của ngân hàng

Using data of 3,695 commercial banks from 142 countries over the period 2002- 2021, our OLS estimates with multiple fixed effects and two-stage least squares approach provide evidence that banking crisis significantly increases the level of bank income diversification, especially large banks. As the business model of small banks focuses on traditional lending activities, income diversification of small banks is not affected by banking crisis. Currency crisis and sovereign debt crisis are not significant drivers of bank income diversification. Tightening regulations on bank activity restrictions and capital stringency helps to cushion the impact of financial crises on bank income diversification. Our findings provide a comprehensive view of the impact of financial crisis on bank income diversification as well as the roles of some bank regulations in times of financial crisis. Some policy implications are also provided for policymakers to implement appropriate policies that reduce bank risktaking during periods of financial crisis.

The mediating effect of bank risk on the relationship between diversification strategies and discretionary loan loss provisions

Purpose This study aims to investigate the effect of income and asset diversification on earnings management using discretionary loan loss provisions (LLP) in banks, and the role of risk level in mediating this effect. Design/methodology/approach A sample of banks operating in Middle East and North Africa countries was used to test the mediation model of Baron and Kenny (1986) with different measures of diversification and risk. Findings The results show that bank income and asset diversification have unique and combined effects on earnings management. The results also support the idea that a risk-mediating effect contributes to explaining this relationship among banks. Specifically, bank diversification strategies positively affect LLP-based earnings management by increasing bank risk. This result is relevant for conventional banks. However, only a direct and positive effect of diversification strategies on LLP-based earnings management can be observed in Islamic banks, and the indirect effect is not supported. Originality/value This study extends previous research by examining the unique and combined effects of income and asset diversification strategies on earnings management in the banking sector. Specifically, it provides new evidence that diversification strategies increase LLP-based earnings management, both directly and indirectly, through bank risk.

Comparing Randomized Controlled Trials of Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Lower to Middle Income Countries Versus High Income Countries.

Outcomes from traumatic brain injury (TBI) including death differ significantly between high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Little is known, however, about differences in TBI research across the globe. The objective of this article was to examine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of moderate-to-severe TBI in high-income countries (HICs) compared with low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), as defined by the World Bank income per capita cutoff of $13,205 US dollars. A systematic review was conducted for articles published in the English language to December 2022 inclusive using MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, EMBASE, and PsycINFO in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Inclusion criteria: (1) human participants with a mean age of ≥18 years; (2) ≥50% of the sample had moderate to severe TBI; and (3) the study design was a RCT. Data extracted included author, year, country, sample size, primary focus (medical/surgical management or rehabilitation), injury etiology, time post-injury, and indicator(s) used to define TBI severity. There were 662 RCTs (published 1978-2022) that met inclusion criteria comprising 91,946 participants. There were 48 countries represented: 30 HICs accounting for 451 RCTs (68.1%) and 18 LMICs accounting for 211 RCTs (31.9%). The 62.6% of RCTs from LMICs were conducted in the acute phase post-injury (≤1 month) compared with 42.1% of RCTs from HICs. Of RCTs from LMICs, 92.4% focused on medical/surgical management compared with 52.5% from HICs. Since 2016, more RCTs have been conducted in LMICs than in HICs, indicating the importance of better understanding this pattern of research output.

PENGARUH NPF, FDR, CAR, BOPO TERHADAP ROE BANK SYARIAH

The research objective is to serve as a source of information regarding the influence of NPF, FDR, CAR, BOPO, on ROE of Islamic commercial banks. knowing the effect of Non Performing Financing (NPF), Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR) and Capital Adquacy Ratio (CAR) to Return On Equity (BOPO) Operational Expenses and Operational Income (ROE) of Islamic banks either partially or partially simultaneously. This research is a quantitative research with an explanatory approach. The population in this study are all Islamic Commercial Banks in Indonesia. Deep sample This research was conducted by purposive sampling which resulted in a sample of 15 banks General Sharia. The data source in this study is secondary data taken from reports (OJK). Data collection was taken in the Times Series for six years. Data analysis was performed by carrying out multiple linear regression tests with SPSS which includes descriptive statistical tests, Classical Assumption Test, T Test and F Test. This study resulted that the effect of NPF on ROE obtained a T value of -0.538 with a significance of 0.686 so that Tcount &gt; Ttable (2.446) and a significance of 0.686 &gt; 0.05. So that the NPF has a negative effect and is not significant. Influence FDR on ROE obtained a t value of -5.754 with a significance of 0.110 so that T count &gt; Ttable (- 5.754&gt; 2.446) and a significance of 0.110 &gt; 0.05 so that FDR has a negative effect and does not significant to ROE. The effect of CAR on ROE obtained a T value of -7,994 with a significance of 0.079 so that T count &lt; T table (-7,994 &gt; 2,446) and a significance of 0.079 &gt; 0.05 so that CAR has a negative effect and is not significant on ROE. The effect of BOPO on ROE obtained a value of -29,744 with a significant 0.021 so that T count &gt; T table (2,446) is significant 0.021 Ttable (691,841 &gt; 2,446) and a significance of 0.029 &gt; 0.05 so that simultaneously NPF, FDR, CAR and BOPO had a positive and significant effect on ROE Keywords: : NPF, FDR ,CAR, BOPO, Islamic Bank

Market Competition, Non-Interest Income and Risk-Taking of Small and Medium-Sized Banks

ABSTRACT Taking the data of 61 small and medium-sized commercial banks in China from 2014 to 2021 as a research sample, this paper conducts an empirical study on the relationship between market competition and the risk-taking of small and medium-sized banks, and further considers the moderating role of economic policy uncertainty and non-interest business income. The results show that the intensification of market competition increases the risk-taking of small and medium-sized banks. Meanwhile, economic policy uncertainty dampens the positive effect of market competition on bank risk-taking, and commission income and other non-interest income have important mediating effects in the relationship between market competition and bank risk-taking.

Risking or de-risking? The effect of banking competition on large state-owned banks and small and medium-sized enterprise lending: Evidence from China

This study examines the effect of the expansion of small and medium-sized bank branches on large state-owned banks in China based on bank branch-level financial data and detailed loan-level data from 2008 to 2015. We find that the expansion of small and medium-sized banks favorably impacts the operating income of large state-owned banks without intensifying bank risk-taking. Large state-owned banks, used to lack competition, expand their total lending scale to achieve more operating revenue by servicing more firms, especially small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This promotes SMEs' access to finance, while also raising the operating costs of large state-owned banks. More importantly, the lending standards and loan quality of large state-owned banks do not deteriorate, implying that they do not employ risky lending tactics to deal with increased competition.

CUSTOMER'S PERCEPTION AND DIGITALIZAION ABLE TO INCREASING INTEREST TO INVEST IN GOLD IN ISLAMIC SHCEME

The aim of this research is to find and determine the influence of perceptions of Islamic banking products, digitalization and income on interest in investing in gold at BSI Mobile. Sampling used purposive sampling technique with a total sample of 121 respondents. The approach used is a quantitative model with data collection techniques using questionnaires. SPSS 26 and Excel are data analysis tools. Data testing uses data quality tests, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression analysis tests and hypothesis tests. The results of this research are that perceptions of sharia banking products and digitalization partially have a significant effect on interest in investing in gold at BSI Mobile, while partially income does not significantly affect interest in investing in gold at BSI Mobile. Simultaneously, all independent variables have a significant effect on the dependent variable.

Age-period-cohort analysis of ischemic stroke deaths attributable to physical inactivity in different income regions

This study assessed the global and regional burden of IS (ischemic stroke) deaths due to LPA (low physical activity) from 1990 to 2019, analyzed regional, sex, and age differences in ASMR (age-standardized mortality rate), and provided a comprehensive understanding of the impact of age, period, and cohort on low physical activity related ischemic stroke ASMR. We conducted an APC (age-period-cohort) analysis of the global and four World Bank income level regions’ IS mortality data attributed to LPA from 1990 to 2019, using the GBD2019 database, and the results showed that the global net drift of the Ischemic stroke age-standardized mortality attributable to low physical activity was − 1.085%[95% CI: − 1.168, − 1.003].The ASMR drop is most pronounced in the high-income zone, with a net drift of − 2.473% [95% CI: − 2.759, − 2.187] across the four income groups. The influence of age on mortality is increasing in the worldwide old population, while the period and cohort effects are decreasing. We also performed a Joinpoint regression analysis, which revealed that the specific time of considerable drop in ASMR of IS in the global LPA population was 2002–2007, with an APC of -2.628%. The specific period of considerable drop in ASMR in high-income regions with the highest variation was 1999–2007, with an APC = − 4.726%. The global burden of public health deaths caused by LPA is diminishing, with the most notable progress observed in high-income regions. However, in low and lower-middle income areas, the situation continues to deteriorate. Within the global elderly population, the effects of age on mortality is increasing, while the effects of period and cohort are diminishing. These trends vary across income levels, highlighting the necessity for enhanced international collaboration to formulate context-specific public health strategies aimed at enhancing cardiovascular health on a global, regional, and national scale.