Income In India Research Articles

Relation Between Per Capita Public Expenditure on Health and Income in India at Sub-National Level

Health is considered as both a source of human welfare and a detriment to overall economic growth. The relationship between public health expenditure and economic growth is an important subject of analysis that has been in debate for years. The major concern is whether income of a nation plays a significant role in the changes happening in government health spending. In order to answer this particular question, the present study investigates the relationships between public health expenditure and income in selected 23 Indian states based on the availability of data. Variables used for the study were per capita public health expenditure, per capita state gross domestic product, per capita state’s own revenue and infant mortality rate for a period of 30 years from 1990 to 2020. For the purpose of analysis, the states were divided into economically less developed and economically developed based on the revenue earned by the selected Indian states. The analysis begins with summary statistics and pair-wise correlation followed by ordinary least squares regression. The findings of the study suggest that there was a significant positive impact of per capita gross state domestic product, fiscal capacity on per capita public health expenditure, and a negative impact of infant mortality rate on per capita public health expenditure in all the 23 Indian states. And the impact of per capita state gross domestic product on per capita public health expenditure is higher in richer Indian states than poorer Indian states.

An Internet of Things-based Efficient Solution for Smart Farming

Agriculture is the major occupation and the main origin of income in India, and most of the population depends on agriculture for their living. The smart farming system's foremost goal is to monitor farmlands by automatically rinsing the lands with appropriate water and a pest detection framework. The conventional agricultural methods lack higher crop productivity with increased human efforts. Hence, the paper proposes an IoT-based solution for smart farming. The proposed system focuses on automatic irrigation of water and plant disease detection. It uses machine learning algorithms to accurately predict adequate water required by the fields and automatic pest identification based on the requirements of the farmland. K-Nearest Neighbour and support vector machine learning algorithms in the pest detection module are used to precisely predict plant diseases. The convenient features from the leaves of the plants were obtained. Then the obtained features are used for classification purposes. Extracting the suitable features and classifying them helps detect whether the plant is pest infected or not. The proposed system monitors, analyses, assesses and controls agricultural fields for the automatic irrigation of the water and disease identification of the plants. The numerical analysis of the machine learning algorithms and the significance of the classification with accuracy are investigated. From the numerical results, it is demonstrated that an accuracy of 84 % is achieved.

Status and Changes in Composition of Agricultural Household’s Income in India

The study used the NSSO’s Situation Assessment Survey from 2012-13 and 2018-19 to determine the current status and changes in the composition of agricultural household income. During the agricultural years 2012-13 and 2018-19, an agricultural household’s total nominal farm income increased at an annual rate of 9.61 per cent, while real income increased at a rate of 3.42 per cent. Assuming the projected growth trends in nominal and real income continue, the nominal income of agricultural households will take 7.5 years to double at All India levels, while the real income will take 21 years. The income composition of an agricultural household changed throughout the same period. The average annual percentage change in income from wages and salaries (10.37%) and from animal sources (6.14%) grew positively throughout the period, whereas crop (-1.25%) and non-farm business (-0.94%) grew negatively. 12 per cent increase in the share of wages and salaries in overall income was discovered and a corresponding reduction in crop income. In the agricultural year 2018-19, Rajasthan had the largest diversity in income sources (SID=0.43), and Andhra Pradesh had the lowest (SID=0.25), while All India had (SID=0.35). The result indicates that agricultural households are shifting their dependency for livelihood from crop income towards wages and salaries.

The Nexus of Anthropogenic Climate Change, Primary Energy Consumption and Dynamic Economic Change in India

The empirical connection between anthropogenic climate changes, aggregate production index, primary energy consumption, population dynamics, capital formation, and real per capita income in India is investigated in this study. The equilibrium long-run relationship among the studied variables and their causality are analysed using the theoretical framework of Cobb Douglas's production function. The study used a time series data set from 1965 to 2018 as part of a novel bound testing methodology strongly backed up by the classical cointegration techniques. As a result, the model's short- and long-run relationships are estimated. The estimation reveals long-run equilibrium convergence between anthropogenic climate change and the remaining exogenous factors empirically examined. Consequently, the aggregated production index, real domestic investment, and real economic growth have both short-run and long-run positive impact in the estimated model. The findings revealed further that primary energy use is the leading cause of anthropogenic climate change, causing changes to real domestic investment and population. A significant policy recommendation, among others, is a faster transition to cleaner energy to combat anthropogenic climate change, owing to India's extremely high energy intensity power sector with massive primary energy consumption.

Historical Drought Events and Farm Income in India

Historical Drought Events and Farm Income in India

Balancing the Bleeding Risk & Treatment Related Complications in Immune Thrombocytopenia - an Unmet Need: Real-World Data from India

Background: Primary Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune bleeding disorder due to decreased platelet count (PLT). Patients (Pts) with ITP face manifold challenges owing to the multifarious burden of living with the disease and its treatment-related complications. Corticosteroids used as first-line therapy in both adults and children do not improve quality of life or patient-related outcomes. The real-world experience data on the treatment outcomes of ITP pts in India is sparse. Objective: Our study aims to compare and evaluate the treatment outcomes and treatment-related adverse events in newly diagnosed ITP pts treated with corticosteroids (Prednisolone/ Dexamethasone) in terms of initial response at 4 weeks (wks) and sustained response at 3 months from initiation of therapy respectively. Methods: We enrolled 73 pts with new onset ITP, attending the outpatient department of AIIMS Rishikesh, between March 2019 to August 2020. Pre-treatment Complete Blood Count(CBC) Platelet count (PLT), Reticulocyte count, LDH, Liver and Renal Function Tests, PT, APTT, ANA, HIV, HBsAg, HCV, USG Abdomen, and Chest X-Ray were done. Bone marrow aspirate and biopsy (BM) was done in pts >50 yrs or to look for other hematological disorders. BM done in 19pts was normal. All pts had a pretreatment PLT <30 x 109/L. Children (age <12yrs) were treated only in the presence of bleeding. The severity of bleeding was graded as per the WHO bleeding score. Pts were randomized by block randomization and treated with Prednisolone or Dexamethasone. Prednisolone was administered at 1mg/kg/day for 4 wks (age >12yrs) and 2mg/kg/day for 2 wks (age < 12yrs) and tapered gradually over 2 months. Dexamethasone was administered at 40mg/day for 4 days/cycle, for 3 cycles at an interval of 14 days. Pts were followed up every wk for the first 4 wks and monthly thereafter for 3 months with CBC, PLT, and evaluated for any possible bleeding/complications. Response was defined as Complete response (CR) plt ≥ 100 x 109 /L. Response (R) plt ≥ 30 x 109/L and >2 fold increase in plt from baseline, no bleeding. No response (NR) plt < 30 x 109 /L or <2 fold increase in plt from baseline or bleeding. Loss of response (LR) plt < 30 x 109/L or bleeding, from CR or R previously. Results: Of the 73 pts evaluated, 23(32%) were males and 50 (68%) females. The median age was 29 (range 3 to 75years), of which 13 (18%) were pediatric pts (age <12 yrs). 10 (14%) pts had no bleeding at presentation, 63 pts (86%) presented with bleeding, of which 23 pts (45%) had mild bleeding grade 1 -2, 27pts (37%) had moderate bleeding grade 3, and 4 pts had severe bleeding grade 4 including 1 pt with intracerebral bleed. 39 (53%)pts received dexamethasone, and 34 (47%)pts received prednisolone. 68 out of 73 pts (94%) had an initial response at 4 weeks, 54pts (74%) attained CR, and 14(20%) had R. 5pts had NR in whom steroids were discontinued and second-line therapy was started. Sustained response was assessed at 3 months in 58 out of 73pts, 15 were lost to follow-up. An overall sustained response CR and R was seen in 39 pts (67%), 15 (26%) had loss of response LR and 4 (7%) had no response NR. The results are summarised in table 1. 57 (88%) out of 73pts had treatment-related adverse events (TRAE) and 16 (22%) had no TRAE. The TRAE observed in our study include weight gain, infections, acne, fatigue, hyperglycemia, hypertension, dyspepsia, and others (insomnia, proximal myopathy, & central serous retinopathy-CSR). 1pt had proximal myopathy and 1 pt developed CSR. The severity of TRAE was graded as per CTCAE. There was no grade 4 or 5 TRAE. All TRAE resolved spontaneously or with treatment. TRAE is summarised in table 2. No significant difference was noticed between the prednisolone or the dexamethasone group either in terms of treatment outcomes or treatment-related adverse events. Conclusion: Our study shows comparable results between prednisolone and dexamethasone groups in initial and sustained response rates to first-line therapy in newly diagnosed ITP patients but a high incidence 88% of treatment-related adverse events in both groups. A shorter duration of steroids and affordable newer modalities of therapy in ITP is required to improve the overall well-being of ITP patients with lower middle income in India. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare. Figure 1View largeDownload PPTFigure 1View largeDownload PPT Close modal

The Impact of Using Co-Compost on Resource Management and Resilience of Smallholder Agriculture in South India

Agriculture is the main source of income in India, with most farmers being smallholders and facing multiple challenges, such as climate change and land degradation. For the sustainable implementation of alternative circular approaches, it is important that agriculture benefits. To assess this, the impact of using co-compost (organic waste and black water consisting of feces and urine) was evaluated through surveys of 120 smallholder farmers in two case studies in South India. All 149 questions related to the overarching research question: what is the impact of using co-compost on closing loops in smallholder agriculture in terms of resource management and resilience. Secondary smallholder resources were found to be well managed and local networks and economies proved to be particularly effective in pandemics, reinforcing the potential for nutrient sources from urban areas. For most farmers, using co-compost improved yields (90%), soil (80%), plant health (93%) and, consequently, profits (67%), as well as water management (53%). Water management was significantly less of a problem for co-compost users (15%) than non-users (42%). In addition, the users of co-compost were able to save resources. Chemical fertilizer use was significantly reduced from 1.42 ± 2.1 to 0.9 ± 1.35 t (acre∙year)−1, with total savings ranging from 37 to 44%. Overall, 67% were able to reduce chemical fertilizer use and 25% were able to reduce chemical spray use. Additionally, 53% reduced water consumption by 30.3% ± 19.92%. The visible benefits could motivate others to try co-composting. The reservations of non-users were due to personal or societal aspects (25%). In addition, the desire of farmers to convert to organic farming and try alternative farming methods, such as using smart technologies, vermicomposting or co-compost, was high (43%) and was positively influenced by the profitable use of alternative circular concepts. Information dissemination was mainly promoted by advertising (60%) and demonstrations (27%), which influenced openness to alternative circular concepts and products. In conclusion, co-composting and co-recycling approaches have a positive impact on the resource management and resilience of smallholder agriculture and thus, contribute to achieving sustainability goals.

Impact of Formal Financial Services on Per Capita Income in India: Evidence from Regression and Causality Approach

The main purpose of this paper was to examine the impact of formal financial services on per capita income in India from 2004 to 2018. The study used a regression approach to find the impact of formal financial services on per capita income. The Toda-Yamamoto Granger causality test was used to find the direction of causality between formal financial services and per capita income. The empirical findings of this study confirmed that formal financial services had a positive and statistically significant impact on per capita income. These results suggested that India can increase per capita income by improving the coverage of formal financial services. Further, the causality test confirmed that a unidirectional causal relationship was found running from formal financial services (such as the number of ATMs per 1000 km2, deposit accounts with commercial banks, and outstanding deposits with commercial banks) to per capita GDP. Formal financial services are one of the main drivers of per capita income. Policymakers must emphasize financial sector reforms and create awareness about financial services and financial literacy to increase per capita income in the long run, especially in developing countries.

Examining Long run Relationship among Health Status, Health Expenditure and Income in India: An Empirical Analysis with Co-integration Approach and Error Correction Mechanism

Examining Long run Relationship among Health Status, Health Expenditure and Income in India: An Empirical Analysis with Co-integration Approach and Error Correction Mechanism

Doubling Farmers' Income in India: Progress, Gaps and Futuristic Approaches

Doubling Farmers' Income in India: Progress, Gaps and Futuristic Approaches

National Income Trends in India

Abstract: National income of any country is the total amount of income that is accrued by it through various economic activates in one year national income consists of a collection of different types of goods and services of different types. National income is defined in different ways accommodating for subsidies, taxes, depreciation, exports and imports. The current study is about the trend of the national income in India over the last 70 years, in detail, The estimates of national and per capita income are taken at some constant base year prices for the purpose of comparing national Income and per capita Incomes over different years. Because the national income at current prices is influenced by both the increase in production of goods and services and the rise in prices. In order to make the national income figures comparable, these figures are deflated of constant prices just for eliminating the effect of any change in the price level of the country. This paper describes he major trends in national income in India since 1950-51. This trend in national income also reflects on the standard of living of the people in India.

Examining rule-of-thumb consumption behavior in India: a note

PurposeThe present study aims to evaluate the aggregate consumption function from the perspective of the Euler equation using Indian macroeconomic data. Further, to examine the robustness of the findings for India, other developing nations are also studied.Design/methodology/approachQuarterly time-series data from 1996:1 to 2020:3 on consumption and income in India are used to evaluate the alternative model proposed by Campbell and Mankiw (1989). The alternative hypotheses in the present study are tested by estimating models using the instrumental variable approach. The lagged changes in the quarterly average of 91-day Treasury bill yields are used as the nominal interest rate instrumental variables along with other lagged instrumental variables.FindingsThe evidence presented in this study suggests that aggregate consumption is better explained when the permanent income model incorporates rule-of-thumb consumers, that is, individuals who consume their current income along with those who consume their permanent income.Practical implicationsThe new rule-of-thumb framework better explains some of the observed phenomena, such as why the expected changes in consumption are related to the expected changes in income, why the expected changes in consumption are unrelated to real interest rates (i.e. why the intertemporal elasticity of substitution is near zero) and why a high consumption/income ratio is usually followed by an increase in income growth.Originality/valueThis study adds to the limited literature on the Euler-based consumption function in developing economies.

Remittance and Agrarian Relation in Rural India

This paper focuses on the use of remittance in India since new economic policy 1991 with the two objectives of relation between consumption, remittance and co2 emissions along with use of remittance in rural India. It is observed that household size is positively related to remittance income in India. That means rural urban migration plays a significant role for combating the poverty in rural India.

Dams mitigate the effect of rainfall shocks on Hindus-Muslims riots

• Dams fully mitigate the effect of rainfall shocks on agricultural production and religious conflict between Hindus and Muslims in India. • We find that the link between rainfall and religious conflict works through the agricultural income channel. • We do not find supportive evidence for other channels linking rainfall shocks to religious conflict. • Dams may be a useful tool for mitigating the effects of climate change. Sarsons (2015) finds that, while agricultural income in India is less sensitive to rainfall in dam-fed districts, rainfall shocks have a larger (or equally large) effect on religious riots between Muslims and Hindus in dam-fed districts than in rain-fed districts. This is inconsistent with agricultural income being the sole channel through which rainfall affects religious conflict in India. In this comment, we show that this result originates from the use of state-specific time trends and interaction models. Once we replace state-specific time trends with state-year fixed effects (in slit sample regressions) and allow state-year fixed effects to be different between rain-fed and dam-fed districts (in interaction models), we find that while (fractional) rainfall shocks affect agricultural production and religious violence in rain-fed districts, they have no effect on agricultural production and religious violence in dam-fed districts. In other words, dams fully mitigate the effect of rainfall shocks on agricultural output and religious violence in the Indian context.

Trends and Determinants of Farmer Households’ Income in India: A Comprehensive Analysis of SAS Data

Trends and Determinants of Farmer Households’ Income in India: A Comprehensive Analysis of SAS Data

Financial well-being – A Generation Z perspective using a Structural Equation Modeling approach

The current pandemic situation in the global economy has urged the need to revolutionize the financial services industry with a keen eye on consumers’ financial needs for sound financial decisions, which is necessary for financial well-being. The purpose of the study is to assess the financial well-being of Indian Gen Z students in relation to financial literacy, financial fragility, financial behavior, and financial technology. In addition, the study also tries to determine how Gen Z students’ financial well-being is influenced by other factors such as gender, age, parental education, employment status, and monthly income in India. The study uses the scientific data analysis approach, Partial Least Squares-SEM model to estimate, predict, and assess the hypotheses. A sample of 271 University students from India was surveyed using a self-administered structured questionnaire. Questions were incorporated to understand the effect of financial literacy, technology, fragility, behavior, demographic and parental characteristics on financial well-being. The results indicate that financial behavior is positively related to financial well-being, while financial fragility is negatively associated. However, financial literacy and financial technology do not significantly affect financial well-being. The results also show that financial well-being is significantly influenced by gender, parental education, employment status, and monthly income change. Understanding Indian Gen Z student financial well-being will expand the students’ understanding of the importance of financial literacy for well-planned financial behavior and informed decisions, hence high levels of financial well-being. Government and financial institutions can more effectively identify gaps and deficiencies in student financial well-being.

THIRD WORLD ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

The development experiences of Third World countries since the fifties have been staggeringly diverse—and hence very informative. Forty years ago the developing countries looked a lot more like each other than they do today. Take India and South Korea. By any standards, both countries were extremely poor: India's income per capita was about $150 (in 1980 dollars) and South Korea's was about $350. Life expectancy was about forty years and fifty years respectively. In both countries, roughly 70 percent of the people worked on the land, and farming accounted for 40 percent of national income. The two countries were so far behind the industrial world that it seemed nearly inconceivable that either could ever attain reasonable standards of living, let alone catch up. This article examines the experiences of different countries.

Farmer producer organizations and innovative policy options for enhancing farmers’ income in India

Farmer producer organizations and innovative policy options for enhancing farmers’ income in India

Labour Incomes in India: A Comparison of PLFS and CMIE-CPHS Data

Labour Incomes in India: A Comparison of PLFS and CMIE-CPHS Data

Foreign Direct Investment Trends and its influence on Per Capita Income in India

Foreign Direct Investment Trends and its influence on Per Capita Income in India