Inclusion Of Women Research Articles

Temporal Trends and Clinical Trial Characteristics Associated With the Inclusion of Women in Heart Failure Trial Steering Committees: A Systematic Review.

Trial steering committees (TSCs) steer the conduct of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We examined the gender composition of TSCs in impactful heart failure RCTs and explored whether trial leadership by a woman was independently associated with the inclusion of women in TSCs. We systematically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL for heart failure RCTs published in journals with impact factor ≥10 between January 2000 and May 2019. We used the Jonckheere-Terpstra test to assess temporal trends and multivariable logistic regression to explore trial characteristics associated with TSC inclusion of women. Of 403 RCTs that met inclusion criteria, 127 (31.5%) reported having a TSC but 20 of these (15.7%) did not identify members. Among 107 TSCs that listed members, 56 (52.3%) included women and 6 of these (10.7%) restricted women members to the RCT leaders. Of 1213 TSC members, 11.1% (95% CI, 9.4%-13.0%) were women, with no change in temporal trends (P=0.55). Women had greater odds of TSC inclusion in RCTs led by women (adjusted odds ratio, 2.48 [95% CI, 1.05-8.72], P=0.042); this association was nonsignificant when analysis excluded TSCs that restricted women to the RCT leaders (adjusted odds ratio 1.46 [95% CI, 0.43-4.91], P=0.36). Women were included in 52.3% of TSCs and represented 11.1% of TSC members in 107 heart failure RCTs, with no change in trends since 2000. RCTs led by women had higher adjusted odds of including women in TSCs, partly due to the self-inclusion of RCT leaders in TSCs.

Offline and Online Gender Differences in Opinion Expression about Women Inclusion in the Police Force in the Arab Gulf State of Kuwait

ABSTRACT Employing the Spiral of Silence theory, this study examines the influence of four cultural dimensions (collectivism, resistance to change, commitment to religion, and patriarchy and hierarchy) on gender variations in opinion expression in incongruent offline and online opinion climates about women working in the police force in Kuwait. The response of 534 individuals indicated that a tendency for expressiveness and personal support for women were positive predictors of opinion expression, while fear of isolation and respondents’ beliefs about the stance of Islam on the issue were both negative predictors. Both genders were affected by the same variables when they expressed their opinions offline, but they were each affected by different variables when online. The results suggest that women benefit from online discussions more than men.

Impact of Gender Inclusion of Nepal With reference of local Government Election, 2017

Gender refers to the socially constituted relations between men and women. It focuses on power relations, roles and challenges along with the existing women's subordination in the society. Gender Inclusiveness is additional diverse activity and process of local governments, local institutions like Ward, VDC (Gaunpalika), DCC (District Coordination committee), and Municipality (LGs) with self-reliant local governance and sustainable and effective service providing agencies. This paper entitled “An Overview of Gender Variation in Local Governments: With Special Reference to Local Election of Nepal, 2017” is carried out with the objective to highlight the existing variation of women's inclusion in local governments among developed and developing countries. It analyses the provisions regarding inclusion addressed in the federal Constitution of Nepal in local elections. This paper widely covers concept, definition, theories, practice, situation, laws, policies and program at all levels. The paper is built on secondary sources of information, data published by Election Commission 2017, in Nepal. The raw data are analysed using the Excel spread program on computer and are calculated in frequency distribution and percentage to make its meaningful analysis. Data is carefully analysed and interpreted for generalization. The gender inclusion in local government is gradually increasing. As in national election 2017, the female elected members in local government are almost 40 percent in the districts of Nepal and the data is more than allocated (33%) by the Constitution of Nepal 2015 and election manifestos of different political parties. All the acts, policies and constitutions also emphasized the gender inclusion in all sector of Nepalese government.

Changing the Narrative through Visionary Leadership: The Niger Delta Woman Experience in Nigeria

The accelerated growth of women's participation in leadership positions is an action to stimulate inclusive leadership as a means of discouraging gender inequality. Women's involvement and participation in policy making have attracted serious debate on whether or not women have the competency and capacity to perform and deliver as their male counterparts. Investigating through the lens of the leadership literature indicated that women in leadership is an emerging approach to bridging the gap between men and women and also to encourage women's involvement, engagement and inclusion in management of both public and private organisations. This significantly pointed to the fact that women who constitute a larger part of the population have not been effectively engaged and represented in positions of authority to contribute meaningfully to the growth and development of the economy. This further demonstrates that women who are made up of human capital (knowledge, skills, experiences, and abilities) are wasting the majority of their time because they have not been effectively and efficiently utilized to improve the well-being of our society.Women's discrimination and violence against women have created negative feelings and emotions among the feminine class against their male counterparts. Sexual harassment and gender inequality have also discouraged women from participating in social, political, economic and religious activism. The impact of this is waste of man-hour, violation of human rights, lack of trust, productivity degeneracy and sub-optimal performance. Therefore, there is a need to break the class ceiling created by men for men. A culture that is created by men for their interests should be discouraged to promote gender parity in our society. Women should be engaged and encouraged to participate to foster inclusive and visionary leadership and a gender-friendly work environment.

Gender disparity in the digitalization of financial services: challenges and promises for women's financial inclusion in India

Digital financial services present unprecedented opportunities for the financial inclusion of vulnerable sections of society by overcoming the barriers of cost, distance, transparency, and by providing financial services tailored to their needs. Despite rapid strides in the digital financial inclusion in India, women face barriers to access and usage of digital financial services. The study uses secondary data to examine the regional profile of the gender gap in digital financial inclusion in India. The analysis shows that the economic development of the state does not determine the gender disparity in digital financial inclusion. The study also identifies key barriers to women’s access to digital financial services. Based on a primary survey of women in rural and urban areas the study shows that digitalization can help enhance women’s social and financial autonomy. Hence, these findings suggest that a gender sensitive approach to financial inclusion is imperative for the success of policy initiatives.

National Trends of Gender Disparity in Canadian Cardiovascular Society Guideline Authors, 2001-2020

BackgroundThe level of representation of women in cardiology remains low compared to that of men, particularly in leadership positions. We evaluated gender disparity in the authorship of Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) guidelines. MethodsAll CCS guidelines from 2001-2020 were identified. Gender was assessed based on pronoun use in the biographies and social media of the authors. Only primary panel authors were included in our analysis. Stratified analyses were performed based on subspecialties. ResultsA total of 76 guidelines were identified, with 1172 authors (26% women, 74% men, P < 0.0001), with no significant change in percentage of women authors over 2 decades, (37.1% in 2001, 36.3% in 2020, P = 0.34). Inclusion of women as authors occurred less frequently than inclusion of men in general cardiology guidelines (20.1% vs 79.9%, P < 0.0001) and all subspecialties—heart failure (36.4% vs 63.6%, P < 0.0001), interventional cardiology (12.6% vs 87.4%, P < 0.0001), electrophysiology (20.2% vs 79.8%, P < 0.0001), and pediatric cardiology (41.7% vs 58.3%, P = 0.02). It was less likely for women to be a chair or cochair of a guideline writing committee, compared with men (20.1% vs 79.8%, P < 0.0001). There were 609 unique authors (25.6% women, 74.4% men, P < 0.0001), 542 unique medical doctorate (MD) authors (20.7% women, 79.3% men, P < 0.0001), and 67 unique non-MD authors (65.7% women, 34.3% men, P = 0.0003). ConclusionsThere is a persistent shortfall in the inclusion of women authors for CCS guidelines, which has not changed over time. Further efforts are required to promote women's inclusion in leadership roles, which may lead to authorship of the guidelines.

Work-life Inclusion for Women’s Career Equality

Work-life Inclusion for Women’s Career Equality

War termination and women's political rights

Does the manner in which a civil war is terminated affect women's political rights developments? In this article, we develop an analytical framework showing how the context of war termination type affects both the opportunity and willingness of warring parties and their openness towards the influence of international actors, thereby making it possible to translate social ruptures and pressures from women's groups into post-war improvements in women's political rights. Studying 205 civil war terminations in 69 countries since 1989, we find support for our claim that a conflict terminated through the negotiation and implementation of a comprehensive peace agreement significantly improved women's political rights in the post-war period when compared to other types of conflict termination. This finding holds after controlling for the women's rights provisions negotiated in the agreement. Our results carry substantial policy relevance by underlining the significance of women's inclusion in peace processes.

A set of instruments to study women's personal and professional behavioral styles as factors in their attitudes towards money

Introduction. In order to study the impact of women's personal and professional behavioral styles on their attitudes towards money, which is an important problem in the context of women's economic socialization and inclusion in social and professional life, researchers need, in particular, special research methods and instruments. Aim. To develop a set of instruments to study women's personal and professional behavioral styles as factors in their attitudes towards money. Results. The author has developed a set of instruments, which includes (a) instruments to study monetary attitudes of a person, (b) instruments to study women's personal and professional behavioral styles, and (c) instruments to study gender, socio-demographic, organizational-professional and socio-economic factors behind women's attitudes towards money and personal and professional behavioral styles. Conclusions. The proposed set of instruments can be used for assessing women's personal and professional behavioral styles as factors in their attitudes to money.

30 Years of Women's Health Issues

30 Years of Women's Health Issues

Do you mean what you say? Do you say what you mean? Empowering women at work

In recent years, Saudi women have been empowered on plenty of levels which were not easily available at the dawn of this century. In the last two decades, social change has been initiated, constructed and distributed discursively on both governmental and non-governmental circles; with the topic of women's inclusion in unconventional work environments provoking controversial positions between the heterogenous society of Saudi Arabia. The current paper offers a critical discourse analysis on how these diverse positions are reported metaphorically in blog posts written by bloggers presenting themselves as supporters of change and women empowerment. Such posts were written between 2009 and 2011; thus, documenting the very early support and opposition to this topic, which has also intensified drastically after King Salman -the current Saudi monarch- ascended to throne in 2015, following the death of the late King Abdullah. Keywords: social change, critical discourse analysis, women empowerment, Saudi Arabia

Local Election of Nepal 2017: An Overview of Gender Inclusion Prospective

Gender refers to the socially constituted relations between men and women. It focuses on power relations, roles and challenges along with the existing women's subordination in the society. Gender Inclusiveness is additional diverse activity and process of local governments, local institutions like Ward, Rural Municipality, District Coordination Committee and Municipality with self-reliant local governance and sustainable and effective service providing agencies. This article based on the objective to highlight the existing variation of women's inclusion in local governments among developed and developing countries. It analyses the provisions regarding inclusion addressed in the federal Constitution of Nepal in local elections. This paper widely covers concept, definition, theories, practice, situation, laws, policies and program at all levels. The paper is based on secondary sources of information, data published by Election Commission 2017, in Nepal. The raw data are analysed using the Excel spread program on computer and are calculated in frequency distribution and percentage to make its meaningful analysis. Data are carefully analysed and interpreted for generalization. The gender inclusion in local government is gradually increasing. As in national election 2017, the female elected members in local government are almost 40 percent in the districts of Nepal and the data is more than allocated (33%) by the Constitution of Nepal 2015 and election manifestos of different political parties. All the acts, policies and constitutions also emphasized the gender inclusion in all sector of Nepalese government.

Deep Down in Our Hearts: A Spirituality of Disability that Enables Social Belonging for Economic and Political Inclusion of Women with Disabilities

An understanding of disability inclusive development in a country in transition is necessary if women are to access opportunities for social, economic and political development. This article explores a spirituality of disability as a participatory strategy for equalizing opportunities for women with disability's development. Qualitative research was utilized for a participatory action research study with women with disabilities over a two year period, which consisted of four phases. The collaborative study took place in informal settlements in the peri-urban outskirts of a Metropole in Western Cape Province of South Africa with a primary health care NGO and the Disabled WOmen’s Development Programme of Disabled People South Africa. Convenience sampling was used by the community rehabilitation workers to identify women for phase one of the study. A total of 180 women with disabilities participated in subsequent phases through snowballing. A theme that emerged from the action learning cycles of women was a spirituality of disability, as a two-fold process of healing that lead to a renewed sense of agency and social belonging. Participation also restored hope, which enabled women to discover new choices for economic and political inclusion. A spirituality of disability was found to be integral in addressing the inequities in social, economic and political development that women with disability experienced. The implications for rehabilitation practice and community-based inclusive development are demonstrated in the values of interdependence and reciprocal relationships. An awareness of a spirituality of disability may enable connections between the women, services providers and disabled peoples’ organizations to remove environmental barriers to participation at an individual, family and community level.

Kesaveloo Goonaruthnum Naidoo: anti-apartheid campaigner

Few have done as much to forge an individual identity as “Dr Goonam”, the name Kesaveloo Goonaruthnum Naidoo (1906–98) adopted as the first woman of colour to practise medicine in South Africa during the 1930s. She demanded women's inclusion in political organisations representing her Indian community, and joined others in passionate opposition to the apartheid policies that oppressed them.

The Challenge of Women's Inclusion for Novel Teachers. Case Study in a Teacher Educator Public University

The following article is about the conceptions that different novel teachers of history and social sciences have concerning the inclusion of women and their history during their teaching practices. The objectives followed were to interpret and understand the content of the discourse of the interviewees, in order to analyse the advantages and limitations that the participants recount about their initial teaching practices. The methodology used is qualitative, forming a focus group and interviewing the teachers. Amongst the main results, it stands out that the formation given has not included women and their history, confined in traditional perspectives with predominance of powerful men. The interviewees add that in their teaching practice they have not worked with women’s narrative, however; they recognise how relevant it is to include and transform teaching practices based on the recognition of gender issues in today’s world. From a history and social sciences teaching point of view, learning and working with the relevance of actions and narratives of women would generate agency. Thus, students could feel empower themselves by identifying themselves with these new models ; this with the objective of generating social change concerning gender equality.

Ministers, Gender and Political Appointments

AbstractThis study examines whether the sex of the selector matters for advancing women's inclusion in politics and how the political context shapes selectors’ preferences and behaviour. It focuses on an under-researched area – the political appointments ministers make in their ministerial departments – and thus sheds light on the conditions under which women access appointed office. It analyses six governments in Spain between 1996 and 2018, using a mixed methods approach that includes statistical analyses of political appointments and interviews with former ministers. It finds that women ministers, as individuals, did not appoint more women than men ministers did at any time. However, women's presence is highly relevant. In more gender-balanced political contexts, men and women ministers appointed more women. Moreover, the context changed, in part because critical political actors pushed for it. This imbued a new political sphere, subcabinet-appointed offices, with representational significance.

Financial Inclusion of Women in Slums in Chandigarh through Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojna

Financial Inclusion of Women in Slums in Chandigarh through Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojna

Factors of Women’s Inclusion into the Scientific Sphere and their Participation in Study of Siberia in Second Half of the XIX - Early XX Centuries

The results of a study on the participation of women in the study of the Siberian region in the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries are presented in the article. It is noted that women constantly had to face various obstacles and difficulties on the scientific path, caused by gender stereotypes, while the position of women in Siberian society had certain characteristics. The factors of women's inclusion into the scientific sphere are revealed in detail: the development of the educational system, the emergence of the first higher educational institutions, the creation of scientific institutions, the formation of civic consciousness, joint scientific studies and the legitimization of scientific activity through spouses. The main directions of local history research are shown. On the example of the activities of M. I. Molleson, V. A. Balandina, A. D. Kornakova, M. V. Krasnozhenova and others, the contribution of women to the description of nature and climate, natural resources, ethnography of the peoples of Siberia, the establishment of museum business is examined. Separately, the author pays attention to female charity for the needs of science in the Siberian region. Significant funds for research purposes were donated by E. P. and Yu. P. Kuznetsovs, A. I. Gromova, E. I. Goldobina. The activities of some Siberians were highly appreciated by contemporaries and awarded by scientific institutions of Russia. When writing the article, the author used numerous reports and works of scientific and local history organizations, which made it possible to identify the names of many women who participated in their work.

Implementing Inclusion: Gender Quotas, Inequality, and Backlash in Kenya

AbstractExtensive research has affirmed the potential of gender quotas to advance women's political inclusion. When Kenya's gender quota took effect after a new constitution was promulgated in 2010, women were elected to the highest number of seats in the country's history. In this article, we investigate how the process of implementing the quota has shaped Kenyan women's power more broadly. Drawing on more than 80 interviews and 24 focus groups with 140 participants, we affirm and refine the literature on quotas by making two conceptual contributions: (1) quota design can inadvertently create new inequalities among women in government, and (2) women's entry into previously male-dominated spaces can be met with patriarchal backlash, amplifying gender oppression. Using the ongoing process of quota implementation in Kenya as a case to theoretically question inclusionary efforts to empower women more generally, our analysis highlights the challenges for implementing women's rights laws and policies and the need for women's rights activists to prioritize a parallel bottom-up process of transforming gendered power relations alongside top-down institutional efforts.

Being grateful: Materalising ‘success’ in women's contact sport

As women enter into spheres of production and consumption previously considered ‘masculine’, there is an opportunity to question the emotions and affects in circulation and what these ‘do’ to support the transformation of social life. The entrée of women into the world of professional contact sport is one site where these emotions and affects are intensified. These sports, once the bastion of male dominance and control, are being opened up to women, but on precarious terms. Drawing on interviews with 13 women Australian Football League players, this article focuses in on positivity, happiness and gratitude as concepts that illuminate both the impossible cruelty of women's full inclusion in the sport-industry complex, and, more importantly, the ways women's inclusion is challenging and shifting the practices and organisation of sport.