Inclusion Of Others Research Articles

Proposal of an autonomous system with sensors for the calibration and distribution of water in the Bela Vista Community - Amazonas - Brazil

Water consumption has increased exponentially in recent years on the planet, due to the large demographic growth that has made urban areas very dense, and with tasks that increasingly require water use, making the problem of water scarcity a reason. of growing concern. The present work aimed to analyze the water supply system of the community Bela Vista Manaus-AM. Field observation, documentary research and data evaluation allowed the identification of the main factors that make the current system present in the community inefficient. The supply system suffers from constant leaks due to high pressure in some sections, while in others, low pressure occurs, causing some consumers to stop receiving water frequently in their homes, as well as failures in supply selectivity, which is made manually. The result of the survey carried out in the community showed a high rate of disapproval of the services provided by the company that operates the local supply system, where 88% were dissatisfied with the service provided, while in the overall evaluation of the service, 62% considered it to be unsatisfactory. poor quality, 38% said it was good and no one rated the service as excellent. With all this information, it is advocated the conscious use of water and the importance of sectorization as a way to obtain better control over the supply system. In this way a system automation proposal is outlined with the replacement of some equipment with others with more specific operation accuracy and inclusion of others, as well as basically simple changes to make the current system efficient, safe, more productive and with lower operating cost.

Shifting settler-colonial discourses of environmentalism: Representations of indigeneity and migration in Australian conservation

Western environmentalism and conservation are deeply entangled with histories of colonialism. This entanglement has marginalised Indigenous and migrant perspectives on the environment to protect settler norms and interests. This paper approaches those two types of othering together in the context of environmental debate, using the lens of a mainstream conservation magazine. We analyse representations of indigeneity and migration in a shifting settler-colonial discourse on the environment, throughout the 45 volumes of the Australian Conservation Foundation’s magazine Habitat (1973–2016). The Australian Conservation Foundation was Australia’s first nation-wide conservation organization. Its magazine exemplifies a settler-colonial discourse that initially aimed to conserve pristine nature but that over time has responded to increasing awareness that environmental crises have transnational causes and consequences, and require intercultural and international cooperation. We found that, while contributors to the magazine increasingly represent Australian conservation issues as connected to international processes and closely collaborate with remote Indigenous communities, they continue to assume the settler as norm and prioritise the protection of wealth and lifestyles. These goals are achieved through the conditional inclusion of others and through the treatment of environments as having zero-sum limits. The colonial imaginaries of ‘wilderness’ and carrying capacity are repurposed to frame migration as being at odds with Australian people’s wealth and wellbeing. The reiteration of settler-colonial environmentalism as a dominant way of protecting the environment stands in the way of the greater pluralism of environmental relationships that will be needed for coping with environmental change.

Changes in children’s reasoning about the social inclusion of aggressive children over the early years of elementary school

ABSTRACTWhile there is growing understanding about children’s moral reasoning for social inclusion and exclusion, we know little about how children reason specifically about the inclusion of aggressive children in school settings. To investigate children’s decisions about such inclusion and how they justified those decisions, this study reports data from 172 children interviewed in Year 1 (female = 85, male = 87), between the ages of six and seven and 155 children (female = 78, male = 79) who were interviewed again in Year 2. The children’s responses to scenarios regarding inclusion or exclusion of an aggressive child (who is bossy and pushes others around) in their play at school demonstrated that they were more likely to include an aggressive child in their play in Year 2 than in Year 1 of elementary school. They were also more likely in Year 2 to provide justifications that demonstrated a deeper understanding of the reasons for children’s aggressive behaviour at school. These data suggest that children’s school experiences may contribute to their ability to access multiple perspectives when reasoning about inclusion of others. Findings suggest the need to consider more closely how contextual experiences influence young children’s moral reasoning.

Los discursos del odio: una amenaza a la construcción democrática de la tolerancia

Los discursos del odio estigmatizan a colectivos y minorías por cuestiones étnicas,políticas, sociales o religiosas buscando su denigración y provocando una desigualdad estructural, un juego de superioridad e inferioridad. La reacción jurídica ante los discursos del odio no es unívoca en la esfera internacional,donde pueden identificarse varios paradigmas diferenciados: el modelo americano, hiper proteccionista de la libertad de expresión, donde sólo se reprenden las expresiones que conducen de forma directa a la comisión de delitos; el modelo Europeo, más proclive a censurar jurídicamente expresiones denigratorias gratuitas, que no contribuyen a la formación de la opinión pública, aunque no conlleven la comisión de delitos; y el modelo de los regímenes dictatoriales a los que en este extremo pueden equipararse algunos Estados confesionales, sobre todo de tradición islámica en los que el ataque a los símbolos ideológicos o religiosos constituye un ataque al propio Estado.En Europa hemos puesto recientemente el acento en los tipos penales ligados a la idea de apología del odio, que se han multiplicado en todo el continente y de los que la última reforma del Código penal español de 2015 constituye una manifestación proverbial. Sin embargo, la eficacia del derecho penal es precaria en este terreno, por lo difícil que es apreciar intencionalidad dañina en ciertas expresiones satíricas; por la cobertura que les presta el contexto artístico en el que a veces se producen; y por la tradicional consideración que tiene en la regulación de las injurias lo que sea o no aceptable según el uso social de cada época. En todo caso, el derecho aplicable en esta materia está en gran medida en construcción, in fieri ; necesitado de grandes acuerdos internacionales y globales entre los Estados y las identidades culturales y políticas que conforman la comunidad internacional. Para esta tarea la necesidad de un pensamiento fuerte, de orden ético y político, es tan incuestionable como urgente si queremos evitar los efectos más dramáticos del choque de civilizaciones que hoy revivimos a golpe de atentados. En este punto nos parece esencial construir una idea de respeto inclusivo como pilar y conductor de la convivencia en sociedades cada vez más interculturales.Entendemos que el estatuto de la tolerancia no ha de limitarse al reconocimiento del respeto como valor cívico comprometido activamente con los derechos universales inherentes a todo ser humano. Ese es, desde luego, un prius que ya señaló la Declaración de la UNESCO de 1995 dejando claro que no se trata de elevar a norma una tolerancia de la indiferencia , esencialmente permisiva, sino que hay que partir de la exigencia del respeto de la dignidad del otro en el sentido que proclama el art. 1º de la Declaración universal de derechos humanos, según el cual Todos los seres humanos nacen libres e iguales en dignidad y derechos y, dotados como están de razón y conciencia, deben comportarse fraternalmente los unos con los otros. A partir de ese mínimo, la construcción del respeto tiene que ir más allá del mero reconocimiento del otro, de lo distinto, para caminar hacia la inclusión del otro desde una perspectiva más intercultural que multicultural, de modo que pudiéramos transitar de la ética pública de la tolerancia hacia el otro a la ética cordial del reconocimiento del otro, de un reconocimiento que persigue una integración cultural transformadora. Esta posición nos sitúa ante la exigencia de políticas públicas de reconocimiento de las minorías y la diversidad de identidades. Políticas públicas activas que comprenderían desde una educación en derechos humanos que sentase las bases de una ciudadanía intercultural hasta la atención de las víctimas de la violencia y la discriminación que nacen del odio y de la ignorancia.

Introduction What Makes a Dissent Greatt?

The delivery of dissenting opinions is such a familiar phenomenon of appellate court decision-making in common law systems as to often go unremarked. Outside the United States of America, in which judicial dissent has long been viewed with a pronounced romanticism and has amassed a vast literature, direct scholarly attention has been limited. This is certainly true in Australia. Additionally, what judicial and academic discussion there is on the topic typically falls into one of two camps. In the first are contributions that engage in a fairly abstract weighing of the benefits of judicial dissent against its costs to the institutional authority and efficiency of the courts; these reflections are predominantly sourced from the judiciary. In the second is academic research with an empirical focus in which determining the frequency of judicial disagreement and the identification of regular coalitions and dissenters on the bench feature as dominant objectives. Despite the value of these different contributions, an important gap in our understanding of this topic remains: specifically, when and how has dissent really mattered? A full appreciation of the practice of judges writing minority opinions – what motivates them to do so, the adoption of a particular tone or style, and the impact of disagreement upon the work and standing of the court and the later development of the law – can only be gained through a substantive discussion about the value and significance of particular examples. This book aims to fill this gap by presenting a diverse collection of such opinions in which the circumstances and consequences of judicial dissent are explored in detail.At the same time, Great Australian Dissents is, as its title unambiguously indicates, a celebration of the genre. The contributing authors were invited to nominate a minority opinion they believe merits inclusion in the pantheon – but pointedly, they were not offered any pre-determined criteria for that purpose. Many of the dissents here will be ones widely anticipated by those who have studied and worked in the law, some may surprise, and the inclusion of others again may be hotly contested – just as they were at the two day workshop in which the chapters of this book were initially presented and discussed. The common purpose of the 21 authors across the 17 chapters that follow is to justify their selection to the reader. In doing so, they place the dissenting opinion in context so that its novelty and impact may be appreciated against the majority’s approach and the existing law. The authors detail the opinion’s immediate attractions and enduring appeal, if not vindication. In this way, the chapters of the book work in dialogue with each other to illuminate the topic of dissent more generally – not simply by providing instances when minority opinions have been distinctly valuable, but by also constructing a holistic understanding of those attributes and circumstances which lead some dissents to stand out as significant, even to become iconic, while so many lie forgotten. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce this highly varied collection and also the central themes that emerge from it – the many different ways in which a minority opinion may, despite losing the day when the case was decided, nevertheless make some claim to greatness.

Global Cardiovascular Risk Assessment: Strengths and Limitations.

Global cardiovascular (CV) risk assessment tries to answer the questions: who will benefit from intervention? And when should non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic treatment be started? Used for the assessment of CV risk in the presence of one main CV risk factor, the presence of previous CV disease, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, coronary heart disease and severely elevated single risk factors, are situations with a high or very high risk. For the majority of subjects without any of the above, a calculation of risk can help to decide the best management. The methodology of assessing global CV risk has both strength and limitations. Several computational methods have been developed to assess global CV risk but no risk estimation can consider all the potential risk factors. The most used score chart is the Framingham CardioVascular Risk Score, although in Europe the Systematic Coronary risk evaluation is widespread. The strengths of the global CV risk scores depend on the methodology applied at the time of construction: (a) appropriate statistical methods (representative sample, sufficient power, clear definition of the outcomes); (b) inclusion of appropriate risk factors (age, sex, conventional risk factors, and inclusion of others that can be relevant). Once developed, the function requires internal and external validity as well as calibration. There are several limitations, which have been solved with different approaches. In the case of hypertension, one element is introduced in the score charts, the presence of hypertension-induced organ damage offering a refinement of the approach to the global CV risk.

Smile (snarl): A poem

In this poem, I examine issues of racial identity, Canadian identity, and racism through reflecting upon a lived confrontation. I question what it means to be Canadian and how our often limited understandings of the Canadian identity perpetuate the marginalization of some and the inclusion of others. This poem also addresses the ambivalence of living in the hyphen between two races. I consider how the challenges of defining our personal and national identities are often thrust upon us when we least expect it.

Adolescents' preferences for social support for healthful eating and physical activity.

This study explored adolescents' views on the sources and types of social support they would prefer when trying to eat more healthfully and be more active, as well as their opinions regarding means of enhancing social support in interventions. A total of 28 adolescents (14 males, 14 females) ages 13 to 18 years participated in 4 focus groups that were stratified by gender and age to enhance participation. As expected, participants most readily named parents and friends as important sources of support and described wanting instrumental and emotional support from parents, companionship and emotional support from friends, and informational support from professionals. The focus groups revealed rich information regarding parents' and peers' behaviors that are and are not received as emotionally supportive, the helpfulness of parents' concurrent changes in lifestyle, and the importance of parents not ignoring or colluding with unhealthful behavior. Most participants expressed a need for frequent contact and a trusting relationship with professionals. Opinions were mixed regarding inclusion of others in appointments, use of electronic communications and social media, and group treatment formats. Results have implications for enhancing social support in behavioral weight management interventions that are developmentally relevant for adolescents.

Evidence for Vicarious Hope and Vicarious Gratitude

Theorists posit that well-being reflects an optimal balance of self- and other-interest. An index of other-interest may be the degree to which hope and gratitude concern others (termed vicarious hope and vicarious gratitude) in addition to concerning the self. We examined the frequency of vicarious responses generated by participants (N = 350) invited to list ten things for which they were hopeful or grateful. Results showed that, on average, about 13 % of participants’ responses were other-oriented, that such responses were more likely to occur in the hope than in the gratitude condition, and that they were more likely to occur in conditions where task instructions primed inclusion of others. The generation of vicarious responses correlated with the trait of empathic concern. Implications of these findings for future work on vicarious hope and vicarious gratitude are discussed.

Understanding idea advancement efforts in innovation through proactive behavior

Purpose– Innovations lie at the heart of both entrepreneurship and marketing. While research has long focused on the idea generation phase at the beginning of the innovation process, ideas need to subsequently be realized through efforts in idea development and implementation. This paper aims to study the antecedents and practices of idea advancement behavior.Design/methodology/approach– Seven product developers of an international company were interviewed in-depth based on a critical incident technique.Findings– Idea advancement behavior was found to be distributed in time and between people, pervasive in the development process. Antecedents for efforts were identified at personal, interpersonal and work organization levels. Although personal antecedents were most numerous, interpersonal and work organization antecedents distinguished successful and unsuccessful efforts. Key idea advancement behaviors were centered on the inclusion of others and communication channel choices.Research limitations/implications– The current study offers a complementary micro-level point-of-view to championship literature, illustrating the situated and dispersed nature of everyday advancement efforts as opposed to the dominant depictions of heroic relentless championing individuals. However, as the study was conducted in a single company, the findings still need to be validated in more varied settings.Practical implications– The results highlight the need for supporting idea advancement behavior across organizational levels and function, instead of focusing on identifying individual champions. Time management, supporting switches in the driving force, and communicating value are necessary for sustaining advancement efforts.Originality/value– Idea advancement practices have been largely ignored in previous innovation literature, with the exception of systematic processes and championing. This paper explores idea advancement as a commonplace proactive behavior, revealing several levels of key antecedents for successfully advancing ideas into innovations.

Aiming for inclusion: a case study of motivations for involvement in mental health‐care governance by ethnic minority users

To examine the motivations for involvement in mental health-care governance by socially disadvantaged ethnic minority users. A qualitative case study approach was employed to investigate the involvement of minority north-eastern users in mental health-care governance at CAPS Pedro Pellegrino in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Semi-structured interviews with minority Northeasterners (n = 12) and institutional stakeholders (n = 26) were complemented by participant observation of user assembly and user movement meetings. Minority Northeasterners express both individual and collective motivations for involvement in mental health-care governance. Individual motivations include the desire to increase social interaction, acquire meaningful social roles and overcome the stigma attached to mental illness. Collective motivations include the intent to improve the responsiveness of mental health care and achieve social justice for people with mental problems. Taken together, these motivations demonstrate a strong aspiration by users to promote their social inclusion and the inclusion of others who also experience marginalization. Results also reveal that the involvement of long-term participants is driven mostly by collective goals while early-stage participants focus predominantly in dealing with individual concerns. This is at odds with the mutual incentives theory, which postulates that collective motivations prevail over individual motivations in explaining user involvement. Groups historically excluded from decision-making processes may identify social inclusion as the core goal of their involvement. Initiatives aiming to increase user participation in health-care governance must address the range of motivations driving the involvement of users, instead of focusing solely on issues related to health-care management and provision.

To do, to have, or to share? Valuing experiences over material possessions depends on the involvement of others.

Recent evidence indicates that spending discretionary money with the intention of acquiring life experiences-events that one lives through-makes people happier than spending money with the intention of acquiring material possessions-tangible objects that one obtains and possesses. We propose and show that experiences are more likely to be shared with others, whereas material possessions are more prone to solitary use and that this distinction may account for their differential effects on happiness. In 4 studies, we present evidence demonstrating that the inclusion of others is a key dimension of how people derive happiness from discretionary spending. These studies showed that when the social-solitary and experiential-material dimensions were considered simultaneously, social discretionary spending was favored over solitary discretionary spending, whereas experiences showed no happiness-producing advantage relative to possessions. Furthermore, whereas spending money on socially shared experiences was valued more than spending money on either experiences enacted alone or material possessions, solitary experiences were no more valued than material possessions. Together, these results extend and clarify the basic findings of prior research and add to growing evidence that the social context of experiences is critical for their effects on happiness.

Made to measure? Assessing feasibility of quality indicators for district nursing

Scant empirical information exists regarding the quality of district nursing (DN) services. This article reports the testing of 31 quality indicators (QI) in practice. Method: Twelve DN teams provided patient notes for audit. External auditors completed audit forms by cross-referencing between DN office records, patient notes from home, electronic GP records and discussions with DN team leaders. A patient experience questionnaire was piloted. Findings: 277 (77%) patients’ records were audited. Access to records was problematic. QIs required further refinement of their wording, modification of inclusion criteria, deletion of some QIs and inclusion of others. Telephone administration of the patient experience questionnaire was not feasible for the DN patient population. Conclusions: QIs can not be used ‘off the shelf’ and need testing and modification before routine use. Trained, external auditors with clinical backgrounds ensure an informed, uniform, objective approach to data collection, which is desirable as QIs might inform commissioners in a competitive field in future.

Multicultural Education and the Treatment of Others in Schoolbooks

This paper deals with issues that have to do with multicultural education in Macedonia and the challenges of its organization under conditions of democracy and complicated interethnic relations. Macedonia, as a multiethnic and multi-religious country, after the year 1991 tried to enrich the education of young generations with the new paradigms of the democratic society. One of those features is diversity, respectfulness of differences and inclusion of others in different processes. However, the question still remains unanswered: Should multicultural aspects remain only as a theoretical approach or should they become practice in our schools? Is it possible to have a real multicultural education in an increasing ethno-nationalist environment? Another issue in this paper is that the current majority-minority relations in our country tend to present multiculturalism as a trend in which minorities should learn, act and play by the rules of the majority. How much can be learnt about different cultures, ways of living, customs, traditions, cuisine, music and the culture in general from the schoolbooks used in the Macedonian society? The main clash is currently going on between the Macedonian community which is a majority and the Albanian community which is in fact the largest minority group in Macedonia, with 35% of the total number of pupils in primary schools. This kind of clash is often presented in books by insulting and offending the latter community. A multicultural society is supposed to be a society where diversities prevail in the positive context. The concept of multiculturalism in an academic environment represents the mosaic in which different linguistic, cultural, religious, racial and ethnic communities’ cohabitate next to one another. This is also accepted as a public policy in education as well as an educational philosophy and a way of living. With the help of statistical data we will try to analyze the actual reality and the future of the multicultural education in Macedonia.

Tierra del Fuego: construcción científico-política de la exclusión y contraimagen del ideal citadino

Due to its late incorporation into the national State, the social, economic and political setting of the Argentine province Tierra del Fuego differed from that of the rest of the national territory. In the construction of dependent otherness, objectifications and representations were imposed by state-related and non-state-related institutions, among other agencies. In this context, the Salesian mission of La Candelaria and Ushuaia's Jail for recidivists stand out as spaces in which biopolitics was concretised. The native population and criminals in Tierra del Fuego were those to be subjugated. The thesis of the extinction of the Indian and the simultaneous exaltation of the criminal as the subject of progress identified the scientific and political mechanisms by which the exclusion of certain social groups (Tierra del Fuego's indigenous population) and the inclusion of others (criminals) were regulated.

Bereaved informal cancer carers making sense of their palliative care experiences at home

This qualitative study explored the positive meanings constructed and ascribed to the experience of providing palliative care at home by bereaved informal cancer carers, a group of individuals who are in a position to make sense of their caring experiences as a coherent whole. Twenty-two bereaved cancer carers, living in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, were interviewed as part of a larger mixed-method study examining the experience of informal cancer care. Participants were recruited through cancer support groups and cancer clinics, and through the Cancer Council NSW. Accounts of positive aspects of palliative caring were analysed using a thematic analytical approach from a constructionist perspective. The findings indicated that these bereaved carers gave accounts that accentuated the benefit and satisfaction derived from providing direct palliative care at home, which enabled them to construct positive meanings associated with their participation in the dying process, and as a result to ascribe subjectively meaningful interpretations to their loved ones' death and their sense of loss. This included a sense of reward for doing something good, meeting the expressed needs of the patient, continuing with normal life as much as possible, improving the conditions of the relationship and meeting cultural expectations of the right thing to do. Being present at the point of death was positioned as rewarding because it facilitated the process of saying goodbye, fostered inclusion of others, provided closure and was a spiritual experience. These findings suggest that there are positive and rewarding aspects associated with providing informal cancer care in a palliative context, and these aspects were pertinent and meaningful for carers in their endeavours to reconcile the difficulties and loss they experienced. This has implications for the prevention and amelioration of distress experienced by informal cancer carers, and suggests that future research should not ignore the positive aspects of providing palliative care.

Achieving Optimal Functional Outcomes in Community-Based Rehabilitation following Acquired Brain Injury: A Qualitative Investigation of Therapists' Perspectives

The aim of this study was to explore therapists' opinions about the rehabilitation approaches that they perceived contributed to positive outcomes for people with acquired brain injury in community-based rehabilitation settings in order to develop a set of practice principles for clinicians working in this area. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight Australian and three British therapists, with a mean of 5.2 years' experience of working with people with acquired brain injury in community-based rehabilitation settings. The interviews were analysed thematically. A summary of the themes was presented to a larger group of acquired brain injury service providers (n = 35) for validation. The participants emphasised the importance of environmental factors, such as collaboration with and inclusion of others in rehabilitation, especially those in the person's support network. Strategy use, client-centred goal setting, the provision of education and the development of a therapeutic relationship were identified as facilitators in community-based rehabilitation. Problems with self-awareness and motivation, drug and alcohol use, and behavioural difficulties were commonly identified barriers to optimal outcomes. The key practice principles derived from the findings were the need for community-based rehabilitation for people with acquired brain injury to be (1) environment focused and contextually appropriate, (2) collaborative and (3) goal directed and client centred.

Foreign Workers and Korean Nationalism: Inclusion of Others through Liberal Nationalism

Foreign Workers and Korean Nationalism: Inclusion of Others through Liberal Nationalism

The (Re)Construction of Self after the Death of a Partner to HIV/AIDS

The aim of this study was to explore individuals' self-construals after the loss of a partner from HIV/AIDS for whom they were a caregiver. Seven gay or transsexual bereaved caregivers were interviewed after the death of their partners. The data revealed patterns suggestive of A. Aron and E. N. Aron's (1986) “inclusion of others in the self” (IOS) with partners described as part of participants' identity. Using the metaphor of the IOS, the results illustrate how care-giving became a part of the self as well as aspects of the partner. Upon the death of the partner, the loss resulted in a crisis of meaning due to the loss of the person and relationship that had contributed significance and purpose to life. Regaining meaning involved making sense of both the relationship and the caregiving role.

The patient, the doctor and the family as aspects of community: New models for informed consent

Filial obligation and its implications have been little-debated in ethics. The basis of informed consent in libertarian positions may be challenged by inclusion of others beyond the immediate doctor-patient relationship. Some of the literature arguing for and against filial duty, including feminist literature, is presented as a backdrop to the argument that a patient's family, and further, his or her community, contains the source of a broader perspective regarding decisions concerning his or her medical treatment. Communitarian models allow for a medical decision to be owned by some or all stakeholders in patient outcomes. Although such a position undoubtedly confronts traditional notions of autonomy, it offers an alternative that may positively impact the practice of medicine by providing a more holistic treatment context. New models premised on shared decision-making will be presented as frameworks that may provide a theoretical basis for greater physician input into medical decisions that impact a patient's family members and in more global terms, his or her community.