Inclusive Category Research Articles

Social withdrawal and psychiatry: A comprehensive review of Hikikomori

BackgroundHikikomori in Japan is the phenomenon of social withdrawal that effects hundreds of thousands of individuals, in which the individual shuts his/herself in their room, generally at their family's home, for several months or even years without engaging in social relationships. Although the number of articles on this topic is increasing, a thorough review of the literature has yet to be done. ObjectiveThe purpose of this article is to provide a review of psychiatrists’ studies on social withdrawal (hikikomori), bring out the main themes and recurrent problems, and suggest a focus for future research. MethodsI reviewed the literature and identified 53 studies – books, guidelines and articles from 1978 to 2014 – investigating social withdrawal in Japan and outside Japan. I collected articles available from Japanese and international databases such as CiNii, JAIRO, JSTAGE, Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus. I also summarize and analyze selected psychiatrists’ investigations. ResultsThe results are broken down into four sections: first, an introduction to idioms of social withdrawal in Japan; second, an investigation into the insistence of hikikomori as a culture-bound syndrome; third, a description of the competition of two categories for inclusion in the DSM-5 – “hikikomori” and “taijin kyōfushō”; fourth, an analysis of the use of typification by psychiatrists, especially when it involves inventing fictive cases of hikikomori. ConclusionsThe results are coherent with the non-inclusion of hikikomori in the DSM-5, and a specific clinical description of hikikomori cannot be found in the existing scientific literature. Hence, the review suggests that hikikomori is not a syndrome, with a precise and specific clinical description, but an idiom of distress. The persons concerned resist psychiatric treatment for several reasons, the major one being that psychiatrists only meet with a minority of hikikomori cases.

Reconsidering “Inattention” in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Implications for Neuropsychological Assessment and Intervention

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) does not exist. This explicit statement needs elucidation of course given ADHD is a common neurodevelopmental disorder, but it provides the reader with the impetus to reconsider long-held beliefs about this condition and its treatment. Surely, there is a disorder called ADHD from which this thesis is framed, but primary attention and hyperactivity-impulsivity problems are mediated by different albeit interrelated brain systems. Like many neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g., learning disabilities, autism spectrum disorder), the medical and psychological professions have used a single, large inclusive ADHD diagnostic category to represent children with different etiologies for their overt symptoms. Despite neurobiological differences among children diagnosed with ADHD, the clinical position that attention-deficit or primary attention problems are sufficient for ADHD identification undermines clinical practice. This commonly accepted dubious position not only undermines the diagnostic utility of our neuropsychological measures, but it attenuates treatment effects as well. Supported with evidence from our ongoing ADHD research program, this data-based review will support these contentions and provide implications for diagnosis and treatment of children with attention problems.

Measurement of pseudorapidity distributions of charged particles in proton–proton collisions at $$\sqrt{s} = 8$$ s = 8 TeV by the CMS and TOTEM experiments

Pseudorapidity ( $$\eta $$ ) distributions of charged particles produced in proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 $$~\text {TeV}$$ are measured in the ranges $$|\eta | < 2.2$$ and $$5.3 < |\eta | < 6.4$$ covered by the CMS and TOTEM detectors, respectively. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of $$\mathcal {L} = 45$$ $$~\upmu {\mathrm {b}}^{-1}$$ . Measurements are presented for three event categories. The most inclusive category is sensitive to 91–96 % of the total inelastic proton–proton cross section. The other two categories are disjoint subsets of the inclusive sample that are either enhanced or depleted in single diffractive dissociation events. The data are compared to models used to describe high-energy hadronic interactions. None of the models considered provide a consistent description of the measured distributions.

Multiculturalism in social agencies for the aged.

This study uses content analysis and visual representation methods to explore how multiculturalism is displayed on the websites of agencies providing social care for the aged. These agencies use strategically planned texts to portray multicultural categories of inclusion, diversity and individuality; and emphasize the text referents through ethno-related pictures as universal equivalence symbols for ethno-cultural diversity. With the few cases of non-text referents, which are open to cultural and sociological relativities, the study posited that the patterns and modes of portraying multiculturalism are similar. It concluded with the need for further studies to establish whether state policies or agencies’ market strategies are behind the liberal multicultural references.

Ethno-national boundaries and the gendered body: Jewish women as a human shield

Through extending feminist insights in the studies of nationalism and boundary work theory this paper asks how the state responds when women cross ethno-national boundaries and act as the enemy's human shield and classifies and discipline citizens who cross ethno-national boundaries according to its internal hierarchy of belonging. By analyzing the state's practices of inclusion and exclusion the aim is to contribute to the understanding of the specific kinds of “state-work” and how the state acts to encourage or codify certain categories of inclusion and exclusions, with regards to gender, ethnicity and class. I apply the case of three Jewish Israeli women, Neta Golan, Angelica Yusupov and Tali Fahima who during the second intifada (2000–2005) used their privileged Jewish body as a human shield to protect Palestinian militant men against the Israeli military.

Cuttingbella figura: Irony, crisis, and secondhand clothes in South Italy

ABSTRACTRavaged by financial austerity, people in Reggio Calabria, South Italy, are deeply concerned about their ability to maintain abella figura(beautiful appearance). The introduction of secondhand clothes markets in 2010 was met with high emotions, bringing to the surface anxieties about the smothering social pressures to display a certain appearance and status in public. In troublesome encounters with secondhand clothes donated from northern Europe, actors adopt an ironic outlook, oscillating between fundamental categories of inclusion and exclusion, such as bella figura and secondhand citizenship, that conflate global flows of charity with colonization. Secondhand clothes are a possible solution to maintaining bella figura but only by means of delicate waste management.

What should primary care providers know about pediatric skin conditions? A modified Delphi technique for curriculum development

There is limited access to pediatric dermatology in the United States, resulting in inadequate education and patient care. This Delphi study aimed to identify important objectives for a pediatric dermatology curriculum for general practitioners. A modified, 2-round Delphi technique was used to develop consensus on objectives developed by expert pediatric dermatologists. A panel of 20 experts (pediatric dermatologists, family practitioners, and general pediatricians) rated objectives using a 5-point Likert-type scale. Items with group medians 4.0 or greater with at least 70% agreement reached consensus. In round 1, the expert panel rated 231 objectives from 16 categories for inclusion in an online curriculum. In round 2, experts were given group feedback and rated 235 objectives. A total of 170 items met consensus. Generally, objectives surrounding common conditions including acne, molluscum, warts, atopic dermatitis, and newborn skin met consensus whereas objectives on rare growths, birthmarks, and inherited conditions failed to meet consensus. The Delphi panel consisted of US-based physicians, most in urban areas with a dedicated pediatric specialist at their institution. The accepted objectives encompass management of common conditions and referral of potentially dangerous diseases and can be used to develop a pediatric dermatology curriculum for primary care providers.

ORIENTAL SUBLIME: SŎKKURAM IN THE JAPANESE IMPERIAL LANDSCAPE

The purpose of the present article is to demonstrate that Sŏkkuram attained its status as a work of art through Japanese and Korean intellectuals’ efforts to invent or elevate the East and that the eulogy of its art was involved in the self-legitimizing and selfaggrandizing culture of imperial Japan. The sculptures of the grotto were not disconnected from the context of Buddhist ceremonies and practices and discussed in terms of art until they became the object of Japanese critical discourse accommodating western notions of art. Yanagi Muneyoshi, the author of the first critical essay ever written on Sŏkkuram as a work of art, tried to explain its formal features and their significance from a viewpoint of romantic and Blakean art and assumed as its characterizing and inclusive category an Eastern art which had held its unifying ground in Buddhism. His analysis of Sŏkkuram was in line with attempts to invent Buddhist art in correspondence to Christian art and, ultimately, the East to the West. In his “Sunset,” a short-story set against Kyŏngju, Yi T’ae-jun was interested in capturing what he himself had called “Eastern sentiment” evoked by the historic remains in the old capital city of Silla and located its consummation in the sublimity of Sŏkkuram. Compared to the eleven-faced-Kwanŭm bodhisattva in the text, the heroine T’aok is not just an embodiment of compassion toward all mortal beings, but also a symbol of a new East that was the dominant theme of Japanese wartime ideology. As Japan’s war intensified, and as the culture of imperial Japan took a fascist turn, the aesthetic of Sŏkkuram became irrevocably politicized. Buddhism, the source of elevating representations of the grotto, served in the war effort in the form of Imperial-Way Buddhism. The aesthetic of Oriental sublime was thus inseparably entangled with Japanese imperialist fantasies.

Constructing the ‘rural other’ in post-soviet Bishkek: ‘host’ and ‘migrant’ perspectives

This article takes as its focus post-Soviet Bishkek and explores the arrival to the city of a Kyrgyz migrant population and the perceptions of and reactions to this migrant population on the side of long-term residents (predominantly ethnic Kyrgyz [Russian-speaking], ethnic Russian, and other Russian-speaking communities). The article explores the way migrants are constructed and represented in the language of long-term residents. The data reveals an anti-migration discourse on the side of the long-term residents as the migrants are identified as culturally (e.g. not ‘urban’); linguistically (e.g. Kyrgyz speaking having poor Russian); and behaviourally (e.g. uncivilised) as not being part of their past, present or future vision of Bishkek. The article looks also at the ways in which migrants themselves perceive their position in Bishkek. Their narratives highlight the diversity present amongst the migrant population, and demonstrate a counter-representation of themselves and their place within a changing city, which in its very pragmatism and realism, contests the simplistic representation favoured by the long-term residents. The article reveals important insights into emerging notions of both urban identity and Kyrgyz identity in the post-Soviet period, where linguistic and ethnic boundaries become blurred and moveable and new categories of inclusion and exclusion are constructed.

Spoken language in persons with Down Syndrome: A life-span perspective

The purpose of the present study is to review master and doctoral dissertations in the field of early childhood special education carried out in Turkey. Within the context of this study, 24 studies during early childhood were found in Turkey concerning children with developmental delays/disabilities, their parents and the services provided for them. The studies were analyzed in seven categories according to the subject covered. Nine studies in the category of teaching of skills, four studies in the category of preschool inclusion, three studies in the category of helping parents acquire skill of instructing their children, three studies in the category of comparing children with development delays with each others and peers with normal development, three studies in the category of examining mothers' emotional status, two studies in the category of services provided for children and one study in the category of describing a situation regarding children have been identified and reviewed.

A Review of Master and Doctoral Dissertations in the Field of Early Childhood Special Education in Turkey

The purpose of the present study is to review master and doctoral dissertations in the field of early childhood special education carried out in Turkey. Within the context of this study, 24 studies during early childhood were found in Turkey concerning children with developmental delays/disabilities, their parents and the services provided for them. The studies were analyzed in seven categories according to the subject covered. Nine studies in the category of teaching of skills, four studies in the category of preschool inclusion, three studies in the category of helping parents acquire skill of instructing their children, three studies in the category of comparing children with development delays with each others and peers with normal development, three studies in the category of examining mothers' emotional status, two studies in the category of services provided for children and one study in the category of describing a situation regarding children have been identified and reviewed.

Redefinition and synonymy of genera in theOphiomyiagenus group, with the description ofEuhexomyzanew genus (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

AbstractGeneric boundaries are reevaluated in the subfamily Agromyzinae (Diptera: Agromyzidae), specifically, amongst those taxa in theOphiomyiagenus group.OphiomyiaBraschnikov, 1897 is redefined on the basis of an anteriorly truncated clypeus, the only character consistently found in all species of this diverse group, with very few exceptions. This results in the synonymy of the species-poor generaKleinschmidtimyiaSpencer, 1986new synonym,PenetagromyzaSpencer, 1959new synonym, andHexomyzaEnderlein, 1936new synonym. Many species ofHexomyzaare recombined asOphiomyiaand one species is returned toMelanagromyzaHendel, 1920, but the remainding species form a small, mostly Holarctic clade that is here given the new genus nameEuhexomyzanew genus.MelanagromyzaandTropicomyiaSpencer, 1973 are also redefined, and while mostTropicomyiabelong to a single lineage, at least one is clearly of separate origins and the genus should be reclassified following closer examination.EpidermomyiaIpe and Ipe, 2004new synonymis included as a junior synonym ofTropicomyia. Although larval morphology and life history have sometimes been found to be predictive of phylogeny in the Agromyzinae, superficially similar feeding strategies in the broadly inclusive categories of leaf mining, stem mining/boring, and gall forming are found to occur independently multiple times throughout the subfamily and can be misleading when delimiting genus-level groups.

The effects of qualitative and quantitative variation of aristolochic acids on preference and performance of a generalist herbivore

AbstractNearly all plants possess chemicals that are inferred to play a role in anti‐herbivore defense or resistance. The effects of various chemical defenses can vary among herbivores. Often, plant defensive compounds are examined in broad, inclusive categories, with an emphasis on total quantity, which might ignore qualitative variation in activity. Aristolochic acids are alkaloids characteristic of plants of the genus Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae). Although aristolochic acids have been documented as effective herbivore deterrents, it remains unknown whether different kinds of aristolochic acid vary in their efficacy as defense against herbivores. We manipulated the aristolochic acid content of artificial diet to examine the effects of four aristolochic acids on larval preference and performance of the generalist herbivore Spodoptera exigua Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Using choice tests, we observed that the four aristolochic acids tested varied in their deterrent effectiveness, with AA‐I having the strongest effect and AA‐II having the weakest effect. No‐choice tests were used to examine larval performance. The effect on performance varied among the aristolochic acids tested. Higher concentrations of aristolochic acid were generally associated with reduced larval developmental rate and larger size at pupation. These results indicate that various forms of aristolochic acid can vary in their effect on herbivores and that simple aggregate measures of total concentration might not reflect the chemical defensive phenotype of the plant.

Cultural Hierarchy in Sixteenth-Century Europe: The Ottomans and Mexicans by Carina L. Johnson (review)

Reviewed by: Cultural Hierarchy in Sixteenth-Century Europe: The Ottomans and Mexicans by Carina L. Johnson Yuen-Gen Liang Cultural Hierarchy in Sixteenth-Century Europe: The Ottomans and Mexicans. By Carina L. Johnson. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011. 340 pp. $99.00 (cloth). Carina Johnson’s new book analyzes how the transformation of cultural outlooks during the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation changed Europeans’ understandings of Ottoman Turks and Mexicans. In the early sixteenth century, ideas of European superiority were not “fixed.” Europeans viewed differences they ascribed to Ottoman Turks and Mexican Indians as fitting within an acceptable range of diversity manifested by human communities. As the Reformations unfolded in the sixteenth century, however, Europeans created a regime of exclusion based on restricted notions of pure faith and European identity. Both Protestants and Catholics, waging [End Page 690] battles over the boundaries of true religion and seeking purity and standardization of belief and practice, devalued Turkish and Mexican identity and religion, often labeling both their material culture and their beliefs as “idolatrous.” Johnson locates the subject of her study in the Habsburg realm, which, in the sixteenth century, united parts of central, northern, and southern Europe in at times closer and other times looser union, and whose span reached to the frontiers of the Ottoman Empire and Central and South America. Ties between members of the Habsburg dynasty enabled courtiers and officials, as well as information and artifacts, to circulate from Mexico to Vienna. Europeans distant from the frontlines of military and cultural encounters still grappled with the meeting of different peoples and their customs and beliefs. Six chapters arranged into two parts, “Categories of Inclusion” and “Experiments of Exclusion,” constitute Johnson’s book. Despite the division, each chapter begins by addressing cultural forms that were initially inclusive and continues by discussing how these forms devolved into exclusion as Reformation forces reshaped cultural values. Johnson begins by examining fifteenth- and early sixteenth-century cosmographies and ethnographies that describe other communities through relatively neutral categories of geography, social organization, and economic production. Ethnographers examined religion more as practice, which in many cases was analogized with Christian customs, rather than spotlighting differences in belief as intrinsically heretical. The resurgent concept of universal monarchy, moreover, made the case that a Christian emperor could rule over Jewish, Muslim, and pagan peoples. Indeed, Emperor Charles V supported the Hafsid dynasty’s struggle against Ottomans for control of Tunis, and he hosted both Hafsid princes and Mexica notables, who received titles of nobility, stipends, and ceremonial offices, at his court. Aztec and later Inca treasures of precious metals and stones as well as artistically fashioned ornaments were shipped to court. Considered as the tribute of conquered territories, they were incorporated into the Habsburgs’ sacral treasure, which included Christian relics and regalia that served as symbols of imperial sovereignty and legitimacy. Johnson opens part 2 by returning to ethnographies that, by the mid sixteenth century, distinguish between Christians observing the pure faith and a host of non-European Christians and non-Christians including Ethiopians, Jews, Muslims, and Indians. Conflated together, these latter peoples were oftentimes considered to practice odious customs influenced by the devil. The three chapters of this section then focus more closely on German perceptions of “the Turk,” shaped [End Page 691] by the Ottoman Empire’s expansion into central Europe in the mid 1520s. On this volatile frontier, Christians and Muslims raided each other’s territories and took captives. Protestant pamphleteers, many of whom had once looked upon icon-adverse Turks as the scourge of unreformed Christianity, reported the suffering of Christian captives and claimed that they were subject to a variety of physical and sexual abuses at the hands of their immoral captors. Printed accounts of an Ottoman diplomatic mission to the election of Emperor Ferdinand’s son Maximilian as king of the Romans in 1562 further set Ottomans apart as the ambassador was recognized to be a Polish renegade; the gifts he brought suggested the exotic, and his presence at a stage of the Holy Roman Empire’s orderly succession process brought to mind the fratricide, parricide, and even filiocide that at times played roles in Ottoman dynastic succession. The book...

Reflexiones sobre inclusión y educación superior

Este artículo2 presenta el trabajo descriptivo realizado en torno a la categoría de inclusión y las propuestas que hoy pueden afectar a las instituciones de educación superior. Para ello se han retomado las propuestas políticas colombianas lideradas por el Ministerio de Educación Nacional para garantizar el acceso a las poblaciones vulnerables. Se analiza el papel que deben cumplir los sistemas que integran la sociedad y en las conclusiones se hacen algunas recomendaciones que se pueden tener en cuenta en las instituciones de educación superior que buscan integrar estas propuestas de inclusión del gobierno y que pueden tener un papel fundamental en su implementación, además de esto se ha enriquecido la reflexión con los análisis de algunos expertos en prospectiva y su mirada sobre aspectos que también aportan a los procesos educativos en américa latina en los próximos años.

Examining Caesarean Section Rates in Canada Using the Robson Classification System

ObjectiveTo determine the groups within the obstetric population contributing most substantially to the Caesarean section rate in five Canadian provinces. MethodsHospital births from five participating provinces were grouped into Robson’s 10 mutually exclusive and totally inclusive classification categories. The relative contribution of each group to the overall CS rate, relative size of group, and CS rate were calculated for British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador for the four-year period from 2007-2008 to 2010-2011. ResultsIn all five provinces (accounting for approximately 64% of births in Canada), and for all years examined, the group making the largest relative contribution to the CS rate was women with at least one previous CS and a term, singleton, cephalic-presenting pregnancy (Robson Group 5). The CS rate for this group ranged from 76.1% in Alberta to 89.9% in Newfoundland and Labrador in 2010 to 2011, accounting for 11.3% of all deliveries. The rate of CS for Group 5 decreased slightly over the four years, except in Ontario The next largest contributing group was nulliparous women with a term, singleton, cephalic-presenting pregnancy Those with induced labour or Caesarean section before labour (Robson Group 2) had CS rates ranging from 34.4% in Nova Scotia to 44.6% in British Columbia (accounting for 13.1% of all deliveries), and those with spontaneous onset of labour (Robson Group 1) had CS rates of 14.5% to 20.3% in 2010 to 2011 (accounting for 23.6% of all deliveries). ConclusionAll hospitals and health authorities can use this standardized classification system as part of a quality improvement initiative to monitor Caesarean section rates This classification system identifies relevant areas for interventions and resources to reduce rates of Caesarean section.

Inclusion of Children with Intellectual and Multiple Disabilities: A Community-Based Rehabilitation Approach, India

Background: Inclusion of children with intellectual disabilities (ID) and multiple disabilities (MD) in regular schools in India is extremely poor. One of the key objectives of community-based rehabilitation (CBR) is to include ID & MD children in regular schools. This study attempted to find out association with age, ID severity, poverty, gender, parent education, population, and multiple disabilities comprising one or more disorders cerebral palsy, epilepsy and psychiatric disorders with inclusion among 259 children in Barwani Block of Barwani District in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. Aim: Inclusion of children with intellectual and multiple disabilities in regular schools through CBR approach in India. Method: Chi square test was conducted to investigate association between inclusion and predictor variables ID categories, age, gender, poverty level, parent education, population type and multiple disabilities. Result: Inclusion was possible for borderline 2(66.4%), mild 54(68.3%), moderate 18(18.2%), and age range from 5 to 12 years 63 (43%). Children living in poor families 63 (30.6%), not poor 11(18.9%), parental edu­ca­ti­on none 52 (26%), primary level 11 (65%), midd­le school 10 (48%) high school 0 (0%) and bachelor degree 1(7%), female 34 (27.9%), male 40 (29.2%), tribal 40 (28.7%), non-tribal 34(28.3%) and multiple disabled with cerebral palsy 1(1.2%), epilepsy 3 (4.8 %) and psychiatry disorders 12 (22.6%) were able to receive inclusive education. Sig­ni­ficant difference in inclusion among ID ca­te­gories (c 2 =99.8, p < 0.001), poverty (c 2 =3.37, p 0.044), parental education (c 2 =23.7, p < 0.001), MD CP (c 2 =43.9, p < 0.001) and epilepsy (c 2 =22.4, p < 0.001) were seen. Conclusion: Inclusion through CBR is feasible and acceptable in poor rural settings in India. CBR can facilitate inclusion of children with borderline, mild and moderate categories by involving their parents, teachers and community members.

OP75 The Relative Importance of Objective and Subjective Socio-Economic and School-Based Social Status for Adolescent Health and Substance use

BackgroundContrasting with findings from adults and children, most studies of adolescents find little variation in health according to conventional (objective) socio-economic status (SES) measures. Adolescent smoking is patterned by SES,...

Insider-Outsiders: Integration and Exclusion Experiences of Religious Nonadherent Faculty Members

Over the past several decades, research on faculty work life has shed new light on inclusion and exclusion experiences of traditionally underrepresented groups, including racial and ethnic minorities, and contingent employment faculty. This study expands on this prior research by investigating a unique segment of faculty members: those whose marginal status is conferred upon them because they are not part of their employing institution's dominant religio-cultural tradition or affiliation. These insider-outsider faculty members are often unaware of the implications of this new status, which is added to the common challenges of socialization and integration. Through the narrative accounts of participants, this study identifies categories of inclusion and exclusion, highlights practices that welcome and alienate such faculty members, and explores the organizational and interpersonal implications of this complex element of faculty identity.

Remnants of Blameworthiness in the Actio De Pauperie

The actio de pauperie is an action with which the owner of a domestic animal can be held delictually liable for damage caused by the animal. The concept of a 'domestic animal' is a fairly wide one which includes, in addition to dogs as may have been expected, such animals as horses, cattle and even bees. The most significant aspect of the action is that it gives rise to strict liability. For this reason, and although the actio de pauperie may concur with the actio legis Aquiliae and the action for pain and suffering, this action is the most popular remedy in South Africa when harm was caused by an animal belonging to the inclusive category of domestic animals.