Movements In Income Research Articles

The Debate Over the Definition of Basic Income

Abstract The basic income movement is in the midst of a substantial internal debate about the definition of basic income. The current debate focuses mostly on two questions: (1) Should the definition be restricted to a payment that is uniform with respect to income (a non-means-tested grant delivered to high- and low-income people alike)? (2) Should the definition include a threshold such as one stipulating that the grant is large enough to live on? Although this article recommends keeping the current definition in place, its central point is not whether one definition is best but that the definitional issue is far more complex than simple question of how to define one term. This complex issue cannot be resolved by any organization clarifying its definition of basic income. These two questions identify a family of up to nine closely-related concepts have been and will continue to be used in the discussion of policy options along the lines of an unconditional cash payment. The discussion needs language that will allow people on all sides of the controversies behind these two questions to clearly discuss all options. That means we need not one but several terms. Therefore, the main goal of this paper is to identify the various concepts that need to be clearly identified. We need to start thinking about nonpejorative terms for the members of this family of concepts so that people on all sides of the relevant issues can share the terminology they need to have fruitful discussion. A true resolution is better found through dialogue with people on all sides of the issues rather than by the unilateral declaration of people on one side or the other.

The impact of international sanctions on income mobility: Evidence from Iran

AbstractThis article studies the impact of international economic sanctions on income mobility at the Macro level. A series of economic sanctions were imposed on Iran during 2008–2015 and lifted to some extent in 2015. Using some pseudo‐panel datasets, constructed based on 18 household surveys during 2001–2018, we investigate the impact of sanctions on four income mobility measures: directional income movement, positional movement, time dependence, and mobility as an equalizer of longer‐term incomes. The results show that in the sense of directional income mobility, the sanctions are followed by welfare losses for all income groups, with richer groups experiencing larger losses than poorer ones. The rich face income declines that are larger compared to those experienced by the poor, and this causes: first, richer (poorer) groups to face a higher probability of moving downward (upward) in relative terms, thus we see an increase in positional income mobility (and also time dependence) with the sanctions; and second, an increase in mobility in the sense of equalizer of longer‐term incomes. We get the opposite results with the removal of sanctions.

On the long-run properties of income and stock prices: the stability of the “golden ratios”

PurposeThe challenge of predicting changes in aggregate income and stock prices is one that has occupied the research agendas of economists. This paper aims to use the consumption–income ratio and the dividend–price ratio to predict future income and stock prices.Design/methodology/approachTo examine the stability of the consumption–income ratio and the dividend–price ratio, the authors run a two-variable, two-lag reduced-form VAR in the vein of Cochrane (1994), using a lag of each respective ratio as exogenous to the VAR. Additionally, the authors estimate an AR(4) model for income and prices.FindingsThe consumption–income ratio and the dividend–price ratio remain key to understanding future movements in income and stock prices. The consumption–income ratio significantly predicts future income in the USA, and aggregate income is easier to predict than consumption in the VAR model. The dividend–price ratio does not significantly predict future price growth. Consumption and dividend shocks have lasting impacts on income and prices.Originality/valueThe consumption–income ratio and the dividend–price ratio are still key to understanding future movements in income and stock prices. The consumption–income ratio significantly predicts future income in the USA, and aggregate income is easier to predict than consumption in the VAR model. However, the dividend–price ratio does not significantly predict future price growth, a change from previous research from the 1990s, despite the increasing complexity of stock markets. Consumption and dividend shocks have lasting impacts on income and prices and appear to be significant drivers in both the short- and long-run variance in income and prices.

An overlooked poultry trade network of the smallholder farms in the border provinces of Thailand, 2021: implications for avian influenza surveillance.

In Thailand, community-level poultry trade is conducted on a small-scale involving farmers and traders with many trade networks. Understanding the poultry movements may help identify different activities that farmers and traders might contribute to the spread of avian influenza. This study aimed to describe the characteristics of players involved in the poultry trade network at the northeastern border of Thailand using network analysis approaches. Mukdahan and Nakhon Phanom provinces, which border Laos, and Ubon Ratchathani province, which borders both Laos and Cambodia, were selected as survey sites. Local veterinary officers identified and interviewed 338 poultry farmers and eight poultry traders in 2021. A weighted directed network identified incoming and outgoing movements of where the subdistricts traded chickens. Ninety-nine subdistricts and 181 trade links were captured. A self-looping (trader and consumer in the same subdistrict) feedback was found in 56 of 99 subdistricts. The median distance of the movements was 14.02 km (interquartile range (IQR): 6.04-102.74 km), with a maximum of 823.08 km. Most subdistricts in the network had few poultry trade connections, with a median of 1. They typically connected to 1-5 other subdistricts, most often receiving poultry from 1 to 2.5 subdistricts, and sending to 1-2 subdistricts. The subdistricts with the highest overall and in-degree centrality were located in Mukdahan province, whereas one with the highest out-degree centrality was found in Nakhon Phanom province. The poultry movement pattern observed in this network helps explain how avian influenza could spread over the networks once introduced.

Research of the Experience of Creation, Classification of Foreign Campuses and Peculiarities of their Financing

In modern conditions of spatial development, university campuses have undergone significant changes, representing not only platforms for joint research of science and business, but also the centers of urban innovation districts, which form an innovative community in the city and adjacent territories, having a significant impact on the socio-economic development of the region. The purpose of this work is to study foreign experience in the creation, operation and financing of foreign campuses for further application in the implementation of projects for the creation of new university–type campuses on the territory of the Russian Federation. The objectives of the research in the article were: the issues of systematization of foreign campuses by type of territorial location, scale, type of settlement and architecture; comparative grouping of infrastructure in foreign and Russian university campuses; financing mechanisms for the creation and operation of foreign campuses. Methodology – a system of scientific methods for grouping infrastructure facilities on foreign campuses, tabular synthesis of accounting and analytical information on the availability and movement of income and expenditure of national budgets, based on the best foreign experience. Within the framework of this article, the authors assessed the stages of creation and commissioning of campuses based on the experience of a number of countries: China, South Korea, Japan, France, Finland, Austria, which allows us to conclude that flexibility and diversity in design schemes in accordance with local characteristics, commissioning and modernization of campus facilities in Russia. As a result of generalization of the best world practice in the field of creation and functioning of university campuses, the article develops recommendations for assessing the appropriateness of financing and evaluating the effectiveness of budgetary funds of university campuses in the Russian Federation.

Labour income share, market power and automation: Evidence from an emerging economy

Labour income share, market power and automation: Evidence from an emerging economy

Learning Ship Activity Patterns in Maritime Data Streams: Enhancing CEP Rule Learning by Temporal and Spatial Relations and Domain-Specific Functions

Maritime surveillance systems are of particular importance for the smooth and safe operation of maritime traffic. Such systems must efficiently analyze the continuous stream of incoming ship movement data to provide an up-to-date picture of the situation at sea. Complex Event Processing (CEP) is a software technology dedicated to the analysis of data streams in real time and seems to be promising for maritime surveillance as well. CEP is based on rules that usually have to be formulated manually by domain experts. Recently, several approaches of learning CEP rules have been proposed. However, all these approaches are limited to standard CEP rule languages which are not well suited for describing maritime situations. In this paper, we extend Bat4CEP, an innovative bat-inspired approach to automatic CEP rule learning, to meet the specific needs of the maritime domain. In particular, we extend the rule language of Bat4CEP to include temporal-spatial operators and domain-specific functions. This extended rule language makes it possible to express complex maritime facts in a simple and understandable form. Furthermore, it is shown how the proposed rule language extensions can be integrated into the Bat4CEP learning approach. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated through extensive experiments with real maritime data streams.

Disentangling transport movement patterns of trucks either transporting pigs or while empty within a swine production system before and during the COVID-19 epidemic.

Transport of pigs between sites occurs frequently as part of genetic improvement and age segregation. However, a lack of transport biosecurity could have catastrophic implications if not managed properly as disease spread would be imminent. However, there is a lack of a comprehensive study of vehicle movement trends within swine systems in the Midwest. In this study, we aimed to describe and characterize vehicle movement patterns within one large Midwest swine system representative of modern pig production to understand movement trends and proxies for biosecurity compliance and identify potential risky behaviors that may result in a higher risk for infectious disease spread. Geolocation tracking devices recorded vehicle movements of a subset of trucks and trailers from a production system every 5 min and every time tracks entered a landmark between January 2019 and December 2020, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. We described 6,213 transport records from 12 vehicles controlled by the company. In total, 114 predefined landmarks were included during the study period, representing 5 categories of farms and truck wash facilities. The results showed that trucks completed the majority (76.4%, 2,111/2,762) of the recorded movements. The seasonal distribution of incoming movements was similar across years (P > 0.05), while the 2019 winter and summer seasons showed higher incoming movements to sow farms than any other season, year, or production type (P < 0.05). More than half of the in-movements recorded occurred within the triad of sow farms, wean-to-market stage, and truck wash facilities. Overall, time spent at each landmark was 9.08% higher in 2020 than in 2019, without seasonal highlights, but with a notably higher time spent at truck wash facilities than any other type of landmark. Network analyses showed high connectivity among farms with identifiable clusters in the network. Furthermore, we observed a decrease in connectivity in 2020 compared with 2019, as indicated by the majority of network parameter values. Further network analysis will be needed to understand its impact on disease spread and control. However, the description and quantification of movement trends reported in this study provide findings that might be the basis for targeting infectious disease surveillance and control.

Markups, Tobin's q, and the Increasing Capital Share

AbstractIncreasing markups have recently gained prominence as a leading explanation for the increasing share of income going to capital since the 1980s. However, the existing analysis has been limited to the United States, covers only short periods, and generally does not control for potentially important confounders. Constructing data for the share of income going to capital and markups based on Tobin's q over the period 1870–2018 for 21 advanced countries, this research examines the ability of markups to explain the movements of income shares and the tendency for factor shares to converge toward constants in the long run. We find strong support for the markup hypothesis.

Značaj praćenja ostvarenja prihoda i troškova u upravljanju i poslovanju poljoprivrednih preduzeća u odnosu na uvedene oblike interno-kontrolnih mehanizama

Monitoring the formation of total income and total costs is of great importance for the practical operation of a large number of agricultural enterprises. The actual improvement of business decision-making in agricultural enterprises can be connected with the introduced forms of internal control mechanisms in the processes of regular business in agricultural enterprises. This was the basis of the research in this study. For the purposes of this study, the authors performed two two-way ANOVA analyses, one for the purpose of obtaining real data on the movement of income, and the other for determining the results of the operations of agricultural enterprises in relation to the occurrence of total operating costs in the business period of one business year. In both cases, we obtained results indicating that the formation of income and expenses indicates the existence of significance at the level of p&lt;0.05, for large and small agricultural enterprises and established forms of internal control mechanisms. In addition, the authors found that the highest total revenues, regardless of whether they are large or medium-sized enterprises, are achieved when internal control is implemented as a form of internal control mechanism, and the lowest revenues are achieved by large and medium-sized enterprises when internal audit is implemented as a form of internal control. Regarding costs, the results indicate that there is a statistically significant influence of one of the three forms of implemented control mechanisms on the occurrence of costs, while there is no influence of the size of the agricultural enterprise on the realization of costs in business.

Natural Resources, National Income, and Resource Movement Effect under a Rent-Seeking Monopoly

Natural Resources, National Income, and Resource Movement Effect under a Rent-Seeking Monopoly

Wages for Housework: The Marxist-Feminist Case for Basic Income

This article explores the Marxist-feminist critique of capitalism of the International Feminist Collective (IFC) of the1970s and its Wages for Housework (WfH) campaign. WfH theorists, including Mariarosa Dalla Costa, Selma James, Silvia Federici, Marie Mies and Claudia von Werlhof, combine Marxist and feminist perspectives to articulate a compelling critique of capitalism designed to unite the entire working class, including both waged and unwaged workers. I argue that, despite the movement’s seemingly narrower slogan, the WfH demand was an implicit argument for an unconditional, individual, and universal basic income. Like other historical precedents of contemporary basic income movements, the WfH campaign was unsuccessful in achieving its policy goal. Despite its failure, its identification of unwaged housewives as workers, its extension of the concept of the housewife to precarious workers in the globalized economy, and its identification of the strategic deficiencies of mainstream working class and feminist movements are critical to contextualizing contemporary debates on basic income and to the development of successful strategies for contemporary working class movements.

Effectiveness of productive infaq distribution for mustahik economy improvement (case study of Baitul Mal Aceh Tamiang Regency )

Purpose – The purpose of this research is knowing the level of effectiveness and implementation of the productive infaq distribution program in improving the mustahik economy.&#x0D; Method – This research uses descriptive qualitative research, is a research that describes the state of the object of research at the present time as it is based on the results of observations, interviews, and documentation. &#x0D; Result – The results showed that the distribution of productive infaq has been effective, it can be seen from the increase in the income of mustahik after receiving productive infaq from Baitul Mal Aceh Tamiang. The results also show that the distribution of productive infaq aims to help the poor who have small and medium businesses to provide capital injections to suppress the movement of moneylenders and increase family income.&#x0D; Limitation – This research has limitations in terms of the relatively small number of research subjects, then the research subjects are mustahik from the Baitul Mal Aceh Tamiang food security program which will be distributed productive infaq to mustahik who are entitled to receive it.&#x0D; Practical Implication – As a practical implication, the results of this study can be used as a reference by the government, especially zakat institutions in distributing productive infaq to improve the mustahik economy. So that by maintaining all existing SOPs, it provides an optimal impact in the distribution process of all kinds of activities.

The pass-through effect of unconventional monetary policy to net interest income structure of European banks

Purpose: Financial banking intermediaries are sensitive to changes in market interest rates. The volatility of market interest rates affects the level of bank net interest income and determines the bank interest rate policy. Banks are actively managing structural interest rate risks to mitigate the negative effects of changes in market interest rates. The post-crisis period is characterised by unconventional monetary policy, and one of the basic objectives of the monetary instrument is a negative interest rate policy. This paper researches the effects on the bank net interest income structure with an impact on bank performance indicators. The basic research hypothesis is that during the financial crisis and a negative interest rate policy, the movement of bank interest income does not converge compared to a bank interest expense. Methodology: According to the characteristics of the dataset, which includes 32 listed banks from Great Britain, Switzerland and the European Union for the period 2002-2019, panel data analysis is applied. To analyse the effect of the interest rate level on total interest income and total interest expense, we formed two models. Fixed-effects models were used for parameter estimation. Results: A bank interest expense is more sensitive to unconventional macroeconomic policy than bank interest income. Conclusion: The traditional interest earning customer related business can enable banks to stabilise the bank performance indicator during market disruption.

COVID-19 and Regional Income Inequality in China.

This study investigates the impact of COVID-19 and social distancing policies on regional income inequality. We base our study on a sample of 295 prefecture (and above) cities in 31 provinces in China. A distribution dynamics approach is employed to reveal the trend and movement of disposable income per capita in each city before the COVID-19 pandemic, during the COVID-19 pandemic, and in the period when the COVID-19 was under the control. The findings reveal significant negative economic consequences of the COVID-19 in the first quarter of 2020 and show that most cities will converge to a level of disposable income which is much less than the Pre-COVID level if the COVID pandemic persists. Regional income inequality has intensified in the cities that have a longer duration of stringent social distancing policies during the COVID-19 pandemic and disappeared in the cities with policies of short duration. Disposable income per capita for urban residents recovered quickly when the transmission of coronavirus was effectively contained; and yet the impact of the pandemic on rural residents remains unresolved, if not intensified. This study demonstrates a significant divergence of the trend of disposable income across cities with different durations of social distancing policies and between urban and rural residents. It also highlights the importance of stringent social distancing policies in containing the spread of virus in a short time and calls for special policy attention for rural regions in the recovery from the COVID-19.

Moral hazard in a modern federation

Arguments against providing fiscal aid to state governments usually rely on a simplistic moral hazard argument: supporting states through a cyclical downturn encourages them to overspend. This argument undergirds the policy recommendations made by the mainstream literature on Fiscal Federalism. I argue that these accounts are predicated on a misunderstanding of what it means to be an agent with respect to one’s budget over the business cycle. Basic corporate finance theory teaches us that in order to have control over the relative movement of income and expenditure in the current period, one must be able to design one’s own capital structure. US State governments are institutionally and constitutionally prevented from designing their own capital structures, and as such, cannot be judged to have budgetary agency across the business cycle. I show that the moral hazard problem presented in the fiscal finance literature is ill-posed, and obscures a second, more important problem of moral hazard. Namely, that politicians at the federal level reap the political rewards of pursuing austerity at the state level while remaining insulated from any political, economic, or social costs or responsibility. This second moral hazard problem admits of a simple solution: trigger-based fiscal aid to state governments.

The burden on the accauntants caused by the Covid-19 pandemic

The Covid-19 Pandemic imposed many changes and challenges in the daily lives of thecitizens and the functioning of the business sector. For more effective protection,precautionary measures were adopted and restrictions on the movement of citizens wereintroduced. Vulnerable categories of employees (chronically ill, pregnant women, motherswith small children, ....) were advised not to go to work. A number of businesses havedisrupted the production process both to prevent the spread of the pandemic and due tocanceled orders from the customers. Many workers lost their jobs. Administrative workersperform their duties from home. Many companies (depending on the industry) have alsoadapted and are working from home.In order to alleviate this situation, six packages of financial support measures wereadopted, which were intended for the business sector and the citizens, in order to providebasic conditions for normal functioning and living. The financial support for the businesssector was conditioned by the fulfillment of certain criteria (income, number of employees,....) and a request had to be submitted within the set deadlines which were too short. Forsubmitting the requests for the financial support, for the interest-free loans, for thedeferred payment of liabilities, as well as for all liabilities arising from the Covid-19pandemic (monitoring the movement of income, the number of employees, the amount ofsalaries paid, warnings about unpaid debts, administrative deductions from salary, ...)accountants were obliged. Despite all the risks posed by the pandemic, accountants hadto work because they were the logistical support to the business sector and responsiblefor the accuracy of the information presented in the financial statements and tax returns.Accountants are an extremely important link between the business sector and the state.They are responsible for calculating all taxes and contributions that fill the budget and ontheir shoulders have implemented all measures (financial support, deferred payment ofinterest, interest-free loans, ....) intended to alleviate the situation caused by the Covid-19pandemic in the economy. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to conduct research toidentify the problems encountered during the operation under Covid 19. The research will be conducted by means of a questionnaire submitted to the accounting firms registered inthe register of the Institute of Accountants and Certified Accountants. According to theanswers to the questionnaire, we will give suggestions for overcoming the problems andimproving the situation.

Assessment of the intensity and directions of population movement in the regions of the Arctic zone of Russia in 1991–2000

Abstract Socio-economic transformations greatly worsened the state of the Arctic regions for residents, which led to a decrease in the population due to the significant migration outflow. Using the balance of the population movement based on data from Rosstat, we estimated the intensity of migratory movement (relocation to permanent residence) and the natural movement of the population, along with the directions of incoming movement and attrition of the population to the general population dynamics in 1991–2000 in the regions of the Arctic zone of Russia. The analysis showed that the population was characterised by greater mobility compared with the population of the country as a whole. The attrition of the population was greater than the incoming population, and the regions of the Arctic zone of Russia were the donors of the population for the rest of Russia.

The Importance of Financial Literacy: Household’s Income Mobility Measurement and Decomposition Approach

This study introduced income mobility analysis using pseudo-longitudinal panel data from Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) to consider the dynamic process of individual's well-being through time. Since there is no comprehensive measurement of income mobility because of its dynamic process, various income mobility indices such as Chi-square, Average Jump Index, Atkinson et al. Mobility Ratio, and Shorrocks' Mobility Index were used. These indices revealed that Filipino households' income movements are more mobile than expected, and their income status improved from 2000 to 2015. As income mobility takes place, income inequality is reduced by 91.80 percent (91.80%). Furthermore, the growth effect is the main factor of income mobility. This indicates that households took the economic opportunities from economic growth to earn more. However, income mobility due to transfer effect (transfer of income from one household to another through lottery winning and borrowing) increased when the economy is not good. The higher income mobility due to growth effect compared to transfer effect, whether the economy is good or bad, means that households learned how to use their income in savings, investments, and entrepreneurship. This is the result of a successful financial literacy program of the government wherein households realized financial stability and security.

Analysing the Industrial Electricity Demand for Turkey

This study analyses the effects of some selected parameters on Turkey’s industrial electricity demand by using annual data between 1978 and 2018. In this regard, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds Testing method is utilized for establishing the models. The variables that used in the models of this study are electricity consumption, industrial value added, price of electricity, urbanization rate and average air temperature. According to the empirical findings, the price elasticities are estimated negative as expected which are -0.14 and -0.18 for the short and long term, respectively. On the other hand, the income elasticities have positive signs and computed as statistically significant. The short and long run income elasticities of industrial electricity demand are found as 0,15 and 0,35, respectively. Additionally, the urbanization rate and air temperature positively affect the industrial electricity demand of Turkey. These results indicate that the estimated price and income elasticities for the Turkish industrial electricity demand are very low and smaller than 1 in absolute terms. Therefore, it can be said that an increase and/or decrease in price and income as percentage is more than increase in electricity consumption for the industrial sector. In addition, these results imply that since the electricity usage in Turkey’s industrial sector is a necessity, consumers are not changing their consumption behaviour easily with respect to the price and income movements.