Inclusion Of Mothers Research Articles

Maternal Violence Against Children: A Brief Literature Review

Domestic Violence against Children and Adolescents (DVCA) is considered a social and public health problem, which occurs in the private space of the family. Mothers are among those who most violate their children because they are the main ones responsible for their care. This review analyzed the articles published in the last 12 years that dealt with maternal violence. It was found that most of the studies were qualitative, written in Portuguese, carried out in Brazil, and in the area of psychology. The high production by Brazilian authors shows that this phenomenon has become visible in the country. Physical violence and neglect were the most highlighted and the mothers participating in the studies were mostly from lower socioeconomic classes. There is a gap regarding the inclusion of mothers with other socioeconomic characteristics and from other countries. The content of the articles provided a wealth of information about the life histories and personalities of these women, but only a minority explored the relational vicissitudes of the mother-child dyads, which could result in more comprehensive and effective intervention proposals in the context of DVCA.

4317 Using Failure Modes and Effects Analysis to Guide Adaptation of an Evidence-Based Parenting Program for Mothers with Substance Use Disorders

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To identify possible failures that could occur in the delivery of an evidence-based parenting program for mothers with substance use disorders (SUD) through existing home-visiting services, and to develop solutions to the most significant failures. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Using failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) methodology, we conducted two 2-hour advisory panel discussions with 15 people from a variety of disciplines and life experiences related to SUDs. The intervention delivery process included five steps: (1) Recruitment, (2) Screening, (3) Matching, (4) Enrollment in person, and (5) Intervention delivery. Participants collectively determined possible failures, causes, and consequences. Participants then agreed on three scores (Likert Scale 0-10) for the likelihood of occurrence, detection, and severity of the failure, with 10 being the highest likelihood, difficulty detecting, or severity. A risk priority number (RPN) was calculated as the product of the 3 scores (maximum RPN = 1,000). The group then identified possible solutions for failures with higher RPNs. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: For each step in the process we identified the following number of failure nodes and RPN scores: (1) recruitment: 13 failures; RPN = 800, (2) screening: 102 failures; RPN = 10, (3) matching: 4 failures: RPN = 490, (4) enrollment: 6 failures; RPN = 80, (5) delivery: 11 failures; RPN = 80. The most critical failures related to recruitment and were perceived as being caused by potential development of mistrust in the community. Participants strongly encouraged the use of “strengths-based language,” clear referral plans for mothers that did not qualify, and inclusion of mothers that did not have custody of their children. These findings resulted in changes to the screening script, enrollment procedures, and inclusion criterial for the program. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: FMEA methodology was particularly effective in identifying possible failures for the integration of an evidence-based parenting program into existing home-visiting services as they related to the psychological safety of mothers with SUDs. The process resulted in direct changes to procedures for the anticipated program integration and study.

The inclusion of mothers in human resources for health planning.

This paper examines the possibility of including families, particularly mothers, within the health workforce using the human resource for health planning model to improve newborn outcomes. In many low- and middle-income countries, there is a critical shortage of healthcare providers which impacts care for the neonatal population. A maternal and newborn health need that is prevalent in such countries is the care available between pregnancy and the postnatal period, where significant maternal and newborn deathsoccur. Using the population health need of the neonatal population in Tanzania, this paper explores the opportunity to include mothers as an additional human resource for health within the Needs-Based Health Human Resources and Health Systems Planning model. In relation to educating and engaging family caregivers, the possible extension of the health workforce to include mothers as a response to meeting the healthcare needs of the neonatal population has yet to be explored. Through mothers and healthcare providers working together to address the population health need of essential newborn care, it offers a way forward for planning the resources needed in a health system. If utilized, mothers offer the opportunity to supplement the demand for human resources for health in the provision of newborn care, without replacing healthcare providers. Mothers as potential members of the health workforce furthers the health system as a whole whereby population health needs are addressed and newborn mortality declines. To solve the critical gap based on the supply of and demand for providers including doctors, nurses and midwives, a broader look at innovative solutions is essential. Mothers offer the opportunity to supplement the available human resources for health in the provision of newborn care, thus helping to close existing gaps.

Relationship between family history of alcohol addiction, parents' education level, and smartphone problem use scale scores.

Background and aimsSmartphones are ubiquitous. As smartphones increased in popularity, researchers realized that people were becoming dependent on their smartphones. The purpose here was to provide a better understanding of the factors related to problematic smartphone use (PSPU).Methods The participants were 100 undergraduates (25 males, 75 females) whose ages ranged from 18 to 23 (mean age = 20 years). The participants completed questionnaires to assess gender, ethnicity, year in college, father’s education level, mother’s education level, family income, age, family history of alcoholism, and PSPU. The Family Tree Questionnaire assessed family history of alcoholism. The Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale (MPPUS) and the Adapted Cell Phone Addiction Test (ACPAT) were used to determine the degree of PSPU. Whereas the MPPUS measures tolerance, escape from other problems, withdrawal, craving, and negative life consequences, the ACPAT measures preoccupation (salience), excessive use, neglecting work, anticipation, lack of control, and neglecting social life.Results Family history of alcoholism and father’s education level together explained 26% of the variance in the MPPUS scores and 25% of the variance in the ACPAT scores. The inclusion of mother’s education level, ethnicity, family income, age, year in college, and gender did not significantly increase the proportion of variance explained for either MPPUS or ACPAT scores.Discussion and conclusions Family history of alcoholism and father’s education level are good predictors of PSPU. As 74%–75% of the variance in PSPU scale scores was not explained, future studies should aim to explain this variance.

The influence of motherhood on neural systems for reward processing in low income, minority, young women

ObjectiveGiven the association between maternal caregiving behavior and heightened neural reward activity in experimental animal studies, the present study examined whether motherhood in humans positively modulates reward-processing neural circuits, even among mothers exposed to various life stressors and depression. MethodsSubjects were 77 first-time mothers and 126 nulliparous young women from the Pittsburgh Girls Study, a longitudinal study beginning in childhood. Subjects underwent a monetary reward task during functional magnetic resonance imaging in addition to assessment of current depressive symptoms. Life stress was measured by averaging data collected between ages 8–15 years. Using a region-of-interest approach, we conducted hierarchical regression to examine the relationship of psychosocial factors (life stress and current depression) and motherhood with extracted ventral striatal (VST) response to reward anticipation. Whole-brain regression analyses were performed post-hoc to explore non-striatal regions associated with reward anticipation in mothers vs nulliparous women. ResultsAnticipation of monetary reward was associated with increased neural activity in expected regions including caudate, orbitofrontal, occipital, superior and middle frontal cortices. There was no main effect of motherhood nor motherhood-by-psychosocial factor interaction effect on VST response during reward anticipation. Depressive symptoms were associated with increased VST activity across the entire sample. In exploratory whole brain analysis, motherhood was associated with increased somatosensory cortex activity to reward (FWE cluster forming threshold p<0.001). ConclusionsThese findings indicate that motherhood is not associated with reward anticipation-related VST activity nor does motherhood modulate the impact of depression or life stress on VST activity. Future studies are needed to evaluate whether earlier postpartum assessment of reward function, inclusion of mothers with more severe depressive symptoms, and use of reward tasks specific for social reward might reveal an impact of motherhood on reward system activity.

Could the sheffield birth score support an intervention programme to reduce infant mortality?

BackgroundBetween 1973 and 1979, Sheffield used a validated score applied at birth to provide support for families at risk of possibly preventable deaths. It was estimated that 20 lives were...

God, Locke, and Equality: Christian Foundations in Locke’s Political Thought by Jeremy Waldron

334 more, and Wills provided the decoration for the room where the governors met, and established the hospital as a center of art and a public attraction. The public came to its chapel each Sunday for baptisms , and Handel offered the first of many concerts there in 1749. Coram continued to visit the hospital to which he had given so much. Never wealthy (contrary to popular belief), he slipped into poverty. Ironically, friends set up a subscription to provide him with a pension. Coram died in 1751 and was interred in the hospital’s chapel. Ms. Wagner does not attempt to whitewash his faults; he was hot tempered and irascible , but the major efforts of his life served the public good. Anita Guerrini University of California, Santa Barbara JEREMY WALDRON. God, Locke, and Equality: Christian Foundations in Locke’s Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge, 2002. Pp. xii ⫹ 263. $65; $22 (paper). In the 1999 Carlyle Lectures, Mr. Waldron argued that ‘‘we are not able to bracket off the theological dimension of Locke’s commitment to equality.’’In Mr. Waldron’s considered judgment, we should not even try. Thus God, Locke, and Equality represents a breakthrough in the understanding of Locke’s philosophy in general, and his Two Treatises of Government in particular. Mr. Waldron excels at spelling out just how his view of Locke as an ‘‘equalityradical ’’ advances scholarly conversation . Whereas John Dunne assumes Locke’s hierarchical faith in A. O. Lovejoy ’s ‘‘Great Chain of Being,’’Mr. Waldron reveals Locke’s near egalitarian belief in ‘‘Species . . . linked together, and differ[ing] but in almost insensible degrees ’’ (An Essay Concerning Human Understanding). ‘‘The members of the laboring class,’’ C. B. Macpherson’s reading of Locke asserts, ‘‘do not and cannot live a fully rational life,’’ but, in Mr. Waldron’s words, Locke insists on ‘‘the fundamental adequacy of even the meanest intellect.’’ Mr. Waldron, correspondingly , refutes Macpherson’s narrow understanding of Lockean ‘‘property ’’ as tangible possessions: Locke’s concept, in Mr. Waldron’s highlighting of it, features life, liberty, and labor. The upshot of Locke’s forceful argument against Sir Robert Filmer, according to Mr. Waldron’s startling, yet persuasive , interpretation of the Two Treatises, is that ‘‘neither the rich nor civil society on their behalf is entitled to resist the poor when the poor attempt to seize their surplus goods for themselves .’’ Because Locke regards charity as more a right than a duty, Mr. Waldron continues, ‘‘Lockean government may have to be continually interfering to redistribute surplus goods from the rich to the most needy.’’ Thus, though scarcely separated from the state, on the one hand, and though obviously far from the state-affiliated brand of conservative Christianity now dominant in the United States, on the other, Locke’s Christianity feels spiritually communitarian (as distinct from temporally socialist). Mr. Waldron’s paraphrase of Locke’s notes on Romans 13:1–5, on obeying ‘‘the powers that be,’’ rings true. His summary of Locke’s notes on I Corinthians 7:20–23, about slaves obeying their masters, proves telling. Locke, in Mr. Waldron’s estimation, slips ‘‘some distinctly Lockean ideas’’ into The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina (1669)—for instance, freedom of worship for the slave population there. Mr. Waldron contests Lorenne Clark’s verdict that Locke’s theory displays ‘‘un- 335 equivocally sexist assumptions.’’ For more than six pages in the First Treatise, after all, Locke elaborates on the fifth commandment’s inclusion of mothers. Mr. Waldron’s ear for Locke’s ‘‘logic of contractarianism’’ hears Locke acknowledging women’s parental authority, their property, and even their marital partnership . As Mr. Waldron points out, Locke praised a 1696 sermon by Rebecca Collier and observed that ‘‘women had the honour first to publish the resurrection of the Lord of Love.’’ ‘‘The scriptural character of Locke’s writing,’’ Mr. Waldron admits, ‘‘might suggest that he is doing something different from philosophical argumentation .’’ ‘‘In fact,’’ however, ‘‘Locke is trying to give the world a lesson in the difference between arguing from scriptural revelation and simply assembling [as Filmer does] various verses and catch-phrases in an opportunistic political tract.’’ Against John Rawls’s conclusion that ‘‘citizens may not appeal to their religious convictions in...

Still looking for Poppa.

In 1992, V. Phares published an article titled "Where's Poppa?: The Relative Lack of Attention to the Role of Fathers in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology". Since that time, there have been modest gains in the research literature on clinical child issues, but there remains a wide gap between the inclusion of mothers and fathers in clinical child and family research. To provide an update of this issue for the field of developmental psychopathology, the authors of this comment conducted an updated review and analysis of the research on fathers and developmental psychopathology. These current data were compared with the data from the Phares and Compas (1992) study. It was found that there continues to be a dearth of research on fathers and developmental psychopathology.

Measurement of quality of life in pediatric asthma clinical trials.

This review will provide the reader a current appraisal of attempts to measure quality of life (QoL) in pediatric asthma and guidelines toward making a discriminating selection from available QoL questionnaires. A MEDLINE literature search was performed using the index terms quality of life and asthma. Reference lists from articles identified through this search were also perused. References that did not include the term "quality of life" but clearly addressed this topic were included. Nine questionnaires employed in studies evaluating life quality associated with pediatric asthma were identified. Five of the questionnaires are parent-completed and four are child-completed. The instruments vary considerably in length and content areas, and most have been used in a single study. The science of measuring QoL change associated with pediatric asthma is in its infancy and the decision to use any single QoL instrument should be made cautiously. Investigators seeking to employ a QoL questionnaire in pediatric asthma clinical trials must consider several problems specific to evaluation with children, including age effects, reading ability, impact of adult assistance upon responses, and the inclusion of mother- versus father-completed questionnaires. The selected QoL questionnaire should address specific hypotheses and be piloted by the investigator before inclusion in a planned investigation.

Convergence among assessments of temperament in the first month.

This study was designed to assess the potential convergence of 3 approaches to the description of temperament in the first month of life and to identify which aspects of early temperament are most meaningful to mothers. 48 newborns were tested with the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS). 2 weeks later, mothers responded to the Rothbart Infant Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ). 2 weeks thereafter, mothers were interviewed in accordance with the Thomas, Chess, and Birch New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS) clinical guidelines while the NBAS was again administered to their infants. A number of significant and/or marginally significant correlations were established among the 3 instruments, suggesting that early measures of infant behavior may implicitly or explicitly reflect aspects of functioning associated with the construct of temperament. The findings argue for an increased emphasis on temperament research in the first postpartum months, for the development of more age-appropriate assessments, for the simultaneous use of multiple measures in such research, and for the continued inclusion of mothers as credible observers of infant behavior.