Income Matters Research Articles

Income rank and life satisfaction: Examining the relationship with wealth inequality among middle-aged and older indian adults.

The relationship between income and subjective well-being (SWB) has intrigued scholars for decades. Richard Easterlin's groundbreaking research in the 1970s revealed a paradox: while higher individual incomes within countries are associated with greater happiness, this trend does not hold across countries. This paradox highlights the significance of relative income over absolute income. Subsequent research has consistently demonstrated that relative income, or one's income rank compared to others, has a more substantial impact on happiness than absolute income. Studies across various contexts have corroborated this finding, emphasizing the importance of social comparisons and status. This study investigates how wealth inequality moderates the association between income rank and life satisfaction in India. Utilizing data from the Longitudinal Ageing Survey of India (LASI), we examine how regional wealth inequality influences the relationship between income rank and well-being. Our analysis reveals that higher relative rank is associated with increased life satisfaction, while greater wealth inequality diminishes it. The interaction between income rank and wealth inequality is significant, indicating that relative income matters more in highly unequal regions. India's vast economic growth and rising inequality make it a crucial case for understanding global inequality dynamics. Our findings suggest that in regions with higher wealth inequality, the association between relative rank on life satisfaction is magnified, highlighting the importance of social comparisons in well-being assessments. This research contributes to the broader discourse on income, inequality, and well-being, offering insights into a non-WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic) context and emphasizing the relevance of relative rank in shaping life satisfaction.

What matters? A global meta-analysis of environmental income and reliance determinants

A recent body of literature has documented the importance of environmental income to rural households in the Global South. However, this literature has not been analyzed to establish which findings are robust—what determines rural households' absolute and relative environmental income? We conducted a meta-analysis using published articles that measured environmental reliance from the Web of Science, Scopus, WorldCat.org, and MPDI databases. We examined the effect of socioeconomic, demographic, and resource site proximity variables on environmental income and reliance. We applied a meta-regression approach and included moderator variables such as sample size, survey frequency, and the types of journal to control for variations in effect estimates and assess risks of biases. We analyzed 112 studies published between 1996 and 2021 that together surveyed about 52,000 households in 35 countries. The findings confirmed that environmental income matters in total household income: environment, forest, and non-timber forest product reliance were, on average, 25 ± 11%, 27 ± 16%, and 27 ± 16%. The level of reliance was moderated by region and the type of environmental products. On average, the proportions of significantly negative, positive, and statistically insignificant effect estimates were 25%, 18%, and 57%. All covariates, except distance to the resource sites, were weakly correlated with environmental income and reliance, indicating no globally robust covariates. Thus, policies and interventions should build on regional specificities.

Retraction Note: Tourism development influence on environmental quality: how renewable energy use and income matter?

Retraction Note: Tourism development influence on environmental quality: how renewable energy use and income matter?

Age-related differences in delay discounting: Income matters.

Although the authors of a recent meta-analysis concluded there were no age-related differences in the discounting of delayed rewards, they did not examine the effects of income (Seaman et al., 2022). Accordingly, the present study compared discounting by younger and older adults (Ages 35-50 and 65-80) differing in household income. Two procedures were used: the Monetary Choice Questionnaire and the Adjusting-Amount procedure. Whereas no age difference was observed between the higher income (> $80,000) age groups, a significant difference was observed between younger and older adults with lower incomes (< $50,000): The younger adults discounted more steeply than the older adults. These findings, which were observed with both discounting procedures, support our buffering hypothesis, which assumes that the scarcity associated with a lower income is a stressor that can lead to steeper discounting, but that age-related increases in emotional stability can buffer such stressors, leading to age-related differences between lower income age groups. In contrast, no age difference was observed in higher income adults who experience much less scarcity. Further support for the buffering hypothesis comes from the finding that there was no age-related difference in discounting by the lower income groups when distress was statistically controlled. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Evaluating the long-term effects of income assistance for material hardship among families with children

BackgroundAs a key aspect of poverty, material hardship describes day-to-day struggles in affording necessities. In explorations of policy initiatives that mitigate material hardship, evidence suggests direct income support can be effective in alleviating hardship. However, research investigating the long-term effects of income supports is limited, and it remains uncertain as to how benefit receipt may mitigate material hardship for families with children across time. MethodsTo explore the associations between income assistance and material hardship longitudinally, we utilised data from four waves of the Growing Up in New Zealand birth-cohort study (n = 5964), where family experiences were tracked between birth and adolescence. The variables of interest included mother-reported receipt of income benefits and material hardship from when the children were aged 9-months, 54-months, 8-years, and 12-years. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was employed to examine the associations between benefit receipt and material hardship in the short- and long-term. Interaction terms between benefit receipt and time were incorporated in the modelling to determine whether receiving benefits corresponded with significant changes in the likelihood of experiencing material hardship at specific time points. ResultsThe key results suggest that benefit receipt in early childhood reduced the likelihood of experiencing material hardship at subsequent time points at least until adolescence, when controlling for key sociodemographic characteristics. ConclusionThese findings provide insight into the associations between early childhood income supports and reductions in the likelihood of experiencing material hardship in the long-term, to emphasise the potential for such interventions to have longstanding effects. By elucidating the associations between benefit receipt and subsequent material hardship, this research gives direction for policy interventions and timely support for families.

International remittances and labor supply in Nigeria: Do educational attainment and household income matter?

AbstractThe effect of remittances on the labor supply decisions of recipients remains a subject of contention. To contribute to the debate, we investigate how the educational attainment and household income of remittance recipients shape their decisions to work. Using data from the 2018–2019 living standard measurement survey for over 61,000 Nigerians and applying the instrumental variable probit and Tobit techniques, we find that remittances are associated with an occupational switch from agriculture to nonagricultural (paid jobs and nonfarm enterprises) works. Specifically, the results show that remittance recipients are more likely to exit or reduce the hours worked on the farm, regardless of educational attainment and household income status. On the other hand, remittances promote labor supply to paid jobs and nonfarm enterprises, especially among the less educated in Northern Nigeria. In terms of household income, the positive effect of remittances on nonfarm jobs only holds for individuals in the top income quartile, regardless of their region of residence. Our findings are robust to alternative estimation techniques and hold important cues for policymakers.

Poverty trajectories and child and mother well-being outcomes in Ireland: findings from an Irish prospective cohort

BackgroundPoverty is associated with poor outcomes, yet exposure to distinct poverty trajectories in early childhood is not well understood.ObjectiveTo understand the prevalence of different trajectories of household poverty and their...

Does income matter for the policy effect of public long-term care insurance on informal care use in China? A quasi-experimental study.

Since 2016, the Chinese government has been piloting a public long-term care insurance (LTCI) scheme. This study examined whether the LTCI scheme reduced the use of informal care and how this has varied across income groups. We used data from the 2011, 2014, and 2018 waves of Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey, focusing on community-dwelling older adults aged 65 years and older. We used staggered difference-in-differences analyses with propensity score matching to examine the effects of the policy. The LTCI scheme reduced the probability and intensity of informal care use by 5.7% (p < .05) and 17.4% (p < .05), respectively. The policy impact was limited to older people in the middle-income group, reducing the probability and intensity of informal care use by 15.6% (p < .001) and 43.1% (p < .05), respectively. We did not find a statistically significant policy effect for older adults with high or low incomes. The LTCI scheme had different effects on reducing the informal care burden for family caregivers by income level. We suggest that the scheme should entitle people with low incomes to a preferential co-payment rate, thereby enhancing their access to formal care.

Perceptions of The Teachers Teaching Styles Variants on National Income Materials In Sekolah Penggerak

This research aims to analyze the joint influence of student perceptions regarding teaching style variants. interactional teachers on student learning outcomes on national income material at driving schools. The population of 3 high schools with driving school status in Gresik Regency was 432, then a simple random sampling technique was used. The sample used in this research was 144 students using explanatory quantitative methods and using tests, hypotheses, classical assumptions, multiple linear regression analysis. Based on the results of data processing, a coefficient of determination (R-squared) of 0.64 was obtained. Thus, it can be concluded that the combined influence of variables X on variable Y is 64%, while 36% is caused by the influence of other variables. Thus, it is hoped that schools will hold teacher training to improve teachers' varied teaching abilities so that student learning outcomes are optimal.

Income and Household Material Hardship in Children With Medical Complexity.

Household economic hardship negatively impacts child health but may not be adequately captured by income. We sought to determine the prevalence of household material hardship (HMH), a measure of household economic hardship, and to examine the relationship between household poverty and material hardship in a population of children with medical complexity. We conducted a cross-sectional survey study of parents of children with medical complexity receiving primary care at a tertiary children's hospital. Our main predictor was household income as a percentage of the federal poverty limit (FPL): <50% FPL, 51% to 100% FPL, and >100% FPL. Our outcome was HMH measured as food, housing, and energy insecurity. We performed logistic regression models to calculate adjusted odds ratios of having ≥1 HMH, adjusted for patient and clinical characteristics from surveys and the Pediatric Health Information System. At least 1 material hardship was present in 40.9% of participants and 28.2% of the highest FPL group. Families with incomes <50% FPL and 51% to 100% FPL had ∼75% higher odds of having ≥1 material hardship compared with those with >100% FPL (<50% FPL: odds ratio 1.74 [95% confidence interval: 1.11-2.73], P = .02; 51% to 100% FPL: 1.73 [95% confidence interval: 1.09-2.73], P = .02). Poverty underestimated household economic hardship. Although households with incomes <100% FPL had higher odds of having ≥1 material hardship, one-quarter of families in the highest FPL group also had ≥1 material hardship.

МАТЕМАТИЧНЕ МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ВПЛИВУ ОПРОМІНЕННЯ НА ПРОДУКТИВНІСТЬ ПРОЦЕСУ ВИРОЩУВАННЯ РОСЛИННОЇ ПРОДУКЦІЇ В ГІДРОПОННІЙ УСТАНОВЦІ

The actual problems of agriculture not only in Ukraine but also in other countries are to increase crop yields, increase nutritional value, quality and reduce production costs, reduce the required production area, the cost of agricultural machinery, etc. In this regard, hydroponic plants look quite promising, as they provide round-the-clock cultivation of a wide range of crops with minimal space, capital and operating costs, and a halved harvest period. The widespread introduction of hydroponic equipment and technology in Ukraine will allow for the fullest realization of the concept of small enterprises, which in this case can be created with little or no start-up capital. In addition, the use of hydroponics will allow existing enterprises of various profiles and small farms to receive additional income or valuable plant material. Hydroponics is a promising area of modern agriculture that ensures long-term cultivation of the main types of vegetables and greenery in small areas with minimal water and fertilizer consumption. This technology allows you to get a fairly large harvest of fresh vegetables within large cities, including office and residential premises. The main trends in improving this technology are expanding the range of crops grown, their yields, more efficient use of land, soil, nutrients, minerals, water, energy, and reducing the cost of finished products.. The article is devoted to the development and study of a mathematical model of the influence of irradiation on the productivity and quality of hydroponically grown products. In particular, dependencies were obtained to determine the influence of irradiation parameters on the development of lettuce, the use of which allows predicting the size and weight of the plant, forming the basis for optimizing the operating parameters of the hydroponic plant.

Factors associated with parental human papillomavirus vaccination intentions among adolescents from socioeconomically advantaged versus deprived households: a nationwide, cross-sectional survey

In the USA, HPV vaccine coverage is substantially lower among adolescents from high-income households compared to their low-income counterparts. We examined and compared the factors associated with parental HPV vaccination intentions between socioeconomically divergent groups. Data from unvaccinated and not fully HPV-vaccinated adolescents from the 2017-2021 National Immunization Survey (NIS)-Teen were analyzed. Socioeconomically advantaged vs. deprived groups were identified based on dichotomized income (material capital) and education (social capital). Parental intent to initiate and complete the HPV vaccine series was compared using bivariable analysis and the factors associated with lacking intent were identified. The 2017-2021 NIS-Teen included a total of 212,643 participants; the final analytical sample consisted of 105,958 adolescents (an estimated 10.3 million adolescents) who were unvaccinated or not fully vaccinated. In the advantaged group, 64.7% of parents of unvaccinated adolescents (equating to 2.4 million US adolescents) had no intention to initiate the HPV vaccine compared to 40.9% of parents in the deprived group (equating to 0.2 million adolescents) (P<0.0001; S>13.29). The most frequent reason for lacking intent in the advantaged group was 'safety concerns' (25.5%). In the deprived group, 'lack of knowledge', 'not recommended', and 'not needed' were common reasons (nearly 15% each). Lack of intent to complete the HPV vaccine series was higher in the advantaged group (43.9%; 1.1 million adolescents) compared to the deprived group (25.2%; 0.08 million adolescents) (P<0.0001; S>13.29). More than half in the advantaged group (58.4%) and over a third (37.1%) in the deprived group cited 'already up to date' as the main reason for not completing the HPV vaccine series. Lack of intent to initiate and complete the HPV vaccination series, particularly among socioeconomically advantaged parents is a significant barrier to achieving the national goal in the USA. The US National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, MUSC Hollings Cancer Center Seed funding, and the US National Cancer Institutes.

The positionality of goods and the positional concern’s origin

This paper investigates what goods are positional, the degree of individuals’ positional concern, and their possible drivers for a sample of Uruguayan younger. The participants’ degree of positional concern is generated using a choice experimental approach. The study combines longitudinal information about participants’ perceptions of the visibility of the goods and their reference groups and randomized information treatments to prime participants into competing narratives regarding (i) the goods, (ii) gender, and (iii) sources of inequality in society. The main findings are: (1) the visibility of the goods would not be a necessary condition for their position: jewelry, cars, and health insurance are positional goods; (2) relative income matters, but less than relative consumption of these goods; (3) the positional concern is heterogeneous at the individuals level with a bimodal distribution: one group of individuals has a high prevalence of relative concern, while the other is positional-neutral; (4) there are no differences by gender, visibility perceptions and declared reference group; and (5) individuals are less likely to report positional concerns (and inequality aversion) when differences in income come from effort and inheritance.

Boosted income, busted environment: a tradeoff in the wider economic impacts of transport corridor investments?

AbstractThe literature on the impacts of transport corridors points to a tradeoff between income and environmental quality. We estimate the impacts of India's Golden Quadrilateral and North-South-East-West highways on income and environmental quality to test this tradeoff hypothesis. Applying the difference-in-difference method to district level data, we find that the highways increased both local income and particulate matter air pollution. The estimated increase in air pollution is robust to using an instrumental variables approach, while that in income is not. Examining heterogeneity in these impacts, we find that the income–environment tradeoff was less steep in districts with initially higher educational attainment rates because they experienced a smaller increase in air pollution due to the highways.

Linking per capita income, renewable energy, natural resources, trade, and Urbanisation to material footprint: insights from Saudi Arabia

In view of growing greenhouse gases and climate change, this paper investigates the effect of per capita income, renewable energy, natural resources, trade, and urbanisation on the material footprint of Saudi Arabia. This study uses data from 1990 to 2019. Autoregressive Distributed Lag, Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares, Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares, and Canonical Cointegrating Regression are used as estimation techniques. The result hints that per capita income, renewable energy, natural resources, trade, and urbanisation are determinants of material footprint in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, the short- and long-run results show that per capita income, trade, and urbanisation increase material footprint, contributing significantly to Saudi Arabia's ecological damage. However, renewable energy and total natural resources rent reduce the material footprint in both periods. Other cointegration techniques also support the long-run estimates. The implications of the result for a sustainable environment were discussed.

Development of Educational Media based Film Animation Podtoon on National Income Material

This research uses research and development (R&amp;D) methods using the ADDIE model. For the small test sample, 10 college students were randomly selected. Porton Movie. tests on college students. Data analysis techniques used are quantitative and qualitative data analysis techniques. The results of research and development are educational materials based on Poodton cartoons that can be accessed from smartphones through YouTube and Google Drive applications which can also be downloaded offline. In the practical test, students also gave a positive response with an average overall score of 5.80 included in the very practical category as well as an effectiveness test using the t-test table for significance levels α = 5% = 0.05 and df = 9, then obtained t at t hit = 17.72 and t tab = 1.833 with the conclusion The value of t hit &gt; t tab, so it is said that there is effectiveness (significance) The development of introductory teaching materials for macroeconomics based on poodton animated films with a significance level of 5% is very effective.

Persistent Disadvantage in Aotearoa New Zealand

New data and research shed fresh light on our understanding of persistent disadvantage in Aotearoa New Zealand. They show that, while overall income poverty and material hardship has declined significantly over the past decade or so, a small proportion of the population continues to experience multiple, complex disadvantages over many years, and sometimes generations. There has been little meaningful policy action aimed specifically at assisting this cohort of people who are experiencing the greatest need. Fundamental changes are needed across a range of systems. Providing effective supports and investments, and removing structural barriers and inequities, would have significant intergenerational pay-offs.

Country risk factors and banking sector stability: Do countries’ income and risk-level matter? Evidence from global study

Extant literature suggests the essential role of a country's vulnerability in decreasing the stability of the banking sectors. However, the effect of country-specific risks on banking sector stability remains largely understudied. This study specifically examines the impact of country risk, encompassing political, economic, and financial risks, on the banking sector stability from a global perspective. Furthermore, we attempt to provide more insight by answering how this relationship varies by grouping countries based on income and risk levels. To achieve this purpose, we focus on 107 countries and employ a dynamic panel data model (SYS-GMM) between 2004 and 2017. The results indicate that a reduction in a country's vulnerability to specific political, economic, and financial risks, contributes to enhanced stability in the banking sector. This positive effect is particularly pronounced as countries move from low to medium and high-income levels. Furthermore, the study reveals that a decrease in country risk leads to increased banking sector stability in both low and high-risk countries, but the effect is more outstanding in low-risk environments. Moreover, the results highlight the significant influence of banking sector-specific factors and country-level determinants on stability, however, the magnitude and direction of these factors' coefficients depend on the income and risk levels of the countries. The results are robust and can have important suggestions to policymakers, regulators, and bank executives in understating and mitigating risk factors to enhance the stability of their banking sectors.

Archetype-based energy and material use estimation for the residential buildings in Arab Gulf countries

Residential buildings account for a significant portion of global energy and material use, particularly in developing countries such as those in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) where rising income, urbanization, and construction material use have led to increased energy use. To reduce greenhouse gas emissions, resource efficiency strategies in residential buildings are crucial. To better capture and reduce regional CO2 emissions rooted in residential building stocks in the developing world, country-specific studies are crucial and should consider building-specific factors and their effects on the environment. This paper explores the characteristics of residential buildings in all GCC countries, where arid climatic conditions and urbanization create a high energy demand, particularly for cooling. Using a five-stage bottom-up archetype development methodology, the authors created 153 multi-scale archetype models for the GCC region considering each residential building stocks’ cultural, historical, technological, climatic, and economic conditions. The simulations conducted using the BuildME tool revealed the energy and material intensity of six typology groups of buildings, including apartments, villas, skyscraper flats, Arabic-traditional houses, vernacular houses, and informal houses. The archetypes were used to investigate resource use rates across various administrative levels, climate regions, typologies, cohorts, and countries. The findings were discussed in the nexus of occupant behaviors, cultural lifestyles, demographics, extreme climate conditions, and building standards across various administrative levels, typologies, cohorts, and countries in the GCC. According to the results, residential buildings in Kuwait have the highest energy use per capita, and Saudi Arabia has the highest energy use overall. Also, the cooling loads represent the largest energy demand in all GCC countries, ranging from 58% in Oman to 75% in Bahrain, and 63% for the entire region. The study’s insights into the high residential material use patterns and trends across the GCC countries, with SAU leading other GCC countries in residential material demand, and Oman having the highest material use per capita. The results can help identify opportunities to cut emissions and develop resource-efficient construction practices and tailored policies targeting the resource efficiency of buildings in regions with high energy burdens caused by residential buildings.

Families of children with disabilities: income poverty, material deprivation, and unpaid care in the UK

Child disability and provision of unpaid care by parents may contribute to a family’s poverty status. In this paper, using data from the Family Resources Survey-2018/19, a sample of 5451 families with dependent children was analysed. Sub-samples were created based on the groups of interest: child disability vs no child disability within the family and unpaid care vs no unpaid care for children with disabilities. Logistic regression models show sociodemographic factors have similar effects on children’s material deprivation and after housing costs poverty across all groups. In contrast, having children with no disability has higher odds of after housing costs poverty.