Inclusion Of Rye Research Articles

224 Effects of Feeding Hybrid Rye Grain as a Replacement for Barley Grain on Feed Intake, Ruminal Fermentation, and Site of Nutrient Digestion for Finishing Beef Cattle

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of increasing hybrid rye as a replacement for barley grain on feed intake, ruminal fermentation, and site of nutrient digestion in finishing cattle. Eight ruminally and duodenally cannulated Hereford-cross heifers (starting body weight = 514 ± 25.3 kg) were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square design with 21-d periods including 15 d of dietary adaptation and 6 d of sample collection. Dietary treatments included a control diet with 10.0% hay, 85.2% barley grain, and 4.8% of a vitamin and mineral supplement on a dry matter (DM) basis. Hybrid rye grain replaced 33, 67, or 100% of the barley grain. Both cereal grains were dry rolled to 80% processing index. Feed, refusals, ruminal fluid, duodenal digesta, and fecal samples were collected. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Increasing hybrid rye inclusion tended (P = 0.052) to linearly decrease DM intake. Additionally, increasing hybrid rye grain linearly decreased mean and minimum ruminal pH (P < 0.01) and increased the duration (P < 0.01) and area (P = 0.01) that pH was less than 5.5. There was no effect of hybrid rye inclusion on total short chain fatty acid, lactic acid concentrations, or osmolality. Likewise, the molar proportion of acetate and butyrate were not affected by hybrid rye inclusion. Propionate tended to linearly increase with increasing hybrid rye inclusion (P = 0.08). Increasing hybrid rye linearly increased NH3-N concentration (P = 0.03). Ruminal organic matter (OM) digestibility tended to linearly increase (P = 0.08) and ash-free neutral detergent fiber (aNDFom) digestibility linearly increased (P < 0.01) when increasing hybrid rye. There was no effect on ruminal starch digestibility (71.1 ± 5.12%). Intestinal digestibility of CP linearly decreased (P = 0.050), but there were no effects for other nutrients. Increasing hybrid rye linearly increased apparent total-tract DM, OM, and aNDFom digestibility (P < 0.05) but did not affect starch digestibility (97.4 ± 0.42%). Increasing the inclusion rate of hybrid rye grain at the expense of barley grain in finishing diets may decrease DMI and increase risk for ruminal acidosis; however, hybrid rye inclusion did not influence the site or extent of starch digestion and increased total tract digestibility of DM, OM, and aNDFom.

PSXII-19 Effects of Feeding Hybrid Rye Grain as a Replacement for Barley Grain on Feed Intake, Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Finishing Beef Cattle

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of increasing hybrid rye as a replacement for barley grain on feed intake, growth performance, and carcass characteristics for growing and finishing cattle. Commercial steers (n = 360) with an initial body weight (BW) of 348 ± 6.6 kg were stratified by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 24 pens (15 steers/pen) for growing (n = 8; 65 d) phase and re-randomized for the finishing (n = 6; 118 d) phase. The control diet (BCON) for the growing phase included 60.2% barley grain, 28.0% barley silage, 7.0% corn silage, 3.4% oat hulls, with the remainder as mineral, vitamins, and urea. Hybrid rye was then included by replacing 50 or 100% of the barley grain (DM basis). Treatments for the finishing phase included a control containing 10% hay, 85.2% barley grain, with the remainder coming from mineral and vitamins (FCON). Hybrid rye grain was included by replacing 33 (33R), 67 (67R), and 100% (100R) of the barley grain (DM basis). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure for each phase independently with carcass data analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (SAS version 9.4; SAS Institute, Inc. Cary, NC). There was no effect of hybrid rye inclusion on DMI or G:F during the growing phase, but ADG increased quadratically (P = 0.04) with 50% rye having the greatest value. During finishing, DMI decreased linearly as hybrid rye inclusion increased (P = 0.03). Average daily gain was quadratically affected (P = 0.03) with an initial increase from FCON to 33% rye followed by a decrease with increasing rye grain inclusion, but G:F was not affected (0.148 kg BW/kg DMI). There was no effect of hybrid rye inclusion on hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, back-fat thickness, ribeye area, marbling score, and yield score. Increasing the inclusion of hybrid rye quadratically (P < 0.01) increased the proportion of severe liver abscesses with an average of 34.6% severely abscessed livers when hybrid rye grain was included compared with 11.1% for FCON. Partial replacement of barley grain with hybrid rye may improve ADG without affecting DMI or G:F during the growing phase. However, replacing barley grain in finishing diets with hybrid rye decreases DMI, increases risk for severe liver abscesses, but does not affect feed conversion suggesting hybrid rye could replace up to 33% of the barley grain.

68 Impact of Increasing Levels of Hybrid Rye on Carcass Characteristics and Product Sensory Evaluation in Grow-Finish Pigs

Abstract The objective of this trial was to determine the effects of hybrid rye (KWS Bono) inclusion rate on lean muscle deposition and product quality of grow-finish pigs. A total of 2,400 barrows and gilts (FAST x PIC 800, 44.9 kg) were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments. Diets were corn-soybean based with hybrid rye replacing either 0, 40, 70 or 100% of the corn in the diet. All diets were formulated to meet or exceed the 2012 NRC requirements for all nutrients, and a five-phase feeding program was utilized (44.9 to 56.0, 56.0 to 69.0, 69.0 to 87.9, 87.9 to 107.5, and 107.5 to 111.6 kg). Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured at each phase change. Pigs were marketed across three events and (%) Yield, Hot Carcass Weight (HCW), Backfat (BF) and Iodine Value (IV) were measured at the procurement facility. Two primal sections (loins and bellies) were removed from 88 pigs (22/treatment) and sent to the KSU Meat Lab Facility to be cooked or smoked for a trained, sensory panel evaluation. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS, with block as a random effect and pre-planned linear and quadratic contrast statements to analyze the inclusion of hybrid rye. Results indicate that increasing hybrid rye inclusion rate from 0 to 100% decreased (P < 0.001) average market BW, % Yield, HCW, BF and IV all decreased (P < 0.001) as hybrid rye inclusion rate increased (Table 1). The sensory measures for loin chops for Initial Juiciness, Sustained Juiciness, Myofibrillar Tenderness and Overall Tenderness decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing hybrid rye. Connective Tissue Amount, Pork-Flavor Intensity and Off-Flavor Intensity were not affected (P > 0.10) by dietary treatment. All bacon measures including Texture, Saltiness, Smoke Intensity, Bacon Flavor and Off Flavor were not affected by hybrid rye inclusion (P > 0.10). In summary, while there was a reduction in HCW, BF, % Yield, IV and certain sensory values for loins as hybrid rye increased, there was no effect on any of the bacon variables measured. Therefore, depending on economics, hybrid rye can be an acceptable replacement for corn in finishing pig diets.

Effects of rye inclusion in dog food on fecal microbiota and short-chain fatty acids

BackgroundRye intake has been associated with beneficial effects on health in human interventions, possibly due to dietary fiber in rye. In dogs, few studies have explored the effects on health of dietary fiber in general, and rye fiber in particular. The aim of this study was to investigate how inclusion of rye, compared with wheat, influenced fecal microbiota composition, short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) in dogs. Six male Beagle dogs (mean age 4.6 years, SEM 0.95 years; mean body weight 14.6 kg, SEM 0.32 kg) were fed three experimental diets, each for 21 days, including an adaptation period of six days and with 2–2.5 months between diet periods. The diets were similar regarding energy and protein, but had different carbohydrate sources (refined wheat (W), whole grain rye (R), or an equal mixture of both (RW)) comprising 50% of total weight on a dry matter (DM) basis. The diets were baked and titanium dioxide was added for ATTD determination. Fecal samples were collected before and in the end of each experimental period. Fecal microbiota was analyzed by sequencing 16S rRNA gene amplicons and fecal SCFA by high-performance liquid chromatography. Crude protein, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber, and gross energy (GE) in food and feces were analyzed and ATTD of each was determined. Univariate and multivariate statistical methods were applied in data evaluation.ResultsFaecal microbiota composition, differed depending on diet (P = 0.002), with samples collected after consumption of the R diet differing from baseline. This was primarily because of a shift in proportion of Prevotella, which increased significantly after consumption of the R diet (P < 0.001). No significant differences were found for SCFA, but there was a tendency (P < 0.06) for higher molar proportions of acetic acid following consumption of the R diet. The ATTD of crude protein, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber, and GE was lower after consumption of the R diet compared with the other diets (P < 0.05).ConclusionsConsumption of the R diet, but not RW or W diets, was associated with specific shifts in microbial community composition and function, but also with lower ATTD.

Effect of replacing whole wheat with broken rye as a sustainable grain in diets of fattening turkeys on growth performance, litter quality, and foot pad health.

Rye is one of the most important cereal crops in Central Europe, thus attempts have been made to include it in the diets of birds to reduce production costs, since the cost of feed accounts for as much as 50 %-70 % thereof. Nevertheless, the use of rye has been limited to date, particularly in turkeys. This study aimed to test the effects of rye inclusion up to 10 % on growth, excreta, and/or litter dry matter, and foot pad health. Four trials were performed with a total of 4,322, 4,307, 4,256, and 4,280 female turkeys (BUT BIG 6, Aviagen) for trials 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. All birds were fed commercial starter diets for the dietary phases 1 and 2 (up to d 35 of life). Thereafter, at the start of the study, the control group received commercial supplementary feed with 5 % or 10 % wheat until the end of the fattening period. The experimental group was offered supplementary feed to which instead of wheat increasing levels of rye were added stepwise from 5 % to 10 %. Using supplementary feed with rye showed no significant differences in the final body weight between the control and experimental groups (10.9 vs. 10.8 kg). The dry matter content of fresh excreta for turkeys during the experimental period did not show significant differences between both groups, except at weeks 10 and 14 of life. The feed type (either control diet or experimental diet) did not significantly affect litter dry matter content between the groups throughout the experimental period. No significant differences were noted in food pad dermatitis scoring between both groups throughout the experimental period, except at weeks 11 and 16 of life. Overall, this study showed that including proportions of rye up to 10% could replace conventional ingredients and may increase sustainability in poultry production regardless of the addition of supplementary feed.

Evaluation of long-term impact of cereal rye as a winter cover crop in Illinois

Extensive tile drainage usage combined with excess nitrogen fertilization has triggered nutrient loss and water quality issues in Illinois, which over time endorsed the hypoxia formation in the Gulf of Mexico. Past research reported that the use of cereal rye as a winter cover crop (CC) could be beneficial in reducing nutrient loss and improving water quality. The extensive use of CC may aid in reducing the hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico. The objective of this study is to analyze the long-term impact of cereal rye on soil water‑nitrogen (N) dynamics and cash crops growth in the maize-soybean agroecosystem in the state of Illinois. A gridded simulation approach was developed using the DSSAT model for the CC impact analysis. The CC impacts were estimated for the last two decades (2001–2020) for two fertilization scheduling (FA-SD = Fall and side-dress N and SP-SD = Spring pre-plant and side-dress N) comparing between CC scenario (FA-SD-C/SP-SD-C) with no CC (NCC) scenario (FA-SD-N/SP-SD-N). Our results suggest that the nitrate-N loss (via tile flow) and leaching reduced by 30.6 % and 29.4 %, assuming extensive adaptation of cover crop. The tile flow and deep percolation decreased by 20.8 % and 5.3 %, respectively, due to cereal rye inclusion. The model performance was relatively poor in simulating the CC impact on soil water dynamics in the hilly topography of southern Illinois. Generalizing changes in the soil properties (due to cereal rye inclusion) from the field scale to whole state (regardless of soil type) could be one of the possible limitations in this research. Overall, these findings substantiated the long-term benefits of cereal rye as a winter cover crop and found the spring N fertilizer application reduced nitrate-N loss compared to fall N application. These results could be helpful in promoting the practice in the Upper Mississippi River basin.

Secondary growth rye or triticale silage: Small-grain cereals as a dual-purpose forage option for small-scale dairy systems in the highlands of Mexico

Small-grain cereals may be a forage alternative for small-scale dairy systems under limiting climatic conditions given their short agronomic cycle. Cereals as dual-purpose forages (grazing and silage) have not been evaluated in Mexico. The objective was to assess the inclusion of rye (Secale cereale L.) (SCS) or triticale (×Triticosecale spp.) silage (TRS). The treatments were: T1 = 10 kg DM cow-1 d-1 SCS, T2 = 10 kg DM TRS, in both treatments with grazing access (8 h d-1) of a Kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus (Hochst. ex Chiov.) Morrone) pasture and supplemented with 3.6 kg DM cow-1 d-1 concentrate; in a double cross-over with six cows and three 14 d experimental periods, animal (milk yield, live weight, body condition score, and sampling for milk composition) and feed variables (net herbage accumulation, sward height and sampling for chemical composition) were recorded during the last 4 d of each period. There were no differences (P > 0.05) between treatments for milk yield (13.3 ± 2.8 kg cow-1 d-1), live weight (512.1 ± 85.9 kg), body condition score (2.2 ± 0.2), milk fat (35.8 ± 5.2 g kg-1), milk protein (27.8 ± 0.6 g kg-1), milk urea N (9.8 ± 2.5 mg dL-1) or milk pH (6.8 ± 0.07). Feeding costs were lower in SCS (P < 0.05); which may be an alternative for small-scale dairy systems. It is concluded that both rye and triticale are good alternatives as dual-purpose forage crops.

Response of growing pigs to the inclusion of hybrid rye in low or high-energy diets.

Previous research has shown reduced feed intake and growth rate in pigs fed diets with hybrid rye replacing wheat. A reduction in growth rate caused by reduced feed intake will conceivably be counteracted by increasing the dietary energy level. Our objective, therefore, was to determine the effects of 40% hybrid rye inclusion replacing wheat in diets formulated to be either low or high net energy (NE) on growth, feed intake, energy digestibility, and lesion scores in growing-finishing pigs. We hypothesized that pigs fed 40% hybrid rye would perform better on the high than the low energy diets. A total of 160 pigs (body weight [BW] 70.1 kg) housed in 32 pens, 5 pigs per pen, were fed diets with 0% or 40% hybrid rye (var. 'KWS Bono'; KWS LOCHOW GMBH), either with low (2,350) or high (2,450) kcal NE per kg of diet over two growth phases (phase 1; 70 to 85 kg BW; phase 2; 85 to 130 kg BW). The BW, and feed disappearance were measured on days 0, 8, 17, 28, 42, and 50. Fecal samples obtained in phase 2 (~100 kg BW) were used to calculate apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE). Lesion scores were measured weekly. The ATTD of GE was unaffected by rye inclusion and was reduced in low vs. high NE diets. Overall, (days 0 to 50), pigs fed the low-energy rye diet gained 0.08 kg/d less (P < 0.01) than those fed the high-energy rye diet or the low-energy diet without rye, which was caused by a reduced weight gain during the initial 17 d of the trial. Final BW and overall feed intake were not affected by rye inclusion or NE level. The NE intake was greater (P < 0.05) and feed efficiency (G:F) was reduced (P < 0.05) in pigs fed rye diets compared to those fed diets without rye, whereas there was no effect of NE level on NE intake or G:F. There was no effect of rye inclusion or NE level on lesion scores. In conclusion, pigs can be fed diets including 40% hybrid rye with only minor changes in growth performance. Increasing the NE level of the first phase diet in the grower-finisher barn may be useful to avoid a reduction in growth performance when feeding hybrid rye.

Weanling pigs consume more feed if hybrid rye replaces corn in diets, but average daily gain and fecal scores are not impacted by hybrid rye.

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that growth performance and health status of pigs will not be reduced if hybrid rye is included in diets at the expense of corn during the initial 5 wk post-weaning. A total of 128 weanling pigs (5.6 ± 0.5 kg) were randomly allotted to 32 pens and 4 dietary treatments. Pigs were fed experimental diets for 35 d in three phases with days 1 to 7 being phase 1, days 8 to 21 being phase 2, and days 22 to 35 being phase 3. Within each phase, a control diet primarily based on corn and soybean meal was formulated, and three additional diets were formulated by including 8.0, 16.0, or 24.0% (phase 1), 16.0, 32.0, or 48.0% (phase 2), and 20.0, 40.0, or 60.3% (phase 3) hybrid rye in the diet at the expense of corn. Pig weights were recorded at the start and conclusion of each phase, fecal scores were visually assessed every other day on a pen basis, and blood samples were obtained from 1 pig per pen on days 21 and 35. Results indicated that average daily gain (ADG) in phase 1 increased (linear, P < 0.05) as the inclusion of hybrid rye increased, but no other differences in ADG were observed. Average daily feed intake linearly increased in phase 1, phase 3, and overall (P < 0.05) as hybrid rye inclusion increased in the diets, and gain:feed was negatively impacted by the inclusion of hybrid rye in the diet (phase 1, linear, P < 0.05; phases 2, 3, and overall, quadratic, P < 0.05). No differences in average fecal scores or diarrhea incidence were observed. On days 21 and 35, blood urea N increased (linear, P < 0.05) as hybrid rye increased in the diets; and on day 21, serum total protein also increased (linear, P < 0.05) with increasing hybrid rye inclusion in the diet. Mean blood hemoglobin concentration on day 35 increased and then decreased as hybrid rye inclusion increased (quadratic, P < 0.05). On day 21, interleukin (IL) 2 and IL 10 decreased and then increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) as hybrid rye inclusion increased. On day 35, IL 8 and IL 12 increased and then decreased (quadratic, P < 0.05) and interferon-gamma decreased and then increased (quadratic, P < 0.01) as hybrid rye inclusion increased. In conclusion, the ADG of pigs was not different among treatments, but at the highest hybrid rye inclusion level, pigs consumed more feed than if corn was fed and gain:feed was reduced with increasing hybrid rye in diets. Differences in blood serum cytokines indicate the immune system was affected differently when hybrid rye instead of corn was fed.

Preference for feed, but not growth performance, is reduced if hybrid rye replaces corn in diets for growing pigs

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypotheses that there is no difference in feed preference for diets containing hybrid rye or corn as the exclusive cereal grain source, and that hybrid rye may replace a portion of corn in diets for growing pigs without adversely affecting growth performance. In experiment 1, thirty-six pigs (initial body weight 32.0 ± 1.8 kg) were housed for 8 days in 18 pens with one gilt and one barrow in each pen. Each pen contained 2 identical feeders with one feeder containing a corn-based diet and the other feeder containing a diet based on hybrid rye. On each day, feed disappearance was calculated, feed allotment was recorded, and feeder positions were switched to minimize feeder preference. In experiment 2, one hundred and twenty eight growing pigs (initial body weight: 27.2 ± 2.2 kg) were allotted to 32 pens and 4 dietary treatments. A diet identical to the corn diet used in experiment 1 was used as the control diet, and 3 additional diets in which increasing proportions of corn were replaced with hybrid rye, were also formulated. Diets were fed for 27 days and body weights were determined at the start and at the end of the experiment. Results of experiment 1 demonstrated that preference ( %) for the hybrid rye-based diet was less (P < 0.05) than for the corn-based diet on each day and for the overall experiment. Results of experiment 2 indicated that there were no differences among treatments for initial or final body weight of pigs. Average daily gain (ADG) was not affected by dietary treatment, and the same was true for gain:feed (G:F). There was a tendency (linear, P < 0.10) for average daily feed intake to be reduced as hybrid rye inclusion in the diet increased. The reluctance of pigs to consume hybrid rye in the first experiment may be due to simple taste preference, but the satiating effects of the dietary fiber in hybrid rye in the gastrointestinal tract may also have contributed to the reduced feed intake observed in the second experiment. Nevertheless, ADG and G:F were unchanged by hybrid rye substitution for corn, indicating that growing pigs may be fed diets with high inclusion rates of hybrid rye without negatively impacting growth.

Assessing Bone Health Status and Eggshell Quality of Laying Hens at the End of a Production Cycle in Response to Inclusion of a Hybrid Rye to a Wheat-Corn Diet.

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether there are negative effects of the partial replacement of white corn with rye along with xylanase supplementation on overall bone quality, eggshell mineralization, and mechanical strength in laying hens. From the 26th week of life, ISA Brown laying hens were fed either a wheat-corn diet or a diet containing 25% rye, with or without xylanase. The experimental period lasted for 25 weeks, until birds reached their 50th week of age, after which bone and eggshell quality indices were assessed. Eggshell thickness and eggshell Ca content of eggs from rye-fed hens were improved by xylanase supplementation. No differences in the mechanical properties of the eggshells were observed between treatments, except for the diet-dependent changes in egg deformation. Rye inclusion had no effect on the mechanical properties of bone. Xylanase supplementation, irrespective of the diet, had a positive effect on bone strength and increased tibia Ca content, as well as the content of several microelements. Hence, hybrid rye combined with wheat can replace 25% of corn in layer diets without compromising shell quality or bone mineral content. Xylanase supplementation in these diets is recommended since its inclusion improves both bone strength and quality.

PSIII-6 Late-Breaking: Ground Hybrid Rye as a Partial or Sole Concentrate in Backgrounding Rations

Abstract Cereal rye has been utilized in multiple ways within cropping systems in the northern Great Plains. Rye has traditionally not been utilized as a suitable grain for growing and finishing calves. Previously, recommendations have limited the use of rye due to the negative effects of ergot ingestion. Recent hybrid rye germplasms have shown increased yields with decreased incidence of ergot. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of ground hybrid rye inclusion rate on dry matter intake (DMI), growth performance, and feed efficiency in backgrounding beef steers. Two hundred crossbred steers were shipped to the Carrington Research Extension Center near Carrington, ND, stratified by weight, and assigned to one of twenty pens (n = 10 steers/pen). Four treatments were used in a completely randomized block design to evaluate animal performance during backgrounding when fed partial or complete replacement of corn with rye as the concentrate source. Ground hybrid rye was substituted for DRC as follows: a basal diet formulated with 20% DRC: 0% ground hybrid rye (CON), 13.5% DRC: 6.5% ground hybrid rye (RYE1), 6.5% DRC: 13.5% ground hybrid rye (RYE2), or 0% DRC:20% ground hybrid rye (RYE3) on a dry matter basis. Steers were fed for a total of 56 days beginning Oct. 25, 2021. Interim weights were taken on Nov. 22, 2021, and final weights were taken Dec. 20, 2021. At the conclusion of the feeding period, cattle were weighed on two consecutive days to determine final body weight. Performance data including animal live weights, ADG, DMI and G:F ratio were calculated. The use of rye within the diet did not influence steer weight throughout the study (P = 0.11). No differences in ADG were detected throughout the study (P = 0.68). Steers fed diets containing hybrid rye had higher DMI (P = 0.03) and higher F:G (P = 0.04) during the first month of the study. Increased DMI during the initial month of backgrounding may promote improved intake and growth. Results from the study suggest that steers fed rye as a partial or sole grain in a high forage backgrounding diet weighed similar to calves fed corn as the sole concentrate source.

Impacts of rye addition in diets of broilers on performance, foot pad health and selected organ traits: a pilot field study

Abstract New types of hybrid rye are characterised not only by increased yield and resistance to fungus, but also the content of antinutritive substances may be reduced. However, the use of rye has been limited to date. This preliminary study was aimed to test the effects of rye inclusion up to 20% on growth, foot pad health and selected organ traits. A total of 16214 (Trial 1) and 16120 (Trial 2) broilers were used. All birds were fed a commercial starter diet for the first week. Thereafter, the control group received commercial grower and finisher diets. A supplementary feed was offered in the experimental group to which increasing levels of rye were added (stepwise from 2% at d 8 up to 20% at d 29-d 33). Using supplementary feed with rye showed no differences ( p=0.283) in body weight (d 28). The control group displayed a higher ( p = 0.002) litter dry matter content compared to the experimental group as an effect of feed (d 32). Foot pad lesions were affected by feed at d 32 ( p=0.036). Overall, this study showed that including high proportions of rye up to 20% could replace conventional ingredients and to increase sustainability in poultry production.

97 Effects of Increasing Levels of Hybrid Rye on Growth Performance of 45 to 125 kg Pigs

Abstract A total of 2,400 barrows and gilts (FAST x PIC 800, initially 44.9 kg) were used in an 89-d study to determine the effect on growth performance of increasing inclusion of hybrid rye (KWS Serafino) in a commercial grow- finish setting. Pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 30 pigs per pen and 20 replications per treatment. Diets were fed over 5 phases (44.9 to 56.0, 56.0 to 69.0, 69.0 to 87.9, 87.9 to 107.5, and 107.5 to 111.6 kg respectively). Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based replacing either 0, 40, 70 or 100% of the corn with hybrid rye. Diets were formulated to meet or exceed 2012 NRC requirements for all nutrients. Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F at each phase change. Pigs were marketed across 3 marketing events (d 68 to 89), with an equal number of pigs removed from each pen per event. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS, with block as a random effect and pre-planned linear and quadratic contrast statements for increasing inclusion of rye. Overall (d 0 to 89), increased inclusion of hybrid rye from 0 to 100% decreased (linear, P &amp;lt; 0.001) average market BW, ADG and ADFI. There was no difference (P &amp;gt; 0.10) in G:F with increased hybrid rye inclusion, indicating energy value of hybrid rye used in formulation was correct. In summary, while there was no change in G:F, reduction in ADFI and ADG suggests there is a palatability or anti-nutritional factor affecting pig growth performance.

201 Impact of Steam-Flaked Rye Fed in Combination with Steam-Flaked Corn on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Yearling Steers

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing inclusions of steam-flaked hybrid rye (SFR) replacing steam-flaked corn (SFC) in finishing diets on cattle performance and carcass quality. Rye was grown as one hybrid and processed at a single feedyard in eastern Nebraska (14.5 kg/bu for SFR, 2.55 ± 0.94 mm average particle size). Crossbred yearling steers (n = 400, initial BW = 400 ± 24 kg) were used in a randomized block design (blocked by BW and source), stratified, and assigned randomly to pen (n = 40), and pen assigned randomly to treatment. Four treatments were evaluated, a control with no SFR (0%), and 3 inclusions of SFR where the rye replaced 25%, 50%, or 100% of the SFC in the diet (0%, 15.4%, 30.8%, and 60% SFR respectively). A linear decrease in carcass weight, dry matter intake, average daily gain (ADG), and gain:feed (G:F) was observed as SFR inclusion increased in the diet (P ≤ 0.01). Intake decreased by 1.2 kg/d as SFR increased from 0 to 100% of the grain inclusion. A 14.5% reduction in ADG and 6.2% decrease in G:F was observed as SFR replaced SFC, which lead to decreases in calculated NEm and NEg dietary energy values based on performance. Longissimus muscle area (P ≤ 0.01), 12th rib fat (P ≤ 0.03), and marbling score (P ≤ 0.01) decreased linearly with increasing rye inclusion. Calculated yield grade did not differ among treatments (P = 0.16). These data suggest no evidence of an associative effect for blending SFR with SFC. Based on dietary energy calculated using performance, SFR has approximately 92% the energy value of steam-flaked corn. Feeding flaked rye grain decreased intake, gain and feed efficiency suggesting SFR contains less energy than steam-flaked corn.

Induction of gut leakage in young broiler chickens fed a diet with low rye inclusion

The aim of the present study was to assess the absence of a non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) enzyme in a broiler diet containing a low level (10%) of rye inclusion. Two experimental groups with 40 Ross broilers each, were fed a diet containing 10% rye. One group was supplemented with a NSP enzyme, and the other was not supplemented with the enzyme to increase intestinal viscosity. The birds were fed the respective diets for 14 or 28 days. Intestinal sections were submitted to morphological, morphometric and mRNA-level gene expression analyses. To assess gut leakage, 150 min before euthanasia, broilers had no access to feed and received an oral gavage with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled dextran (FITC-d). Serum levels of FITC-d, D-lactate, tight-junction-associated protein 1 (TJAP1), citrulline and ovotransferrin were determined. A significant increase in FITC-d levels was observed in the 14-day-old birds fed the non-supplemented rye diet, and no other serum markers were affected. These birds presented a decreased villus height/crypt depth (VH:CD) ratio and an increased degree of damage in the jejunum. The ileum VH:CD increased, and the goblet cell number decreased in 28-day-old birds fed the non-supplemented rye diet. When broilers were fed the non-supplemented rye diet, the mRNA expression of the tight-junction zona occludens 1 (ZO1) was significantly decreased in the jejunum of 14-day-old broilers, whereas a significant decrease in jejunum mRNA expression of ZO2 and mucin-2 (MUC2) was observed in the jejunum of 28-day-old broilers. In contrast, a significant increase in the mRNA expression of ZO2 was observed in the ileum from 28-day-old broilers fed the non-supplemented rye diet. In conclusion, a 10% rye diet causes intestinal stress in young broiler chickens when the feed is not supplemented with a NSP enzyme. This study may be applied as experimental model of mild gut leakage of broiler chickens.

PSX-B-5 Effect of replacement of dry-rolled corn with un-processed rye on growth performance, efficiency of dietary net energy utilization, and carcass traits of finishing heifers

Abstract Continental × British beef heifers were used in a randomized complete block design experiment to evaluate the effects of replacing dry-rolled corn with unprocessed rye on growth performance, efficiency of dietary net energy (NE) utilization, and carcass trait responses in finishing heifers. Heifers (n = 56; 433 ± 34.0 kg) were transported 241 km from a regional sale barn to the Ruminant Nutrition Center in Brookings, SD. Heifers were blocked by weight grouping and then allotted to pens (n = 7 heifers/pen and 4 pens/treatment). Treatments included a finishing diet that contained 60% grain (DM basis) as dry-rolled corn (DRC) or unprocessed rye grain (RYE). On d 14, heifers were consuming the final diet and were implanted with 200 mg of trenbolone acetate and 28 mg of estradiol benzoate (Synovex-Plus, Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ). RYE heifers had decreased (P ≤ 0.01) final body weight, average daily gain, and gain efficiency; but tended (P = 0.08) to have a greater dry matter intake compared to DRC. RYE had decreased (P ≤ 0.01) observed dietary NE and decreased (P ≤ 0.01) observed-to-expected dietary NE ratio for maintenance and gain compared to DRC. Dressing percentage, 12th rib fat thickness, ribeye area, and the distribution of USDA yield and quality grades were not altered (P ≥ 0.12) by diet. Hot carcass weight, yield grade, estimated empty body fat (EBF), and body weight at 28% EBF decreased (P ≤ 0.02) and retail yield increased (P= 0.01) in RYE compared to DRC. These data indicate that unprocessed rye is a palatable feed ingredient for inclusion in finishing diets for beef cattle and that rye inclusion only minimally influences carcass quality. The feeding value of unprocessed rye is considerably less (21.4%) than that of dry-rolled corn using current standards and approximately 91% of the NE value of processed rye.

Inclusion of hybrid rye in diets for weanling pigs does not compromise daily gain, but may reduce diarrhea incidence despite pigs having preference for consuming corn over hybrid rye

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypotheses that feed preference and growth performance will not differ if hybrid rye replaces some of the corn in diets for nursery pigs. In experiment 1, 40 barrows (9.2 ± 1.0 kg) were housed in 20 pens for eight days. Each pen had two identical feeders containing a corn-based diet or a diet in which 500 g/kg of the corn was substituted with hybrid rye, and feeder positions were switched daily. In experiment 2, 160 pigs (6.0 ± 0.7 kg) were randomly allotted to 40 pens and five treatments. Phase 1 diets were fed from day 1–7 (0, 30, 60, 90, or 120 g/kg rye), whereas phase 2 (0, 50, 110, 160, or 210 g/kg rye) and phase 3 (0, 150, 300, 450, or 600 g/kg rye) diets were fed from day 7–21 and day 21–34, respectively. Body weights were recorded at the start and end of each phase, fecal scores were recorded every other day, and blood samples were obtained from one pig per pen on day 21 and 34. Results of experiment 1 indicated that preference was greater (P < 0.05) for the corn-based diet than for the corn-hybrid rye mixed diet on days 2, 3, 6, and 8, and for the overall period. Overall, pigs preferred the corn-based diet over the rye-based diet by a ratio of 5.7–4.3. In experiment 2, there were no differences among treatments for final body weight or average daily gain. During phase 3 and overall experiment, pigs fed diets with 600 g/kg hybrid rye and no corn consumed the most feed (quadratic, P < 0.05). Consequently, gain:feed in phase 3 and overall was reduced (quadratic, P < 0.05) as hybrid rye replaced corn in the diet. Diarrhea incidence decreased (quadratic, P < 0.05) with 60 or 90 g/kg hybrid rye in the phase 1 diet. Blood urea N was elevated (day 21, quadratic, P < 0.05; day 34, linear, P < 0.05) as dietary hybrid rye inclusion increased. In conclusion, castrated male weaned pigs had a preference for corn-based diets over diets containing a mix of corn and hybrid rye, but replacing up to 300, 400, or 1000 g per kg of corn in phase 1, 2, and 3 diets for weanling pigs did not result in differences in average daily gain or final body weight of pigs, but gain to feed ratio was reduced for pigs fed the diets with the greatest inclusion of hybrid rye because feed intake was increased. Hybrid rye may also modulate the immune response by influencing blood cell concentrations and reducing diarrhea incidence in pigs.

Hybrid rye may replace up to 75% of the corn in diets for gestating and lactating sows without negatively impacting sow and piglet performance.

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that hybrid rye can replace a part of the corn in gestation and lactation diets without negatively affecting sow and litter performance. For each phase, a corn-soybean meal diet and three diets in which hybrid rye replaced 25%, 50%, or 75% of corn were formulated. Two hundred sows were randomly allotted by parity to the four treatments. Results indicated that diet did not affect body weight or average daily gain (ADG) of sows or number of pigs born. The number of pigs weaned, litter weaning weight, and litter ADG increased and then decreased (quadratic, P < 0.05) as hybrid rye in diets increased. Pig mortality and number of crushed pigs tended (quadratic, P < 0.10) to be reduced as hybrid rye was added to the diet. Serum cytokines did not differ among treatments on day 105 of gestation or in pigs on the day of weaning, but interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, and IL-18 on day 13 of lactation increased and then decreased (quadratic, P < 0.05) as hybrid rye inclusion increased in diets. Milk urea N increased (linear, P < 0.05) as hybrid rye was included in the diet, but no other differences in milk composition were observed. Overall, replacing 25% or 50% of corn with hybrid rye resulted in improved lactation performance, and replacing 75% of corn with hybrid rye resulted in sow and litter performance that was not different from that of sows fed control diets.

Effects of cereal and protein source on performance, apparent ileal protein digestibility and intestinal characteristics in weaner piglets

ABSTRACT Rye and rapeseed meal (RSM) are alternatives to wheat and soybean meal (SBM) in pig nutrition. The inclusion of rye and RSM instead of wheat and SBM may increase dietary fibre content in the feed, which may affect digestive physiology and intestinal function. However, research on the combined feeding of rye and RSM in piglets is still scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of rye and RSM containing feed on growth performance, protein and amino acid digestibility, physical characteristics of the digesta and the intestinal morphology in weaner piglets. A total of 88 piglets aged 28 d were randomly allotted to four different feeding groups at weaning: wheat/SBM, wheat/RSM, rye/SBM, rye/RSM. Cereals were included at 48%, SBM at 25% and RSM at 30%. Body weight gain and feed intake were recorded weekly. After 33 d, piglets were euthanised for assessment of digesta and intestinal morphology. Rye did not affect performance, whilst RSM resulted in reduced weight gain (p = 0.024) and feed intake (p = 0.037). Apparent ileal digestibility of crude protein and amino acids was decreased by rye and RSM (p < 0.05). Rye caused an acidification (p = 0.045) and increased viscosity (p = 0.013) of small intestinal digesta, a lower dry matter content of jejunal and colonic digesta (p < 0.05) and an increased relative weight of the colon tissue (p < 0.001). In conclusion, performance was not reduced when rye was used as an alternative to wheat in diets for weaner piglets. The inclusion of RSM instead of SBM to piglets’ diet lowered animal performance under our conditions. Further investigations are warranted to characterise the quality of rapeseed meal and the optimum inclusion level in the diet for young pigs.