Inclusion Of Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles Research Articles

Características nutricionais de grãos secos destilados com solúveis e seus efeitos no desempenho e viabilidade econômica para suínos

Abstract The chemical and nutritional characteristics of the four distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) were determined for dry matter (DM), mineral matter (MM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and gross energy analyzed (GEa), from which the values of gross energy (GE), digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy (NE) were estimated. There were differences in the contents of EE, NDF, GEa, GE, DE, ME and NE between the lots. A total of 40 barrows with an initial weight of 72.69 ± 5.66 kg were assigned to a randomized block design, fed diets containing 0, 100, 200 and 300 g kg−1 DDGS for 28 days and were subjected to performance assessment. The inclusion of DDGS in the diets did not affect daily feed intake (DFI), daily weight gain (DWG) or feed conversion (FC) but linearly reduced the final weight. Based on the results of the performance and prices of ingredients in the local market, we calculated the costs of feed, revenue and gross operating profit (GOP). Inclusions of DDGS in pig diets reduced costs and revenues but did not affect GOP. DDGS presented chemical and nutritional variation between the lots. Levels of inclusion up to 300 g kg−1 DDGS do not affect finishing pig performance and profitability.

238 Impact of Increasing Standardized Ileal Digestible Tryptophan to Lysine Ratio in Diets Containing 20% Corn Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles fed to Growing-Finishing Pigs

Abstract A study was conducted to investigate the optimal standardized ileal digestible (SID) Trp to Lys ratio in diets containing a moderately high level (20%) of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) fed to growing-finishing pigs. A total of 2,232 pigs [initial body weight (BW) = 31.41 kg ± 0.53 kg] were allotted to a randomized complete block design with 4 dietary treatments (18 pens/treatment; 31 pigs/pen, mixed gender) and fed experimental diets for 15 wk in a 6-phase feeding program. The level of SID Trp/Lys in each treatment was formulated to 0.15, 0.18, 0.21, and 0.24, respectively, and was manipulated by crystalline Trp inclusion. Within each phase, diets were formulated to be isocaloric and contained equal provisions of SID Lys, sulfur containing amino acids, Thr, and Ile. Diets met or exceeded NRC (2012) estimated nutrient requirements. The levels of SID Thr/Lys (0.65 – 0.70 from grower to finisher) and SID Ile/Lys (0.60 – 0.62 from grower to finisher) were adjusted to a greater level to accommodate the potential negative effects of greater levels of fiber and Leu, respectively, from the inclusion of DDGS. Results were analyzed using the lme4 package of R 4.1.2, and the statistical models included the fixed effect of SID Trp/Lys and the random effect of body weight block. Orthogonal contrasts were used to test linear and quadratic effects of increasing dietary SID Trp/Lys (Table 1). Results indicated that increasing SID Trp/Lys in diets containing 20% corn DDGS improved final body weight (FBW) in a quadratic pattern (128.67, 130.61, 130.83, and 130.37 kg, for diets formulated to SID Trp/Lys at 0.15, 0.18, 0.21, and 0.24, respectively, P < 0.05). Average daily feed intake (ADFI) was quadratically increased with increasing SID Trp/Lys (2.51, 2.57, 2.60, and 2.57 kg/d, respectively, P < 0.05). A linear tendency was observed on average daily gain (ADG) with increasing SID Trp/Lys (0.96, 0.98, 0.98, and 0.98 kg/d, respectively, P < 0.10). In summary, increasing SID Trp/Lys in diets with moderately high levels of corn DDGS improved FBW and ADFI in a quadratic pattern and tended to increase ADG linearly.

Adding dried distillers grains with solubles influences the rumen microbiome of meat goats fed lespedeza or alfalfa-based diets

We evaluated the effect of replacement of corn and soybean meal (SBM) with dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) in sericea lespedeza (SL; Lespedeza cuneata) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa)-based diets on ruminal fermentation and bacterial community of growing meat goats. Thirty-six male Spanish growing meat goats with an average body weight of 24 ± 1.8 kg were stratified by body weight and assigned to four isonitrogenous (crude protein = 17.1 ± 0.1%) and isocaloric (3.2 ± 0.09 Mcal/ kg DM) diets for 60 d in a randomized design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The dietary treatments were (1) alfalfa-based diet (ALC), (2) alfalfa + DDGS (ALD; replacement of corn and SBM with DDGS), (3) SL-based diet (SLC) and (4) SL + DDGS (SLD; replacement of corn and SBM with DDGS). The goats were slaughtered, and rumen contents were immediately sampled for 16 S rRNA gene sequencing and rumen fermentation analysis. The analysis of Similarity (ANOSIM) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) were respectively used to detect microbial community shift and differentially abundant taxa among treatments. Addition of DDGS increased (P < 0.05) rumen acetate concentrations in both alfalfa and lespedeza-based diets. However, dietary DDGS reduced (P < 0.05) butyrate and ammonia nitrogen concentrations, compared to alfalfa and SL-based diets. The ANOSIM results revealed a shift in the bacterial community between ALC and ALD (R = 0.251; P = 0.01) and between SLC and SLD (R = 0.289; P = 0.001). The LEfSe analysis revealed that the relative abundance of 7 taxa, including Ruminococcaceae UCG 002, Succinivibrionaceae UCG 002, Prevotellaceae YAB2003, and Lachnospiraceae UCG 010 were reduced (LDA > 2; P < 0.05) while 38 taxa were enriched (LDA > 2; P < 0.05) in ALD compared to ALC. Similarly, the relative abundance of 31 taxa, including Ruminococcus YE281, Succinivibrio, and Lachnospiraceae ND3007 were reduced, while 35 taxa were enriched (LDA > 2; P < 0.05) in SLD compared to SLC. In conclusion, this study showed that regardless of the forage type, inclusion of DDGS in diet modulates the relative population of both fibrolytic and butyrate-producing bacteria in meat goats.

Performance and milk composition of Holstein cows fed increasing levels of dried distillers’ grains with solubles

The objective was to evaluate the performance and milk composition of cows fed diets containing dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS). Five multiparous Holstein cows were distributed in a 5×5 Latin square. The treatments involved inclusion levels of 0%, 8%, 16%, 24%, and 32% of DDGS from corn in the diet. The inclusion of DDGS in the diet reduced the intake of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), and increased the intake of ether extract (EE) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (P < 0.05). However, the energy intake was unchanged, which can be explained by the increased digestibility of nutrients. There was a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) on digestibility of DM and NFC, and NDF digestibility increased linearly with the inclusion of DDGS in the diet. Possibly, the reduction of ingested DM promoted a decrease in the passage rate of feed through the gastrointestinal tract resulting in increased digestion. Ruminal microbial protein synthesis was not influenced by the treatments. The inclusion of DDGS promoted a linear increase in the concentration of cholesterol before feeding and in the concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides four hours after feeding (P < 0.05). Milk production, energy corrected milk, protein content and milk urea nitrogen concentration were unchanged with the inclusion of DDGS in the diet. However, milk fat decreased linearly (P < 0.05) probably due to the high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids present in DDGS, that after incomplete biohydrogenation in the rumen form fatty acids responsible for the depression of milk fat. Thus, the inclusion of 32% DDGS from corn in the diet did not alter the performance of lactating cows, however, it reduced milk fat content.

Corn distiller's dried grains with solubles as an alternative ingredient to corn and soybean meal in Pekin duck diets based on its predicted AME and the evaluated standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids

The study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) levels on growth performance, carcass characteristic, serum biochemical indexes, meat physical and chemical quality, nutrient utilization, and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids (SIDAA) in Pekin ducks aged 11 to 42 d based on the evaluation of its SIDAA. A total of 560 eleven-day-old Cherry Valley ducks were randomly allotted to 5 treatments with 7 replicate pens per treatment and 16 ducks per pen based on the average body weight. Six isonitrogenous and isocaloric experimental diets were formulated on a digestible amino acid basis to produce diets containing 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% DDGS, respectively. With increasing of dietary DDGS levels, a linear and quadratic reduction (P < 0.05) was observed in the body weight (BW) at d 42, average day gain (ADG) and average day feed intake (ADFI) from d 11 to 42, breast meat yield, the moisture and protein content in the breast meat, and dietary DM and EE utilization. Moreover, a linear and quadratic increase (P < 0.05) was observed in the b* value of the breast meat and serum total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. Compared with the control group, the group with 10% inclusion of DDGS exhibited no adverse effect on growth performance, carcass characteristics, serum biochemical indexes, meat physical and chemical quality, nutrient utilization, and the SIDAA of the diets (P > 0.05). These results suggested that 10% of corn DDGS can function as an alternative ingredient to corn and soybean meal, and the optimal levels of DDGS in the diets of ducks aged from 11 to 42 d depends more on its quality.

The Interaction of Dried Distillers Grains With Solubles (DDGS) Type and Level on Growth Performance, Health, Texture, and Muscle-Related Gene Expression in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

The aim of this study was to estimate the possible synergetic effects of the two levels of dietary dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) from different sources (US-imported and native) on the growth, health status, muscle texture, and muscle growth-related gene expression of juvenile grass carp. Four treatments of fish were fed with 4 isonitrogenous diets, namely, native DDGS20, native DDGS30, US-imported DDGS20, and US-imported DDGS30 for 60 days. The US-imported DDGS30 group showed the better growth and feed efficiency. Additionally, we observed a significant increase in hepatopancreatic total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in native DDGS groups. Moreover, raw muscle collagen increases considerably in the US-imported DDGS30 compared with the native DDGS30 group. In comparison with the native DDGS groups, the US-imported DDGS groups showed significantly decrease in all textural properties and fiber density, while increased fiber diameter. Dietary native DDGS inclusion significantly showed the upregulation of myog, myhc, and fgf6a expression in muscle, while the downregulation of the expression of myod and myf5. Overall, US-imported DDGS30 had a beneficial influence on growth via regulating genes involved in myogenesis and hypertrophy, the formation of collagen, but had negative impacts on antioxidant capacity and cooked muscle texture.

168 Evaluation of Increasing Dietary Threonine to Lysine Ratio in Corn-Soybean Meal Diets with and Without Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS) on Growth Performance of Grow-Finish Pigs

Abstract A total of 2,160 pigs (PIC 337×1050; initial BW 35.1 kg) were used in a 112-d growth trial to evaluate the effects of normal or high SID Thr:Lys ratio in diets with and without DDGS on growth performance. Pigs were assigned to pens (27 pigs per pen) in a randomized complete block design by BW with 20 replications per treatment. Pens of pigs were allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments arranged in a 2×2 factorial with main effects of dietary Thr level (Normal vs High) and DDGS (with or without). Treatment diets were formulated in 4 phases from 35 to 57, 57 to 82, 82 to 105, and 105 to 136 kg BW. Diets with high DDGS were formulated to include 40% DDGS in phase 1 and 2, 30% in phase 3, and 15% in phase 4. Normal Thr diets were formulated to contain 61, 62, 63, and 65% SID Thr:Lys ratios for the 4 dietary phases, respectively. High Thr diets had SID Thr:Lys ratios of 67, 68, 69 and 72%, respectively. There were no (P&amp;gt;0.10) DDGS×Thr interactions. For the overall period (d 0 to 112), pigs fed diets without DDGS had increased (P &amp;lt; 0.001) ADG and BW, and reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.001) ADFI leading to improved (P &amp;lt; 0.001) G:F. There was no evidence for difference (P &amp;gt; 0.10) between diets with normal or high SID Thr:Lys ratio regardless of DDGS inclusion. In summary, the addition of high levels of DDGS reduced ADG and increased ADFI, which resulted in poorer G:F and lighter final BW, regardless of the dietary SID Thr:Lys ratio. These results indicate that addition of an insoluble fiber source, such as corn DDGS, does not increase the Thr:Lys requirement of finishing pigs.

The effects of various levels of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and a dacitic (rhyolitic) tuff breccia on pellet production rate and durability

Distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) has been associated with a reduction in pellet production efficiency and quality in animal diets, whereas some minerals may improve pellet efficiency by scouring the surface of the pelleting die holes, reducing friction. The objective of this study was to understand the relationship between DDGS and a dacitic tuff breccia (DTB) based on pellet production rate and pellet durability index (PDI). The experiment was conducted in a complete block design, with a factorial arrangement 5 × 2, and repeated on 2 d. DDGS levels (0, 4, 8, 12, and 16%) and DTB (0 and 0.25%) were the main effects. Interactions between DDGS and DTB were observed for production rate throughout the study, however, the effects were not consistent between days. DTB inclusion improved the production rate of diets containing 12% DDGS on day 1 ( P = 0.010), whereas, on day 2, this positive effect was observed in DTB diets with 4 and 8% DDGS compared to their respective controls ( P = 0.001). DTB inclusion had a positive main effect on PDI on day 1 ( P > 0.015), however, this result was not observed on day 2 ( P > 0.314). Increasing levels of DDGS in the diet had a positive influence on PDI throughout the experiment ( P < 0.001). The results showed the potential of DTB in improving pellet production rate when dietary DDGS inclusion ranged from 4% to 12%.

High fiber fraction DDGS – A functional filler for manufacturing low-density particleboards

Increasing demand for wood in the particleboard industry, its associated cost, and the potential health issues with chemical resins have led to a search for using environment friendly renewable agricultural products to replace the wood particles. The objective of this study was to evaluate the properties of particleboards manufactured from renewable products such as wheat straw and the high fiber fraction of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). The high fiber fraction of the DDGS was obtained by sieving and aspiration to get two fractions - one with high protein and another with high neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content compared with the original DDGS. The number 20 sieved and aspirated lighter fraction (SA#20-L) had the highest NDF content at 25.44% higher than the original DDGS. Therefore, this SA#20-L fraction was selected for particleboard manufacturing. Particle size distribution (PSD) was analyzed using ∑Volume machine vision approach to study the effect of particle morphology and size on properties of boards. Low-density particleboards were made from SA#20-L DDGS and wheat straw at three different loadings of DDGS (25%, 50%, and 75%) using 3% (dry basis) phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin. Particleboards with the same the DDGS loading and processing conditions were also manufactured from original DDGS to test the effectiveness of using the high fiber DDGS for manufacturing particleboards. The inclusion of DDGS (both SA#20-L and original) at 25% loading in the wheat straw boards had comparable mechanical properties to control wheat straw particleboards. With the inclusion of even higher DDGS loading (50% and 75%), physical properties were significantly improved as compared to control, but mechanical properties declined. Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) was superior for high fiber DDGS than particleboards made from the original DDGS. Other mechanical properties, however, were better for the original DDGS. At 25% DDGS loading, both SA#20-L and original DDGS met the ANSI 208.1 standard for MOE, modulus of rupture, and internal bond values for low-density particleboards.

A Review on the Use of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) in Aquaculture Feeds

Abstract Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) to replace fishmeal (FM) or other plant protein sources and its effects on an aquatic animal’s growth performance and health system is rarely discussed. In recent times FM use in aquafeed has been a problem for the aquaculture industry because of the depletion of fish resources in the ocean and the high cost of FM. For that reason, researchers are focusing on reducing the cost of aquafeed production by lowering the inclusion of FM in aquafeed. One of the low-cost alternative protein sources to replace FM is DDGS. The present review discusses the compilation of available literature review and other works on the use of DDGS to replace FM in aquafeed and how it improves the growth performance, immune health system, and disease resistance in an aquatic animal. It focuses on the production of DDGS, the nutritional composition of DDGS, the chemical and physical characteristics of DDGS, and the effects of the DDGS inclusion in aquafeed on the aquatic animal. Apart from improving the growth performance of the aquatic animal when included in aquafeed, it also helps improve the immune health system of the animal. It also helps boost the immune system of the aquatic animal to fight diseases and increase disease resistance when included in aquafeed. Furthermore, DDGS also contains some constituents like carotenoids that help improve the meat quality of the animal when included in aquafeed. The current review also discusses the management and use of technology to improve the aquaculture industry, educate farmers on reducing diseases during the culturing periods, and increase productivity and profit in a friendly environment.

Economic evaluation of the use of distillers dried grains with solubles in swine feeding

This study proposes to undertake an economic assessment of the inclusion of different levels of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in diets for pigs in different production stages and categories (growing and finishing), namely: barrows fed diets containing 0 or 20% DDGS; and finishing barrows and sows fed diets containing 0, 10, 20, and 30% DDGS. A sensitivity analysis was performed on the price of corn in three simulated scenarios with different revenue systems: an optimistic scenario (lowest price); a regular scenario (medium price); and a pessimistic scenario (highest price). Inclusion of DDGS in the swine diet can reduce feeding costs and improve the profitability of production, about finishing males and females, the profit per kilogram of weight gain (US$/kg) were better in 10% of DDGS inclusion, 0.23, 0.28 respectively, but for growing and finishing, it was smaller in 20% (0.32 US$/kg) of DDGS inclusion than the 0% control treatment (0.33 US$/KG). The inclusion of DDGS must be carefully planned, since its use may depress animal performance and its inclusion is linked to the costs of the other ingredients that make up the diet.

Efficacy of corn dried distillers grains with solubles as a replacement for soybean meal in Boer-cross goat finishing diets

Due to increased use of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) in animal feed and accessibility of ethanol plants in the Midwest, the effect of feeding DDGS in place of soybean meal (SBM) on growth, economics, carcass characteristics, backfat fatty acid profiles, and fecal microbiome of Boer-cross goats was evaluated. Forty-eight Boer-cross goats (approximately 70 d of age; 28.21 ± 0.96 kg) were blocked by BW and assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. Treatments were 0 %, 33 %, 66 %, or 100 % DDGS replacing SBM, equating to the inclusion of 0 % (0DDGS), 10.3 % (10DDGS), 20.5 % (20DDGS), or 31.1 % (30DDGS) DDGS in the total diet. The inclusion rates of corn and soybean hulls were adjusted to maintain isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets. Goats were provided ad libitum access to feed and water for 47 d. There were 3 goats/pen and 4 pens/treatment. The inclusion of DDGS linearly improved (P = 0.01) average daily gain (ADG) and gain:feed (G:F; P = 0.001), without affecting average daily feed intake (ADFI; P > 0.10) in goats fed DDGS in place of SBM. Feed cost/kg gain decreased (P < 0.0001) with increased inclusion of DDGS, which led to a linear increase in value of gain (P = 0.02) with increased DDGS inclusion. Bacterial and archaeal genera with individual relative abundances greater than 1% in feces that were impacted by 30DDGS were increased Ruminococcus and Methanobrevibacter (P < 0.01) and decreased Lachnoclostridium (P = 0.02). Ruminococcus and Methanobrevibacter most likely increased in goats fed 30DDGS due to greater amounts of soluble fiber passing through the rumen, thus being fermented in the hindgut. While there were no differences detected in overall percentage of phyla Bacteroidetes (P = 0.36) and Firmicutes (P = 0.12) among treatments; the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes was greater (P = 0.05) in goats fed 30DDGS than those fed 0DDGS. There was no observed impact (P = 0.47) of treatment on β-diversity, although Shannon Index tended to increase (P = 0.09) in goats fed 30DDGS possibly because more soluble fiber was available for fermentation in the hindgut. Polyunsaturated fatty acids over the 12th rib tended to increase quadratically (P = 0.06) with increased DDGS inclusion, yet there was no differences observed in the saturated fatty acid to unsaturated fatty acid ratio (P = 0.93) or iodine value (P = 0.36) with increased levels of DDGS. Up to 100 % of the SBM in a Boer-cross finishing goat ration can be replaced by corn DDGS with no detectable difference in growth performance, fecal microbial populations, carcass characteristics, or fatty acid profile.

167 Effects of L-lys Hcl and Distillers Dried Grains Inclusion Rate on Growth Performance of Finishing Pigs

Abstract An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of L-Lys HCl inclusion in diets with or without distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth performance of finishing pigs. A total of 2,414 pigs (initial BW = 92.7 kg) were used in a 34-d trial. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial treatment structure with two levels of DDGS (0 or 10%) and three levels of L-Lys HCl (0.2, 0.3, or 0.4%). Diets were corn and soybean meal-based and were formulated to be isocaloric (NE = 2,668 kcal/kg) and isolysinic (0.75% SID Lys) by adjusting the inclusion of soybean meal, crystalline amino acids, and choice white grease. All other nutrient levels met or exceeded the NRC (2012) requirement estimates. There were 16 replicates per treatment. Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Data was analyzed with SAS MIXED procedure. There was no evidence (P &amp;gt; 0.10) for interactive effects between L-Lys HCl and DDGS inclusion rate. Pigs fed diets with 10% DDGS had improved (P = 0.002) G:F, but there was no evidence (P &amp;gt; 0.10) for differences in ADG or ADFI. Pigs fed increasing levels of L-Lys HCl had higher (linear, P = 0.026) ADFI, decreased (quadratic, P = 0.013) G:F, and a tendency for quadratic response (P = 0.063) in ADG, overall with the poorest performance observed for pigs fed the diet with 0.4% L-Lys HCl. In conclusion, pigs fed 0 or 10% DDGS presented similar performance; however, pigs fed the high level of L-Lys HCl presented decreased performance.

Effect of feeding corn distillers dried grains with solubles naturally contaminated with deoxynivalenol on growth performance, meat quality, intestinal permeability, and utilization of energy and nutrients in broiler chickens

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of feeding corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) naturally contaminated with deoxynivalenol (DON) on growth performance, meat quality, intestinal permeability, and utilization of energy and nutrients in broiler chickens. Two trials (growth and metabolism trials) were conducted. In the growth trial, a total of four hundred 7-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments with 8 replicates in a completely randomized design. The diets were formulated to contain 5 inclusion levels of 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20% DON-contaminated DDGS in diets and were fed to birds for 21 d. Results indicated that increasing inclusion levels of DON-contaminated DDGS decreased (linear, P < 0.01) BW gain and feed efficiency of broiler chickens. The relative organ weights of the liver and breast were decreased (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05) by increasing inclusion levels of DON-contaminated DDGS in diets. The transepithelial electrical resistance values as a measure of intestinal permeability were decreased (linear, P < 0.05) by increasing inclusion levels of DON-contaminated DDGS in diets. In the metabolism trial, a total of twenty four 22-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments consisting of 0, 10, or 20% inclusion of DON-contaminated DDGS in diets. Each treatment had 8 replicates. Increasing inclusion levels of DON-contaminated DDGS in diets decreased (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05) MEn (AMEn and TMEn) and apparent total tract retention of nitrogen and acid-hydrolyzed ether extract in diets. In conclusion, feeding diets containing more than 10% DON-contaminated DDGS to broiler chickens has negative effects on growth performance, intestinal permeability, and utilization of energy and nutrients in diets. Therefore, it is suggested that if DDGS is contaminated with DON, inclusion level of DDGS should be limited, possibly at less than 5.0% in broiler diets.

PSIX-12 Inclusion of dried distillers grains with solubles in Lespedeza or alfalfa-based diets for meat goats is associated with a unique ruminal microbiome

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of replacement of corn and soybean meal with distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in lespedeza or alfalfa-based diets on the ruminal microbiome of growing meat goats. A total of 36 meat goats with average body weight (BW) of 24 ± 1.8 kg were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to four isonitrogenous (18.0) and isocaloric (3.2 Mcal/ kg DM) diets in a completely randomized design for 60 days. The treatment diets were: (1) alfalfa-based diet (ALC; containing 40.5% alfalfa, 26% corn and 13% SBM), (2) alfalfa and DDGS (ALD; replacement of corn and SBM with DDGS), (3) Sericea lespedeza (SL)-based diet (SLC; containing 47.25% SL, 20% corn, 13% SBM), (4) SL and DDGS (SLD; replacement of corn and SBM with DDGS). At the end of the experiment, the goats were slaughtered and rumen contents were immediately sampled for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) were used to detect differentially abundant taxa among treatments. The relative abundance of 11 taxa, including Ruminococcaceae UCG 002, Succinivibrionaceae UCG 002 and Prevotellaceae YAB2003 were reduced (LDA &amp;gt; 2; P &amp;lt; 0.05) while 62 taxa, including Ruminococcaceae UCG 013, Ruminococcaceae UCG 001, and Saccharofermentans were enriched (LDA &amp;gt; 2; P &amp;lt; 0.05) in ALD compared to ALC. Relative abundance of 35 taxa, including Ruminococcus YE281, Succinivibrio, and Lachnospiraceae ND3007 were reduced while 42 taxa, including Prevotellaceae UCG 003 and Ruminococcus were enriched (LDA &amp;gt; 2; P &amp;lt; 0.05) in SLD, compared to SLC. A total of 68, 35, 61, and 91 taxa were respectively detected ALC, SLC, SLD, and ALD, but not in other treatments. These results showed that inclusion of DDGS in lespedeza or alfalfa-based diet causes a shift in ruminal microbial community and is associated with a unique ruminal microbial community

165 Digestibility of energy and dietary fiber by growing pigs and concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy in corn- or sorghum-based diets without or with microbial enzymes

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that inclusion of an enzyme premix (xylanase and cellulase) in diets based on corn or sorghum and fed to growing pigs improves the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy and total dietary fiber (TDF) and concentration of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME). Two basal diets based on corn and soybean meal or sorghum and soybean meal were formulated. Four additional diets were formulated by adding 40% distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) or 40% wheat middlings to each of the 2 basal diets. Each of these 6 diets were formulated either without or with an enzyme premix that contained xylanase and cellulase. A total of 144 pigs (61.7 ± 5.3 kg) were allotted to a randomized complete block design with 12 diets and 12 replicate pigs per diet. Pigs were housed individually and adapted to the diets for 12-d, then moved to metabolism crates and after 4 d, urine and feces were collected for 5 d. Data were analyzed as 2 × 2 × 3 factorial with 2 types of diets, two enzymes treatments, and three by-product inclusions. The pig was the experimental unit. The ATTD of gross energy (GE), and DE and ME improved (P &amp;lt; 0.01) if enzymes were added to the diets regardless of the grain source or by-product inclusion (Table 1). No effect of enzymes on ATTD of TDF was observed, ATTD of TDF was greater if DDGS rather than wheat middlings was added to the corn diet (grain source × by-product interaction, P &amp;lt; 0.05). In conclusion, addition of enzymes may have the potential to improve the ATTD of GE, and DE and ME in mixed diets based on corn or sorghum and both without and with inclusion of DDGS or wheat middlings. 3Enz = enzyme premix supplied by ADM Animal Nutrition, Quincy, IL, USA.

PSIV-19 Evaluation of Enogen® high amylase corn on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs

Abstract A total of 288 pigs (Line 600 241, DNA, Columbus, NE; initially 41.6 kg) were used in an 82-d trial to determine if replacing conventional yellow dent corn with high amylase corn (Enogen®, Syngenta Seeds, LLC, Downers Grove, IL) in diets with or without distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) influences growth performance and carcass characteristics. Diets were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with 2 corn sources (yellow dent or high amylase) and 2 levels of DDGS (0 or 25%). Experimental diets were fed in meal form in 3 phases: d 0 to 29, 29 to 47, and 47 to 82. There were 9 pens/treatment each containing an equal number of barrows and gilts. Pigs were weighed approximately every 2 wk and at the beginning of each phase. On d 82, pigs were transported to a commercial packing plant for processing and carcass data collection. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with pen as the experimental unit. There were no interactions (P &amp;gt; 0.05) between corn source and DDGS inclusion for overall performance or carcass characteristics. Overall, average daily gain (ADG) was marginally greater (P &amp;lt; 0.089) for pigs fed high amylase than yellow dent corn with no evidence (P &amp;gt; 0.196) for difference in feed intake, feed efficiency (G/F), hot carcass weight (HCW), or other carcass traits. Addition of DDGS resulted in decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.037) overall ADG and G/F. Pigs fed DDGS had marginally lower (P &amp;lt; 0.071) HCW, less (P &amp;lt; 0.050) backfat, greater (P &amp;lt; 0.026) loin depth, and greater (P &amp;lt; 0.020) percentage lean and iodine values. In summary, high amylase corn tended to improve overall ADG; however, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics were unchanged between corn sources. Consistent with previous research, addition of DDGS decreased ADG and increased IV.

Effect of feeding dried distillers' grains with solubles to broiler chickens from day 0 to 21

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of inclusion rates of corn dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS) on broiler chicken diets from d 0 to 21, and its effects on growth performance, intestinal morphology, blood metabolites, carcass and cut yields, and meat quality. A total of 980 one-day-old male broiler chickens were assigned to 7 diets (0, 10, 40, 70, 100, 130, and 160 g DDGS/kg) with 7 pens per treatment and 20 broiler chickens per pen in a completely randomized design. Data were analyzed by orthogonal polynomials, and the regression analysis was performed when a linear or quadratic effect was statistically significant; significance was considered at a level of 5%. Experimental diets with DDGS were included from d 0 to 21, and in the periods from d 21 to 33 and 33 to 42, common diets without DDGS were provided. Inclusion of DDGS in the broiler chicken diets did not affect the weight gain, feed conversion ratio, carcass, and cut yields. Feed intake was not altered from d 0 to 21, however, it had a quadratic effect from d 0 to 42 (P = 0.013). There was a linear increase (P < 0.001) in the relative weight of large intestine at d 21. Jejunal villi height was quadratically affected (P < 0.001), and the lowest villus height was observed at 91.54 g DDGS/kg. There was a linear reduction in jejunal crypt depth (P < 0.001) and a quadratic effect on villus: crypt ratio (P < 0.001) where the lowest value was estimated at 46 g DDGS/kg and 6.89 for villus: crypt ratio. There was a quadratic effect for breast meat pH 15 min postmortem (P = 0.017) and the lowest value was estimated at the inclusion of 79.25 g DDGS/kg and the pH 6.47. The DDGS can be included in broiler chicken diets up to 160 g DDGS/kg from d 0 to 21 without affecting growth performance, carcass and cuts yield, and meat quality of broiler chickens up to d 42.

Influence of feed ingredients, conditioning temperature, and a dacitic tuff breccia (AZOMITE) on pellet production rate and pellet quality

Summary Feed manufacturing is an integral component of the poultry industry. A study was conducted to evaluate the impact of feed ingredients, conditioning temperature, and AZOMITE (AZ) level on production rate and pellet quality measured by pellet durability index (PDI). A 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 factorial arrangement within the randomized complete block design was used, for a total of 24 treatments. A broiler grower diet was tested under two conditioning temperatures (82.2°C and 87.8°C), two distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) levels (0 and 8%), two meat and bone meal (MBM) levels (0 and 4%), and three levels of AZ (0, 0.25, 0.50%). Conditioning temperature, DDGS, MBM, and AZ levels all influenced production rate. Interactions between the different factors were assessed and interpreted. These interactions indicate that the inclusion of AZ increases production rate in diets containing DDGS. Both DDGS and MBM decreased production rate compared with relative controls, whereas AZ at 0.25% and 0.50% increased the production rate. Increasing conditioning temperature from 82.2°C to 87.8°C improved production rate and had a positive influence on PDI. The level of MBM and AZ did not impact PDI; however, the inclusion of DDGS had a negative impact on PDI. Although AZ did not increase throughput and PDI simultaneously, its ability to improve pellet production while maintaining PDI indicates usefulness in feed manufacturing. These results indicated that temperature and AZ can be used to offset some of the negative effects of DDGS on pelleting production rate.

The influence of dietary corn distillers dried grains with solubles during gestation of sows on fatty acid composition of colostrum and offspring

Thirty-six sows were randomly assigned to three treatments and fed 0, 125, or 250 g kg−1corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), which aimed to evaluate the effects of feeding DDGS to sows during gestation on the fatty acid composition of colostrum and offspring. In colostrum, feeding 0–250 g kg−1DDGS resulted in linear increase (P &lt; 0.001) in linoleic acid (18:2n-6) level (from 14.7% to 19.8%) and total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) level (from 16.9% to 22.8%), and linear decrease (P &lt; 0.05) in levels of palmitic acid (16:0), oleic acid (18:1 cis-9), and total saturated fatty acid (SFA). In addition, the percentage of arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) in colostrum was increased from 0.56% to 1.23% (linear effect, P &lt; 0.001, and quadratic effect, P = 0.010) with increasing level of DDGS. Feeding DDGS to sows resulted in linear increase (P &lt; 0.05) in levels of 18:2n-6 (from 13.9% to 20.4%), 20:4n-6 (from 0.53% to 0.73%), docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, from 0.28% to 0.37%), and total PUFA (from 15.9% to 22.6%), and linear decrease (P &lt; 0.001) in levels of 16:0 and SFA of carcass of newborn piglets. The results demonstrated that feeding 125 or 250 g kg−1corn DDGS to sows increased the proportions of 18:2n-6, 20:4n-6, and total PUFA and decreased the proportions of 16:0 and total SFA in sow colostrum and the carcasses of newborn piglets, implying that inclusion of corn DDGS in diets for sows can alter fatty composition of colostrum and piglets.