Inclusion Of Rapeseed Oil Research Articles

Effect of the nature of energy (lipids vs. carbohydrates) on enteric methane emission and dairy performance in cows fed grass silage-based diets

This work aimed to investigate the effect of energy nature (lipids vs. carbohydrates) on enteric methane emission (eCH4 ) and performance in dairy cows fed grass silage-based diets. Eight multiparous Holstein cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design, with 4 experimental periods of 28 days each. Cows were fed with 4 iso-energetic diets based on grass silage and supplemented with different levels of rapeseed oil (RO) (0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5% of dietary dry matter (DM), Control, RO-low, RO-medium, RO-high diets, respectively) in substitution of starch from concentrate. Dairy performance, total-tract digestibility, and rumen parameters were measured when animals were in individual respiration chambers for quantifying eCH4. Intake of DM decreased with RO-high compared to other diets. Methane emissions were lowered similarly with all diets containing RO compared to Control (on average, -19% in g/d, −13% in g/kg DMI, −21% in g/kg milk). Ruminal propionate proportion was higher, whereas that of butyrate was lower with RO-high compared to the other diets. Milk yield was higher with RO-low and RO-medium, and was lower for RO-high compared to Control. Milk C16:0 concentration was lower, and C18:1c9, C18:1t11, and other rumen biohydrogenation intermediate concentrations were higher with diets containing RO compared to Control. The shift from the C18:1t11 to C18:1t10 biohydrogenation pathway is in agreement with the milk fat depression observed with RO-medium and RO-high. The inclusion of RO at 1.5% was the best compromise between eCH4, feed efficiency, and milk nutritional quality in cows fed grass silage-based diets.

ВЛИЯНИЕ МАСЛА СЕМЯН СУРЕПИЦЫ В КОМБИКОРМАХ ДЛЯ ЦЫПЛЯТ-БРОЙЛЕРОВ НА СОСТАВ ЛИПИДОВ ТУШКИ И ОРГАНОЛЕПТИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ ЖАРЕНОГО МЯСА

In studies on 4 groups of broiler chickens of the “Smena 9” cross aged from 1 to 35 days at the cage raising,the possibility of using oil obtained from the rape variety “Nadezhda” instead of sunflower oil in mixed fodders was studied. It has been noticed that the inclusion of rapeseed oil in the feed in the amount of 1.5 and 3.0% replacing sunflower oil made it possible to increase the live weight of broilers by 5.27 and 6.19%, also it reduces feed costs per 1 kg of live weight gain by 1.99 and 3.05% and ensures 100% bird safety. In the experimental groups of broilers that received feed with the addition of rapeseed oil, the amount of linoleic acid in muscle lipids and internal fat decreased statistically significantly by 6.16–20.67% and 6.16–23.64%, respectively. At the same time, the level of oleic acid increased statistically significantly by 6.33–20.24% and 6.12–21.79%. The ratio of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in the lipids of the muscle homogenate was in the range (6.89:1)–(7.25:1), and in the internal fat — (6.86:1)–(8.13:1). The smallest ratio of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in the lipids of the muscle homogenate and in the internal fat of broilers was noted in the experimental group, the chickens of which received only rapeseed oil in the feed.

Effects of rapeseed oil (Rapus indicus) supplementation on omega-3 fatty acid concentration and carcass characteristics in broiler chicken

Dietary fatty acid composition in broiler influences carcass quality by altering fat deposition and fatty acid profile. Thus, the study was carried out to evaluate the effect of incorporation of rapeseed oil in broiler ration on omega-3 fatty acid concentration of carcass and its traits in broiler chicken. A total of 160 day-old straight run broilers (Vencobb 400) were randomly divided into four treatment groups (G1, G2, G3 and G4) having four replicates of ten chicks each. The basal diets (G1) were prepared to meet BIS (2007) nutrient requirements with palm oil at 1.5, 3, and 4.5 per cent in pre-starter, starter and finisher diets, respectively. The experimental diets were broiler rations prepared with rapeseed oil replacing 25, 50 and 100 per cent of palm oil in G2, G3 and G4 diets, respectively. The diets were fed ad libitum till 6 weeks of age. Six birds from each group were randomly selected and slaughtered on 42nd day to study omega-3 fatty acid concentration of carcass and its characteristics. The crude fat content of breast and thigh muscle was significantly (P<0.05) reduced in the group fed rapeseed oil included diets. However, carcass yield, processing yield and meat to bone ratio of cut up parts was not significantly affected. The colour and pH of breast and thigh muscles were similar among the treatment groups. Omega- 3 fatty acid concentration was significantly (P<0.01) increased in both breast and thigh muscle of G4 group broilers compared to G1 group. Thus, rapeseed oil inclusion in diet significantly increased omega-3 fatty acid concentration and significantly reduced crude fat concentration breast and thigh muscles with no effect on the carcass yield and its quality when included in the diet replacing palm oil at different proportion.

Dietary inclusion of Durvillaea antarctica meal and rapeseed (Brassica napus) oil on growth, feed utilization and fillet quality of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Durvillaea antarctica is a brown seaweed that can be located in the Southern Hemisphere and has a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids and γ-tocopherol. Aquaculture currently uses vegetable oils for feeding rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), but this reduces the omega-3 levels in the fillet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary inclusion of D. antarctica meal on the fillet quality of rainbow trout fed with rapeseed oil. A total of 375 rainbow trout (17.6±0.46 g) were randomly assigned to five treatments with three replicates (25 fish per replicate) in 15 tanks and reared for 9 weeks. Rainbow trout fed with 100% fish oil were considered as a positive control. A negative control corresponded to a diet with a mix of 10% fish oil and 90% rapeseed oil. This diet was used for the other three treatments with the inclusion of 1.5, 3 and 6% of D. antarctica meal respectively. At the end of the feeding trial, the fish were euthanized to evaluate growth, feed utilization and fillet quality. The diets did not affect the growth and feed utilization. However, the fillet of fish fed with 6% D. antarctica meal showed a less acidic pH, higher luminosity, less yellowing and color saturation, compared with the other groups. The fillet of fish fed with D. antarctica meal and rapeseed oil, showed less oxidation. The fatty acid profile was affected by the inclusion of rapeseed oil, reducing the levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). However, diets with D. antarctica meal were able to partially compensate the fish oil intake by reducing some saturated fatty acids, increasing the EPA content and reducing the atherogenic index and thrombogenic index, improving the nutritional value of the fillet. Although the use of D. antarctica meal does not significantly compensate for the effects of rapeseed oil on the fillet, it could be used as an alternative to increase the nutritional value and quality of rainbow trout.

ВЫСОКОКОНЦЕНТРИРОВАННЫЙ ИСТОЧНИК ЭНЕРГИИ ДЛЯ БРОЙЛЕРОВ

Studies were conducted on the use of oil obtained from rapeseed cultivar 'Podmoskovnyj' selection of Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology in feeding broiler chickens. The experiments were carried out on chickens cross-country "ROSS-308". They were grown in a cell battery. For the experiment, 5 groups were formed. In the start and finish periods, the control group received 2.5 and 3.3% sunflower oil. In the experimental groups, sunflower oil was replaced with rapeseed in the following amounts: the first — 1.0 and 1.0%, the second — 1.5 and 1.7%, the third — 2.0 and 2.5% and the fourth — 2.5 and 3.3%. Feeding was carried out with dry loose feed from a day old. Studies have found that rapeseed oil had less saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, but more unsaturated fatty acids. The amount of erucic acid was 0.20%. The digestibility of nutrients was high and practically did not differ from the control variant, as was the use of nitrogen. The inclusion of rapeseed oil in the composition of feed for broilers did not have a significant impact on the increase in live weight and feed costs. The cost of feed with increasing rapeseed oil in their composition decreased, and the efficiency of converting feed into products increased slightly. Compound feeds with rapeseed oil were not inferior in terms of the efficiency of using compound feed containing sunflower oil.

Supplementation of rapeseed and linseed oils to sheep rations: effects on ruminal fermentation characteristics and protozoal populations

The study was performed on six sheep fitted with a cannula in the rumen and re-entrant cannula in the duodenum; divided into three groups, two sheep in each. The animals were fed meadow hay and the concentrate alone or the same diet supplemented with rapeseed or linseed oils at a dose of 5% of the basal diet. Ruminal degradation of protein and acid detergent fibre were lower when sheep were fed rapeseed compared to linseed oil (P &amp;lt; 0.05). The addition of oils to diets caused increased ruminal degradation of fat (P &amp;lt; 0.01). The density of protozoa in the rumen at 2 or 4 h after feeding was lower than before feeding in each experimental group. The inclusion of rapeseed oil in the diet decreased the total number of ciliates and Entodinium spp. compared with control and animals fed linseed oil (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Before feeding, the concentration of Diplodinium and Ophryoscolex spp. were lower in sheep fed rapeseed oil compared to control (P &amp;lt; 0.05), and the number of Dasytricha species decreased 2 h after feeding linseed oil compared to animals fed rapeseed oil (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Each of the oil supplements decreased the bacterial mass in the rumen compared with control (P &amp;lt; 0.01). The addition of rapeseed oil to the diet decreased total volatile fatty acid and acetate concentrations in the rumen in comparison to control and sheep receiving linseed oil (P &amp;lt; 0.01). In both diets, the estimated emission of methane and carbon dioxide (P &amp;lt; 0.01) increased 2 and 4 h after feeding compared to that at 0 h. The oleic acid more strongly reduced protozoa and digestive processes in the rumen than linolenic acid. Nevertheless, the quantity of oils added was still too low to induce detectable changes in methane formation in the rumen.

Influence of the dietary protein:lipid ratio and fish oil substitution on fatty acid composition and metabolism of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reared at high water temperatures

A factorial, two-way, experimental design was used for this 10-week nutritional trial, aiming to elucidate the interactive effects of decreasing dietary protein:lipid level and substitution of fish oil (FO) with rapeseed oil (RO) on tissue fatty acid (FA) composition and metabolism of large Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) reared at high water temperatures (sub-optimal, summer temperatures: 11·6°C). The six experimental diets were isoenergetic and formulated to include either FO or RO (60% of the added oil) at three dietary protein:lipid levels, specifically (1) 350g/kg protein and 350g/kg lipid, (2) 330g/kg protein and 360g/kg lipid, (3) 290g/kg protein and 380g/kg lipid. Final weight, specific growth rate and thermal growth coefficient were positively affected by the dietary RO inclusion at the expense of FO, while no significant effects were seen on growth due to the decreasing protein level. The oil source had a significant effect on muscle and liver FA composition. However, the changes in muscle and liver FA indicate selective utilisation or retention of individual FA and moderate reductions in tissue EPA and DHA. Pyloric caeca phospholipid FA composition was significantly affected by the two factors and, in some cases, significant interactions were also revealed. Liver and red muscle β-oxidation capacities were significantly increased due to RO inclusion, while an interactive effect of protein level and oil source was shown for white muscle β-oxidation capacity. The results could explain, at least partially, the better performance that was shown for the RO groups and the enhanced protein-sparing effect.

Interactive effects of dietary protein/lipid level and oil source on growth, feed utilisation and nutrient and fatty acid digestibility of Atlantic salmon

Although the use of fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO) has been extensive in Atlantic salmon culture, there is a growing need for less reliance on these commodities. Moreover, it is crucial for the aquafeed industry to optimise the use of dietary protein and to improve the protein utilisation in salmon diets. The interactive effects of the dietary protein/lipid level and rapeseed oil (RO) inclusion on growth, feed utilisation, nutrient and fatty acid (FA) digestibility and whole body chemical composition of large Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), reared at summer water temperatures (11.6°C), were investigated in a ten week feeding trial. The fish (initial weight 2053g) were fed six isoenergetic diets in a factorial design containing 350g kg−1/350g, kg−1, 330g kg−1/360g kg−1, 290g kg−1/380g kg−1 of protein/lipid for high protein (HP), medium protein (MP) and low protein (LP) diets, respectively. At all protein/lipid levels the oil source was either FO or RO (60% of the added oil). At the end of the trial the final weights ranged from 3340–3664g and the FCR from 0.99–1.10. The protein level did not affect significantly any of the growth parameters but the oil source had a significant effect on final weight, specific growth rate (SGR) and thermal growth coefficient (TGC), showing improved growth with RO inclusion. This could be explained by the significantly higher lipid digestibility of the fish fed the diets containing RO (86.1 vs. 92.2%) which was probably affected by the diet FA composition; the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of saturated FA, and to a lesser extent of unsaturated FA and especially monoenes, was improved by RO inclusion. The protein ADC was significantly affected by the protein level indicating a higher ADC for the HP diets compared to the LP (80.1 vs. 77.7%, respectively). Regarding the whole body composition, moisture was significantly affected by both factors, the fat content was significantly affected only by the oil source, while significant interactions were shown for the protein content. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that low protein/high lipid diets can be used with no negative effects on the growth, FCR and chemical composition of Atlantic salmon reared at high water temperatures. Moreover, the replacement of FO with RO can enhance the growth of the fish as well as the nutrient and FA digestibility of the diets.

Effects of crude rapeseed oil on lipid composition in Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus

This study investigated the effects of crude rapeseed oil (RO) on lipid content and composition in muscle and liver of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus. Triplicate groups were fed diets containing fish oil (FO):RO ratio of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75 until two-fold mass increase. Total lipid content increased significantly in the liver with higher proportion of RO in the diet. Profound effects were seen in the fatty acid composition in the analysed tissues with a reduction in 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 and an increase in 18:2n-6 with higher RO content in the diets. A drop in cholesterol content was seen at 25% inclusion of RO in both tissues. Wild-caught fish contained a considerably higher amount of 20:4n-6 in both storage and membrane lipids of white muscle compared with the experimental fish.

Effects of dietary protein, and fat level and rapeseed oil on growth and tissue fatty acid composition and metabolism in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) reared at low water temperatures

A 12-week feeding trial was conducted to elucidate the interactive effects of dietary fat, protein contents and oil source on growth, whole body proximate composition, protein productive value (PPV) and fatty acid (FA) composition of muscle and liver in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)` at low water temperatures (4.2 °C). Triplicate groups of Atlantic salmon (initial weight 1168 g) were fed six isoenergetic diets, formulated to provide either 390 g kg−1 protein and 320 g kg−1 fat (high-protein diets) or 340 g kg−1 protein and 360 g kg−1 fat (low-protein diets). Within each dietary protein/fat level, crude rapeseed oil (RO) comprised 0, 30 or 60% (R0, R30, R60, respectively) of the added oil. After 12 weeks, the overall growth and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were very good for all treatments [thermal growth coefficient (TGC): 4.76 (±0.23); FCR: 0.85 (±0.02)]. Significant effects were shown owing to the oil source on specific growth rate and TGC only. The liver and muscle FA compositions were highly affected by the graded inclusion of RO. The PPV was significantly affected by the dietary protein level. The results of this study suggest that more sustainable, lower protein diets with moderate RO inclusion can be used in Atlantic salmon culture at low water temperatures with no negative effects on growth and feed conversion, no major detrimental effects on lipid and FA metabolism and a positive effect on protein sparing.

Performance and exhaust emissions of direct‐injection diesel engine operating on rapeseed oil and its blends with diesel fuel

Abstract The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of rapeseed oil (RO) inclusion into Diesel fuel (DF) on engine performance parameters. During engine operation at 1 400, 1 800 and 2 200 min‐1 the brake specific fuel consumption has on an average been increased by 0,104 %, 0,134 % and 0,156 % for every 1 % point increase in RO inclusion into DF. The maximum thermal efficiency values remain within 0,37–0,39 intervals. The maximum NOx emission increases with the mass percent of oxygen in the fuel blend and for RO and its blends RO75 and RO50 are higher by 9,2 %, 20,7 % and 5,1 %, respectively. Emissions of NO2 increase with an increasing content of RO premixed into DF. When operating on pure RO and its blends RO75 and RO50 the maximum CO emission reduces by 40,5 % ‐52,9 % and 7,2 %‐15,0 %, respectively. The smoke opacity generated from RO and its blends is also by 27,1% ‐34,6 % and 41,7 % ‐51,0 % lower. Emissions of HC remain on a considerably low level ranging between 8 to 16 ppm whereas durin...

Production of conjugated linoleic acid enriched milk and dairy products from cows receiving grass silage supplemented with a cereal-based concentrate containing rapeseed oil

Abstract Opportunities for the production of milk and dairy products enriched with cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) were investigated. Eighteen mid-lactation cows were used in a continuous-design for 7 weeks. During the first week, cows received grass silage ad libitum supplemented with 10 kg per day of a cereal-based concentrate (control) that was replaced with a concentrate containing 50 g kg−1 of rapeseed oil (RO). Changes in milk fatty acid composition were monitored on a weekly basis and milk produced was used to manufacture Edam cheese and butter. Inclusion of RO in the concentrate supplement increased the mean levels of trans-octadecanoic, monounsaturated, CLA and polyunsaturated fatty acid in the milk fat from 1.6, 25.7, 0.46 and 2.8 to 4.3, 35.3, 1.02 and 3.9 g 100 g−1 total fatty acids, respectively. In contrast, the mean level of saturated fatty acids decreased from 71.4 to 60.7 g 100 g−1 total fatty acids. Changes in milk fatty acid composition due to RO occurred within 7 days, with responses reaching a plateau after 21 days. Furthermore, the CLA concentrations in the milk fat from individual cows ranged between 0.37 and 0.65 and 0.43 and 2.06 g 100 g−1 total fatty acids for the control and RO diet, respectively. CLA enriched milk was used successfully to manufacture of Edam cheese and butter with softer textures but with acceptable organoleptic and storage properties. Processing milk into butter or cheese had no effect on the CLA concentrations indicating that enrichment of dairy products is dependent on the content in raw milk fat.

Replacing dietary fish oil with increasing levels of rapeseed oil and olive oil - effects on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) tissue and lipoprotein lipid composition and lipogenic enzyme activities

Six groups of Atlantic salmon, initial weight 142 ± 1 g, were fed increasing dietary inclusion of rapeseed oil (RO) in a regression design and one group was fed a 50% olive oil/50% capelin oil diet. Fatty acid composition was measured in red and white muscle, liver, and fatty acid and lipid class composition was measured in plasma and in the lipoproteins; very low density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein and nonlipoprotein fraction after 22 and 42 weeks of feeding. Further, the activities of liver NADH-isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), malic enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were measured at each sampling point. After 42 weeks of feeding the experimental diets, the tissue and lipoprotein fatty acid composition was highly affected by dietary fatty acid composition. Regressions showed that 22:1n − 11, 18:1n − 9, 18:3n − 3 and 18:2n − 6 are readily metabolized in all tissues analysed. Further, 20:5n − 3 seems to be metabolized in muscle and retained in liver. 22:6n − 3 was selectively retained in all the analysed tissues, and with higher retention in liver and plasma with higher polar lipid/neutral lipid ratio compared to white and red muscle. Liver from salmon fed 100% RO showed decreased G6PDH and increased ICDH activities compared to the other dietary groups; however, no linear relationship related to increased RO inclusion was detected. The amount of plasma lipoproteins, liver monoene fatty acid level and lipogenic enzyme activity decreased from the autumn to the winter sampling with concomitant decrease in temperature.

Oxidative stability of frozen-stored raw pork chops, chill-stored pre-frozen raw pork chops, and frozen-stored pre-cooked sausages in relation to dietary CuSO 4 , rapeseed oil and vitamin E

Danish Landrace× Danish Yorkshire female pigs were fed either a standard diet or a standard diet enriched with 6% rapeseed oil and supplemented with increasing amounts of vitamin E (0, 100 or 200 mg all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate/kg feed) and copper (0, 35 or 175 mg CuSO4/kg feed), and the effect of dietary regimen on the oxidative stability of (1) frozen-stored raw pork chops packed in atmospheric air, (2) chill-stored pre-frozen pork chops packed in atmospheric air, and (3) freezer-stored, vacuum-packed pre-cooked sausages was investigated. The addition of 6% rapeseed oil did not influence the oxidative stability of the pork chops negatively, whereas the oxidative stability of a product such as the pre-cooked sausages (Danish dinner sausages) with a higher fat content (15%) decreased as a result of rapeseed oil feeding. Inclusion of rapeseed oil in the diets increased the amount of monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the meat and fat for the production of sausages at the expense of the content of the saturated fatty acids, and the higher content of PUFAs readily explains the decreased oxidative stability of the pre-cooked sausages. Feeding pigs 100 mg or 200 mg all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate/kg feed significantly increased the oxidative stability of the pork chops and the detrimental effect of rapeseed oil observed in the pre-cooked sausages was effectively neutralised by both levels of vitamin E supplementation. Supplementation with copper did not affect the oxidative stability of any of the products. The presented results show that it is possible to produce pork products with a nutritionally improved fatty acid profile by inclusion of 6% rapeseed oil, without affecting the oxidative stability of the products negatively, through the protection provided by dietary vitamin E.

Effect of dietary rapeseed oil on the adrenocorticotrophin-induced production of prostaglandins in the rat adrenal

Inclusion of rapeseed oil in the diet of rats resulted m an increase in the total cholesteryl ester content of the adrenal. This increase was attributable to deposition of cholesteryl erucateand cholesteryl eicosenoate. Incubation of rat adrenal homogenates with adrenocorticotrophin resulted in a stimulation in the production of prostaglandins E 2, F 2α and, to a lower degree. F 1α. Stimulation of prostaglandin production by adrenocorticotrophin was considerably lower in adrenals from rats receiving rapeseed oil rather than corn oil.