ABSTRACT Cognitive function is likely to decline with age. Its decline or protection is associated with demographic, socioeconomic, and health-related factors. Social factors, including living arrangement and social participation, have been afforded less attention in the literature, especially in the context of developing countries in Asia. This study uses the 2016 Population Change and Well-Being in the Context of Ageing Societies survey to examine the association of these factors with cognitive function among older persons in Thailand. Using different models by gender, the present study found that age, education, income level, and health-enhancing behavior are consistently associated with cognitive function among both men and women. The perception of adequacy of income, co-residence with children, and engagement in religious activities are associated with improved cognitive function among older men but not women. Experience of physical limitation is negatively associated with cognitive function among men, while experience of depressive symptoms has the same association among women. The analyses demonstrate that the results involving many of the selected covariates agree with the prior literature, although others diverge from previous observations, including employment, tobacco smoking, and alcohol consumption. This study contributes to the literature by providing population-based evidence from a developing Asian setting where cognitive decline in later life remains relatively unstudied.