Incoherent Interaction Research Articles

Regulation of nanoscale Mg/V incoherent interface interactions to enhance hydrogen storage properties in Mg/V multilayer films

Magnesium-based materials offer a promising, cost-effective, and high-capacity solution for hydrogen storage. However, their slow kinetics and elevated absorption/desorption temperatures limit their large-scale application. In this study, a series of Mg1-x/Vx (x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20) multilayer films were designed and fabricated using an ultra-high vacuum magnetron sputtering technique. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed the presence of a discontinuous nanoscale V single-phase interlayer between the Mg layers, confirming the successful formation of Mg/V multilayer films. The surface of the deposited films predominantly consists of hexagonal particles of varying sizes stacked upon one another. Upon hydrogenation, tetragonal rutile structures of MgH2 and V2H were formed. The Mg0.95V0.05 film absorbed 6.40 wt% hydrogen within 15 min at 150 °C and desorbed 0.34 wt% hydrogen within 1.8 h at the same temperature, with an initial dehydrogenation temperature of 79 °C. The activation energies for hydrogen absorption and desorption were estimated to be 60 ± 7 and 140 ± 10 kJ/mol H2, respectively, significantly lower than the corresponding values of 100 and 160 kJ/mol H2 for conventional pure Mg/MgH2. The enhanced hydrogen absorption performance was attributed to the catalytic effect of nanocrystalline V at the Mg/V incoherent interface, while the improved desorption performance was due to the synergistic catalytic effect of nanocrystalline V2H at the MgH2/V2H incoherent interface. DFT calculations indicated that the interaction at the Mg/V incoherent interface promoted H atom adsorption and diffusion, significantly enhancing the hydrogenation and dehydrogenation performance of the multilayer films.

Physical, chemical and radiation shielding properties of metakaolin-based geopolymers containing borosilicate waste glass

Upcycling waste borosilicate glass (BS) is a viable and sustainable way of preserving the natural resources required for the production of new materials and ensuring environmental sanitation and safety. This study was aimed at investigating how the addition of BS influences the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties and shielding performance against neutrons and charged particles on metakaolin-based geopolymer G. Four batches of G infused with 10%, 20%, and 30% wt BS samples and coded as G, G-10BS, G-20BS, and G-30BS, respectively, were fabricated based on the solid-state reaction method. The samples were characterized accordingly using experimental and theoretical procedures. X-ray diffraction analysis of the materials showed that the addition of BS suppressed crystal peaks in the geopolymers. The Vickers hardness values were calculated as 554, 503, 517, and 528 HV under a 0.1 kg load. The values of fast neutron macroscopic cross-section increased from 0.0601 cm−1 to 0.0706 cm−1 as BS content increased from 0 to 30 wt%. The coherent, incoherent, absorption, and total interaction probabilities of thermal neutrons increased in the geopolymer samples. For electrons, the stopping powers were in the range of 1.575–13.17 cm2/g, 1.571–13.15 cm2/g, 1.571–13.16 cm2/g, and 1.571–13.18 cm2/g for G, G-10BS, G-20BS, and G-30BS, respectively. The projected ranges of carbon ions in G, G-10BS, G-20BS, and G-30BS are within the limits 0.069–17.87 μm, 0.064–16.99 μm, 0.064–16.99 μm, and 0.057–15.24 μm. The trend of the projected ranges of electrons, protons, α-particles, and C ions with kinetic energies within 15 keV and 15 MeV was mostly in the sequence G > G-10BS > G-20BS > G-30BS. This order was consistent with the density and BS content of the geopolymer samples. The addition of BS to the metakaolin-based geopolymer improved the fast neutron moderating capacity and thermal neutron cross-sections and reduced the range of charged particle radiation in the geopolymers. The neutron shielding ability of G-30BS was found to be better than that of some existing shielding materials. The BS-infused concrete can be useful for the production of concrete used for radiation control.

In Situ‐Tunable Spin–Spin Interactions in a Penning Trap with In‐Bore Optomechanics

AbstractExperimental implementations of quantum simulation must balance control‐field‐induced decoherence with the controllability of the quantum system. The ratio of coherent interaction strength to decoherence induced by stimulated emission in atomic systems is typically determined by hardware constraints, limiting the flexibility needed to explore different operating regimes. Here, an optomechanical system is presented for in situ tuning of the coherent spin‐motion and spin‐spin interaction strength in 2D ion crystals in a Penning trap. Enabled by precision closed‐loop piezo‐actuated positioners integrated into the confined space of a superconducting magnet's bore, the system allows tuning of the angle‐of‐incidence of Raman laser beams up to , governing the ratio of coherent to incoherent light‐matter interaction for fixed optical power. System characterization involves measurements of the induced mean‐field spin precession under the application of an optical dipole force in ion crystals cooled below the Doppler limit through electromagnetically induced transparency cooling. These experiments show approximately a variation in the coherent to incoherent interaction ratio with changing , consistent with theoretical predictions. The system stability is characterized over 6000 s, resulting in a drift rate of h–1. These technical developments will be crucial in future quantum simulations and sensing applications.

Harmonic Generation up to Fifth Order from Al/Au/CuS Nanoparticle Films.

Dual heterostructures integrating noble-metal and copper chalcogenide nanoparticles have attracted a great deal of attention in nonlinear optics, because coupling of their localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) substantially enhances light-matter interactions through local-field effects. Previously, enhanced cascaded third-harmonic generation was demonstrated in Au/CuS heterostructures mediated by harmonically coupled surface plasmon resonances. This suggests a promising approach for extending nonlinear enhancement to higher harmonics by adding an additional nanoparticulate material with higher-frequency harmonic resonances to the hybrid films. Here we report the first observation of enhanced cascaded fourth- and fifth-harmonic generation in Al/Au/CuS driven by coupled LSPRs at the fundamental (1050 nm), second harmonic (525 nm), and third harmonic (350 nm) of the pump frequency. An analytical model based on incoherent dipole-dipole interactions among plasmonic nanoparticles accounts for the observed enhancements. The results suggest a novel design for efficiently generating higher harmonics in resonant plasmonic structures by means of multiple sum-frequency cascades.

Quantum Mechanical Comparison between Lithiated and Sodiated Silicon Nanowires

This computational research study will compare the specific charge capacity (SCC) between lithium ions inserted into crystallized silicon (c-Si) nanowires with that of sodium ions inserted into amorphous silicon (a-Si) nanowires. It will be demonstrated that the potential energy V(r) within a lithium–silicon nanowire supports a coherent energy state model with discrete electron particles, while the potential energy of a sodium–silicon nanowire will be discovered to be essentially zero, and, thus, the electron current that travels through a sodiated silicon nanowire will be modeled as a free electron with wave-like characteristics. This is due to the vast differences in the electric fields of lithiated and sodiated silicon nanowires, where the electric fields are of the order of 1010 V/m and 10−15 V/m, respectively. The main reason for the great disparity in electric fields is the presence of optical amplification within lithium ions and the absence of this process within sodium ions. It will be shown that optical amplification develops coherent optical interactions, which is the primary reason for the surge of specific charge capacity in the lithiated silicon nanowire. Conversely, the lack of optical amplification is the reason for the incoherent optical interactions within sodium ions, which is the reason for the low presence of SCC in sodiated silicon nanowires.

Optical nondegenerate solitons in a birefringent fiber with a 35 degree elliptical angle.

In this paper, we investigate the optical nondegenerate solitons in a birefringent fiber with a 35 degree elliptical angle. We derive the nondegenerate bright one- and two-soliton solutions by solving the coupled Schrödinger equation. The formation of nondegenerate solitons is related to the wave numbers of the solitons, and we further demonstrate that it is caused by the incoherent addition of different components. We note that the interaction between two degenerate solitons or a nondegenerate soliton and a degenerate soliton is usually inelastic. This is led to the incoherent interaction between solitons of different components and the coherent interaction between solitons of the same component. Through the asymptotic analysis, we find that the two degenerate solitons are elastic interactions under certain conditions, and analyzed the influence of the Kerr nonlinear intensity coefficient γ and the second-order group velocity dispersion β2 in this system on solitons: the velocity and amplitude of the solitons are proportional to |β2|, while the amplitude of the solitons is inversely proportional to γ. Two nondegenerate solitons are elastic interactions, but the phase of the soliton can be adjusted to make it inelastic. Furthermore, regardless of the situation mentioned above, total intensities of the solitons before the interaction are equal to that after the soliton interaction.

Full visible range two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy with high time resolution.

Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) is a powerful method to study coherent and incoherent interactions and dynamics in complex quantum systems by correlating excitation and detection energies in a nonlinear spectroscopy experiment. Such dynamics can be probed with a time resolution limited only by the duration of the employed laser pulses and in a spectral range defined by the pulse spectrum. In the blue spectral range (<500 nm), the generation of sufficiently broadband ultrashort pulses with pulse durations of 10 fs or less has been challenging so far. Here, we present a 2DES setup based on a hollow-core fiber supercontinuum covering the full visible range (400-700 nm). Pulse compression via custom-made chirped mirrors yields a time resolution of <10 fs. The broad spectral coverage, in particular the extension of the pulse spectra into the blue spectral range, unlocks new possibilities for coherent investigations of blue-light absorbing and multichromophoric compounds, as demonstrated by a 2DES measurement of chlorophyll a.

Effect of incoherent interaction between A-site Cu2+ and Mn3+ on magnetic properties of B-site non-magnetic A′A3B4O12 quadruple perovskite

The magnetic state of A-site Cu2+ sublattice is sensitive to the non-magnetic B-site cations in A'A3B4O12 as revealed from ferromagnetic CaCu3M4O12 (M = Sn and Ge) and antiferromagnetic CaCu3Ti4O12. We report the sensitivity of Cu2+ ordering when part of it is substituted by Mn3+ keeping the B-site cations non-magnetic. We observed that mixed occupancy of Cu2+ and Mn3+ in A-site, long-range ordering of Cu2+ is remarkably destabilized in (Ca/La/Y)Cu3-xMnxTi4-yAlyO12 (x/y = 0, 0.5 and 1.0). Samples are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, FE-SEM imaging, EDX analysis, XPS analysis, Raman spectroscopy and magnetization. The antiferromagnetic ordering of CaCu3Ti4O12 is drastically suppressed in CaCu2MnTi3AlO12. Introduction of Mn3+ in Cu2+ sublattice largely hampers the Cu2+—Cu2+ interaction. This result is in strong contrast to the system with magnetic cations at B-site. This may be attributed to the incoherent interaction between Cu2+ and Mn3+ spins though they occupy the same crystallographic sites. LaCu3Ti3AlO12 and La2/3Cu2.5Mn0.5Ti3.5Al0.5O12 show rather similar behaviour. LaCu3Ti3AlO12 shows prominent difference in magnetization compare to La2/3Cu3Ti4O12, whereas YCu3Ti3AlO12 does not with respect to Y2/3Cu3Ti4O12. The differential magnetic behaviour is possibly due to the size difference between La and Y. The ac-susceptibility measurement in LaCu3Ti3AlO12 suggests the formation of short-range ordered magnetic clusters above TN in the paramagnetic phase and there is no evidence of spin glass-like behaviour at low temperature.

Synthesis, physical, optical, and radiation attenuation efficiency of Bi2O3+SrF2+Li2O glass system

This research paper reports on the optical characteristics and ionizing radiation attenuation properties of newly fabricated 55B2O3+ 10Bi2O3+ 20SrF2+ (15-x)Li2O + xCuO where x = 0 (Cu0) - 8 (Cu8) in steps of 2 mol%. Density of the fabricated glasses was increased from 3.2836 g cm−3 to 3.5424 g cm−3 as CuO concentration enriched from 0 to 8 mol%. The estimated indirect Eg values were 3.04, 2.93, 2.86, 2.61 and 2.52 eV for the Cu0, Cu2, Cu4, Cu6 and Cu8 glass samples, respectively. Metallization criterion (M) has the following values 0.39, 0.38, 0.37, 0.36 and 0.35 for the Cu0, Cu2, Cu4, Cu6, and Cu8 glass samples, respectively. The nonlinear refractive index (n2) values were improved with further CuO content. Comparatively, μm follows the order: Cu0 < Cu2 < Cu4 < Cu6 < Cu8. The range of μ for Cu0 – Cu8 was 0.1076–7.5351, 0.1089–7.5721, 0.1108–7.6563, 0.1133–7.7761, 0.1163–7.9218 cm−1, correspondingly. The range of the HVL is 0.0920–6.3676, 0.0915–6.3676, 0.09053–6.254, 0.0891–6.1156, and 0.0875–5.9624 cm for Cu0 – Cu8, respectively. The partial density of B enhanced from 0.34106 to 0.3556 cm−1 as CuO mol% raised from 2 to 8 mol%. The total cross section for coherent (σcoh), incoherent (σinc), absorption (σabs), and total interaction (σtot) of thermal neutrons in the glasses grow with CuO content.

(Invited) Two-color soliton meta-atoms and molecules

We present a detailed overview of the physics of two-color soliton molecules in nonlinear waveguides, i.e. bound states of localized optical pulses which are held together due to an incoherent interaction mechanism. The mutual confinement, or trapping, of the subpulses, which leads to a stable propagation of the pulse compound, is enabled by the nonlinear Kerr effect. Special attention is paid to the description of the binding mechanism in terms of attractive potential wells, induced by the refractive index changes of the subpulses, exerted on one another through cross-phase modulation. Specifically, we discuss nonlinear-photonics meta atoms, given by pulse compounds consisting of a strong trapping pulse and a weak trapped pulse, for which trapped states of low intensity are determined by a Schr\"odinger-type eigenproblem. We discuss the rich dynamical behavior of such meta-atoms, demonstrating that an increase of the group-velocity mismatch of both subpulses leads to an ionization-like trapping-to-escape transition. We further demonstrate that if both constituent pulses are of similar amplitude, molecule-like bound-states are formed. We show that z-periodic amplitude variations permit a coupling of these pulse compound to dispersive waves, resulting in the resonant emission of Kushi-comb-like multi-frequency radiation.

Continuous-variable polarization mode entanglement in a V-type micromaser

The micromaser is an archetype experimental setting where a beam of excited two-level atoms is injected into a high-finesse cavity. It has played a pivotal role as a testbed for predictions of quantum optics. We consider a generalized micromaser setting consisting of a high-quality cavity pumped by a beam of three-level atoms. The atoms are assumed to be prepared to carry quantum coherence between their excited state doublet. Our objective is to produce quantum entanglement between the right-handed circular (RHC) and left-handed circular (LHC) polarized photons in the cavity, exploiting the quantum coherence in the pump atoms. For that aim, we derive the generalized micromaser master equation for our system. We find that the dynamics of the micromaser field driven by the pump beam is equivalent to two non-interacting RHC and LHC photonic systems sharing a common non-equilibrium environment. The effect of the shared bath is to mediate an incoherent interaction between the otherwise non-interacting cavity photons, which emerges only if the atoms carry quantum coherence. We take into account cavity losses as a source of quantum decoherence and characterize the quantum entanglement between the LHC and RHC polarized photons in terms of logarithmic negativity, Hillery–Zubairy and spin squeezing criterion, calculated using the dynamical solution of the master equation. We show that, in the same parameter regime, one of the criteria shows entanglement while for the other never detects entanglement. Our results reveal that LHC and RHC polarized photons can be entangled in the transient regime according to the logarithmic negativity criterion.

Linear interference of nonlinear waves-Multispeed vector solitons.

The dynamics of envelope solitons in a system of coupled anharmonic chains are addressed. Mathematically, the system is equivalent to the vector soliton propagation model in a single-mode fiber with low birefringence in the presence of coherent and incoherent interactions. It is numerically and analytically shown that multi-component soliton entries can behave as free scalar solitons with arbitrary velocities and amplitudes. The appropriate exact multi-soliton solutions are provided. They can be presented as a linear interference of degenerate vector solitons known before. Furthermore, the interference idea is transferred to other vector integrable systems, including the Manakov model.

Surface plasmon mediated harmonically resonant effects on third harmonic generation from Au and CuS nanoparticle films

Abstract A growing class of nonlinear materials employ the localized surface plasmonic resonance (LSPR) of nanoparticles to enhance harmonic generation. Material systems containing harmonically coupled metallic and semiconductor plasmonic nanoparticles have been shown to further increase performance. Here, we explore the effect of dual plasmonic interactions in bilayer CuS and Au nanoparticle films on third harmonic generation (THG). Detuning the CuS LSPR away from the excitation frequency changes the dominant upconversion pathway from THG to multiple photon photoluminescence (MPPL). Changing the size of the Au nanoparticle red shifts the LSPR from the second harmonic of the pump frequency and also eliminates the enhancement effect. When both LSPRs satisfy the harmonic condition, simultaneous excitation of CuS-Au nanoparticle films at the resonant frequency of each nanoparticle species enhances the generation of third harmonic light by sum-frequency generation, suggesting that the enhancement of THG in dually plasmonic nanoparticle films is the result of a cascaded nonlinear mechanism. An analytic model of the interaction between the plasmonic nanoparticles due to incoherent dipolar interactions is also presented. Understanding these processes opens a pathway for developing ultrafast, high-efficiency upconversion thin-film devices by clarifying the conditions that efficiently produce third harmonic generation without background MPPL or additional harmonics.

Green's functions of and emission into discrete anisotropic and hyperbolic baths

In this paper, we study wave propagation in generic Hermitian local periodic baths and investigate the effects of anisotropy and quasibreaking of periodicity on resonant emission into the band of the bath. We asymptotically decompose the Green's function into long-range traveling waves composed of all wave vectors (near) resonant at the emitter frequency and rapidly decaying evanescent waves. Our approximation then converges exponentially with increasing source-receiver separation $\mathbit{\ensuremath{\rho}}$ when resonant wave packets with group velocity parallel to $\mathbit{\ensuremath{\rho}}$ exist. In hyperbolic media this condition may not be satisfied, and we find that the exponential decay length of oscillating evanescent waves locally around caustics generally depends as a power law with exponent 3/2 on the angle made between $\mathbit{\ensuremath{\rho}}$ and the caustic. For $\mathbit{\ensuremath{\rho}}$ beyond the caustic we observe that the Green's function can become almost imaginary, which results in exclusively incoherent emitter-emitter interactions and allows the simulation of purely dissipative systems with short-range interactions. Here the interaction length is tunable via the separation vector of the emitters. We finally probe the hyperbolic dispersion beyond the previous regimes by applying an artificial gauge field on the lattice. We find that emission resonant with the corresponding open orbits in the Brillouin zone is quasi one dimensional, in contrast to an isotropic environment. The quasi-one-dimensional emission is further topologically protected against local and global lattice perturbations and periodically refocusing, offering a robust bidirectional transport of excitations in higher-dimensional media.

Operational nonclassicality in minimal autonomous thermal machines

Thermal machines exploit interactions with multiple heat baths to perform useful tasks, such as work production and refrigeration. In the quantum regime, tasks with no classical counterpart become possible. Here, we consider the minimal setting for quantum thermal machines, namely two-qubit autonomous thermal machines that use only incoherent interactions with their environment, and investigate the fundamental resources needed to generate entanglement. Our investigation is systematic, covering different types of interactions, bosonic and fermionic environments, and different resources that can be supplied to the machine. We adopt an operational perspective in which we assess the nonclassicality of the generated entanglement through its ability to perform useful tasks such as Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering, quantum teleportation and Bell nonlocality. We provide both constructive examples of nonclassical effects and general no-go results that demarcate the fundamental limits in autonomous entanglement generation. Our results open up a path toward understanding nonclassical phenomena in thermal processes.

Incoherent two-color pulse compounds.

We study the dynamical evolution of two-frequency pulse compounds, i.e., intriguing bound-states of light, kept together due to their incoherent interaction. A special class of solutions of such compounds is found to be describable in terms of a simplified model. They entail generalized dispersion Kerr solitons and yield their corresponding metasolitons. We use these solutions to study when the interaction of their constituent pulses is independent of their phase. These results are relevant to understand the complex collision dynamics of quasi-group-velocity-matched solitons across a vast frequency gap.

Effective Field Theory for jet substructure in heavy ion collisions

I develop an Effective Field Theory (EFT) framework to compute jet substructure observables for heavy ion collision experiments. As an example, I consider dijet events that accompany the formation of a weakly coupled long lived Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) medium in a heavy ion collision and look at an observable insensitive to jet selection bias: the simultaneous measurement of jet mass along with the transverse momentum imbalance between the jets that are groomed to remove soft radiation. Treating the jet as an open quantum system, I write down a factorization formula within the SCET (Soft Collinear Effective Theory) framework in the forward scattering regime. The physics of the medium is encoded in a universal soft field correlator while the jet-medium interaction is captured by a medium induced jet function. The factorization formula leads to a Lindblad type equation for the evolution of the reduced density matrix of the jet in the Markovian approximation. The solution for this equation allows a resummation of large logarithms that arise due to the final state measurements imposed while simultaneously summing over multiple incoherent interactions of the jet with the medium.

Switching of the electron-phonon interaction in 1T−VSe2 assisted by hot carriers

We apply an intense infrared laser pulse in order to perturb the electronic and vibrational states in the three-dimensional charge density wave material 1$T$-VSe$_2$. Ultrafast snapshots of the light-induced hot carrier dynamics and non-equilibrium quasiparticle spectral function are collected using time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. The hot carrier temperature and time-dependent electronic self-energy are extracted from the time-dependent spectral function, revealing that incoherent electron-phonon interactions heat the lattice above the charge density wave critical temperature on a timescale of $(200 \pm 40)$~fs. Density functional perturbation theory calculations establish that the presence of hot carriers alters the overall phonon dispersion and quenches efficient low-energy acoustic phonon scattering channels, which results in a new quasi-equilibrium state that is experimentally observed.

Exciton energy oscillations induced by quantum beats

In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate an oscillating energy shift of quantum-confined exciton levels in a semiconductor quantum well after excitation into a superposition of two quantum confined exciton states of different parity. Oscillations are observed at frequencies corresponding to the quantum beats between these states. We show that the observed effect is a manifestation of the exciton density oscillations in the real space similar to the dynamics of a Hertzian dipole. The effect is caused by the exciton-exciton exchange interaction and appears only if the excitons are in a superposition quantum state. Thus, we have found clear evidence for the incoherent exchange interaction in the coherent process of quantum beats. This effect may be harnessed for quantum technologies requiring the quantum coherence of states.

(INVITED) Exploring quantum-like turbulence with a two-component paraxial fluid of light

Fluids of light is an emergent topic in optical sciences that exploits the fluid-like properties of light to establish controllable and experimentally accessible physical analogues of quantum fluids. In this work we explore this concept to generate and probe quantum turbulence phenomena by using the fluid behavior of light propagating in a defocusing nonlinear media. The proposal presented makes use of orthogonal polarizations and incoherent beam interaction to establish a theoretical framework of an analogue two-component quantum fluid, a physical system that features a modified Bogoliubov-like dispersion relation for the perturbative excitations featuring regions of instability. We demonstrate that these unstable regions can be tuned by manipulating the relative angle of incidence between the two components, allowing to define an effective range of energy injection capable of exciting turbulent phenomena. Our numerical investigations confirm the theory and show evidence of direct and inverse turbulent cascades expected from weak wave turbulence theories. The works end on a discussion concerning its possible experimental realization, allowing the access to quantum turbulence in regimes beyond those previously explored by making use of the controllable aspects of tabletop fluids of light experiments.