Inclusion Of Different Levels Research Articles

Site and extent of digestion of nitrogen compounds and organic matter in steers fed a finishing diet with dried distillers grains plus solubles supplemented with urea

Four Holstein steers (266 ± 13 kg) with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were used to evaluate the effect of inclusion of different levels of urea (0%, 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.2%) in a steam-flaked, corn-based finishing diet containing dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS) on the site and extent of N compounds and organic matter (OM) digestion, and on the ruminal N-NH3 and blood concentrations of urea nitrogen. Increasing the urea levels linearly decreased the OM flow to the duodenum ( P <0.04) and increased the total N and non-ammoniacal N flow to the duodenum ( P <0.01), which resulted from linear increases in the flow of microbial N and NH3-N ( P <0.01) without affecting the feed residual N flow ( P ≥0.47). Increasing the urea levels linearly increased ruminal digestion of OM and dietary N (P≤0.03), and decreased protein efficiency ( P <0.01) without affecting microbial efficiency. The urea supplementation did not affect post-ruminal digestion. Urea supplementation linearly increased ( P <0.01) total tract digestion of N compounds without affecting total tract digestion of OM. Ruminal pH averaged 6.09 ± 0.03 and was not affected ( P ≥0.97) by the inclusion of urea. Ruminal NH3-N concentration increased with urea supplementation (linear component, P<0.01). The same effect was observed for blood urea concentrations and plasma urea ( P <0.01). On the basis of the results observed here, urea can be incorporated in finishing corn-based diets that include DDGS. However, this must done carefully to avoid exceeding the RDP concentration in the diets in order to optimise ruminal fermentation and reduce the risk of high N excretion in the faeces. This is relevant when higher levels of DDGS are included in the diets (i.e. 30%). Key words : fermentation, ruminal nitrogen solubility, DDGS, plasmatic ureic nitrogen

Hematology and Histopathology of Broiler Chickens Supplemented with Tuna Black Flour

ABSTRACT The present study evaluated the effect of the sex and dietary intake of tuna black flour (TBF)on the hematology and histopathology of broiler chickens. A total of 200 sexed broilers (Ross 380) were distributed according to a completely randomized design into four treatments (25 males and 25 females/experimental group).Different levels of inclusion of TBF (0, 1, 2, and 3%) were offered as a source of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), for 42 d. At the end of the experiment, blood samples and tissues were collected. The hematocrit value (Hemat), total protein (PROT-T), hemoglobin concentration (Hemog), erythrocytes concentration (Erythro) and total count and differential of leucocytes (Leuco): lymphocytes, heterophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils were determined. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using the Analysis of Variance test, Duncan’s multiple range test, and descriptive analyses (p<0.05). Samples of heart, liver, and bursa of Fabricius were processed with the routine histological technique. The sex had no significant effect on the hematology. The feeding additional with 3% TBF had lower level of Hemat value and PROT-T. The Leuco had lower value with 1 and 2% of TBF. The Monocytes showed low value with 1 and 2% of TBF, and the eosinophils had high level with 1% of TBF. No cardiac lesions were detected in the broiler chickens in all treatments, normal deposition of fat in the epicardium, endocardium and pericardium were seen in all treatments.

Quality of sorghum silage with leucaena

This study evaluated the effect of increasing levels of leucaena forage in sorghum: forage. In addition to pure sorghum, it was evaluated different levels of inclusion of leucaena (15, 30 and 50%) at the time of ensiling. Forage was ensiled in PVC tubes (100 mm diameter, 500 mm length) under the density of 500 – 600 kg m-3, a total of 20 silos were prepared, which were opened 35 days after ensiling. There was no effect (p &gt; 0.05) of leucaena inclusion levels for pH, water activity (Aw) and total ammonia nitrogen (total NH3-N). There was an increasing linear effect (p &lt; 0.05) for the content of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and lignin that increased from 33.47 to 34.75%, 7.82 to 16.05% and from 7.29 to 9.93%, at the levels from 0 to 50% inclusion of leucaena, respectively. There was a decreasing linear effect (p &lt; 0.05) for neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFcp) and hemicellulose, which reduced from 56.65 to 48.37% and from 24.07 to 17.67% at the levels of 0 and 50% inclusion, respectively. For the ash content, there was a quadratic effect (p &lt; 0.05), with a maximum at 8.3% with 8.9% inclusion of leucaena. The inclusion of up to 50% leucaena into sorghum silage is recommended, because, in addition to maintaining the fermentation quality, it also improved nutritional quality of sorghum silage.

Effects of fat inclusion in starter feeds for dairy calves by mixing increasing levels of a high-fat extruded pellet with a conventional highly fermentable pellet

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of an extruded high-fat pellet mixed with a conventional pelleted calf starter on energy intake and performance around weaning in calves. To this end, 75 female Holstein newborn calves (41.0 ± 4.98 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 iso-nitrogenous solid feed treatments consisting of 4 levels of fat inclusion by mixing a low-fat highly fermentable control pellet with 3 different levels of inclusion of an extruded high-fat pellet [control (100:0), 90:10, 80:20, and 70:30], and a high-fat single pellet (HFSP). The HFSP was equivalent iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous, although it had almost 1 percentage point difference in fat relative to the 80:20 treatment, to contrast the effect of the dual-component pellet mixture. The extruded high-fat starter feed contained a high proportion of fat (38%), mainly from hydrogenated palm fatty acids. Calves were offered a milk replacer up to 900 g/d, and then pre-weaned at 49 d of age by halving milk allowance until 56 d when calves were weaned. Calves had ad libitum access to the starter diets, chopped straw, and water. Individual milk replacer and starter intakes were recorded daily and BW was determined weekly. A glucose tolerance test was performed at 49 and 84 d of age to evaluate blood glucose homeostasis. Apparent total-tract digestibility was determined from 70 to 75 d of age. Calves on the 90:10 treatment had greatest starter feed intake mainly due to a marked increase in solid feed intake around weaning. Metabolizable energy intake was increased when the extruded pellet was included in the starter. No differences were present in digestibility of ether extract among solid feed treatments. The area under the curve of blood glucose concentration after the glucose tolerance test was greatest in 80:20; intermediate in 70:30, HFSP, and control; and lowest in 90:10 calves. No differences were observed for insulin or other parameters related to blood glucose homeostasis. Delivering dietary fat by mixing an extruded high-fat pellet with a conventional highly fermentable pellet to reach a total fat content of 7% results in increased starter intake, energy intake, and body weight gain until 84 d of age compared with a conventional low-fat pellet, or a single pellet with increased fat content.

Carcass characteristics and meat quality of broilers fed with different levels of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product

Fermented products and components of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been widely used in animal nutrition to promote the development and quality of broilers. This study aims to evaluate different levels of inclusion (0, 250, 750, 1,500g/t) of S. cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP) in broiler feed to gauge its effect on carcass characteristics and cuts beyond the quality of breast meat. For analyses of carcass yield, cuts, and meat quality, 16 broilers per treatment were slaughtered. The meat quality analyses were performed 24h after slaughter and evaluated color, pH, water holding capacity, cooking loss, and shear force. Lipid oxidation was determined in frozen breast samples stored at -20°C for 45 d. The results indicate that different levels of inclusion of SCFP provided no changes in carcass yield, color, water holding capacity, cooking loss, and shear force; however, inclusion of 1,500g/t of SCFP increased leg yield and reduced pH. The inclusion of 750g/t of SCFP decreased the lipid oxidation of breast meat (P < 0.05). This study concluded that inclusion of SCFP may improve leg yield and the lipid oxidation of breast meat.

Effect of Inclusion of Sun Dried Azolla (Azolla pinnata) at Different Levels on the Growth and Performance of Broiler Chicks

A total of 150, day old broiler chicken were randomly distributed into 5 treatments with three replicates having ten chicks in each replicate to evaluate the effect of inclusion of different levels of Azolla (Azolla pinnata) on growth and performance of broiler chicks. The birds in group control (C) were fed on basal diet while in treatments T1, T2, T3 and T4 the basal diet was supplemented with 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% of sun dried Azolla, respectively. The body weight gain was higher (P<0.01) in treatment T3 (2182.07) which was comparable with T2 (2173.10) and T4 (2132.67). Highest (P<0.01) feed consumption was recorded T3 (3900.98) group. FCR was significantly (P<0.01) lowest in T2 (1.67) which was comparable with T1 (1.72) group. The DM digestibility and nitrogen balance were found to be similar in all the groups however nitrogen voided was higher (P<0.05) in T2 group. Performance index was highest (P<0.01) in T2 (1299.62) group similarly protein efficiency ratio was also higher (P<0.01) in T2 (3.33) group which was statically similar to that of T3 (3.13) and control (2.93). Feed cost/kg broiler (in `) and total cost/kg broiler (in `) was lowest in T2 group. Therefore, inclusion of Azolla up to 7.5% level in the ration improved body weight gain and feed consumption in broiler chicken. Beyond this level of supplementation, there was reduction in Performance of broilers.

The Effect of Different Levels of Inclusion for Forest Restoration Assessment

The Effect of Different Levels of Inclusion for Forest Restoration Assessment

Distiller’s dried grain with solubles (Zea mays L) in the diet of sheep reared in the tropical region of Brazil: ingestive behavior and physiological parameters

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of inclusion of different levels of distiller’s dried grain with solubles (DDGS) in the diet of sheep raised in the tropical region of Brazil on ingestive behavior and physiological parameters. We used four sheep with mean body weight (BW) of 25 ± 2 kg, distributed in a Latin square design, with four periods, and four DDGS inclusion levels (0, 8, 16, and 24%). The sheep were placed in metabolism cages, and received two meals per day. The data on ingestive behavior and physiological parameters of the sheep were analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the observed differences were tested using regression equations at 5% probability. The inclusion of DDGS levels in sheep diets did not change the time spent on ingestive behavior, such as dry matter intake (DMI), rumination (RUM), resting (RES), water intake (WAI), and other activities (OAC) expressed in minutes. However, during the night period, there was an increase (p &lt; 0.05) in the time spent ruminating in relation to the daytime period. However, there was a reduction (p &lt; 0.05) in the time spent on the activities of RES and WAI of the sheep. The inclusion of DDGS in sheep rations did not change (p &gt; 0.05) the physiological parameters measured. However, we found that the afternoon period influenced (p &lt; 0.05) the physiological parameters evaluated, such as body temperature of the front (BTF), body temperature of the rear (BTR), rectal temperature (RET), and respiratory frequency (REF), which were higher in relation to the values observed in the morning. Thus, we conclude that the inclusion of up to 24% of dried distillery grains with solubles in the feeding of sheep in the tropical region of Brazil does not alter the ingestive behavior and physiological parameters of sheep. However, sheep raised in confinement in the tropical region of Brazil spent more time ruminating at night. During the day, sheep spent more time on resting activities and water intake. In addition, sheep raised in a tropical environment need to be monitored for thermal stress during the afternoon, due to the increase in rectal temperature and respiratory frequency. In addition, sheep raised in a tropical environment require greater monitoring of thermal stress during the afternoon, due to the elevation of physiological parameters such as rectal temperature and respiratory frequency in this period.

&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;In-vitro&lt;/i&gt; assessment for ensilabillity of &lt;i&gt;Tithonia diversifolia&lt;/i&gt; alone or with &lt;i&gt;Pennisetum purpureum&lt;/i&gt; using epiphytic lactic acid bacteria strains as inocula

It is expected that the availability of forage for animals in the tropics will fluctuate in the future due to climate change. Ensiling of tropical forages constitutes a strategy to cope with food scarcity during long dry seasons. Tithonia diversifolia (TD), is a plant belonging to family Asteraceae, with a wide adaptation in tropical areas. A Rostock Fermentation Test (RFT) was performed to compare the ensilabillity potential among four epiphytic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains isolated from TD . Further, two experiments were designed 1) to evaluate the acidification potential of the best strain from the preliminary test (T735), and 2) to determine the ensilability of different levels of inclusion in the TD / PP mixture . For the first experiment, T735 and a blend of lactic acid-fermenting bacteria (BLB) decreased the pH rapidly. In experiment 2, different PP/TD ratios (0/100; 33/67; 67/33; 100/0) were ensiling, all inoculated with T735, (BLB) and their mixture. Increasing of grass PP in the mixtures brought about a fast drop in pH, facilitating TD ensilabillity. The use of T735 improved acidification and fermentation parameters of TD/PP silage.

Effect of slow release urea in sheep feed on nitrogen balance

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of 0.0%, 0.4%, 0.8%, and 1.2% slow release urea (SRU) in sheep feed on nitrogen balance (intake, fecal and urinary excretion, nitrogen absorbed and retained and/or nitrogen balance). Four sheep with an average body weight (BW) of 30.8 ± 1.7 kg were distributed using a Latin square experimental design. Sheep were allocated in metabolic cages and received two meals a day. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and differences were tested using a regression equation with a 5% probability. The inclusion of 0.0%, 0.4%, 0.8%, and 1.2% SRU in sheep diets did not change (p &gt; 0.05) nitrogen intake (NI), with an average value of 20.49 g animal day-1 and 1.57 g (kg0.75)-1. The inclusion of 0.0%, 0.4%, 0.8%, and 1.2% SRU in sheep diets did not affect (p &gt; 0.05) fecal nitrogen (FN) in g (kg0.75)-1, with an average value of 0.65 g (kg0.75)-1. However, the inclusion of SRU changed (p &lt; 0.05) the FN, expressed as g animal day-1, and % BW, in a quadratic manner. The lowest FN excretion was 7.63 g animal day-1 and 36.41% NI, and it was obtained at inclusion levels of 0.82% and 0.66% SRU, respectively. The inclusion of 0.0%, 0.4%, 0.8%, and 1.2% SRU in sheep diets had a quadratic effect (p &lt; 0.05) in urinary nitrogen (UN), expressed as g animal day-1, g (kg0.75)-1, and % of NI. The minimum values calculated with the equations for UN were 0.86 g animal day-1, 0.06 g (kg0.75)-1, and 0.28% NI for SRU inclusion levels of 0.79%, 0.76%, and 0.71%, respectively. The inclusion of 0.0%, 0.4%, 0.8%, and 1.2% SRU in sheep diets did not change (p &gt; 0.05) the NB expressed as g animal day-1 (10.86) and g (kg0.75)-1 (0.82). However, the NB expressed as % NI or in relation to the NI responded in a quadratic manner (p &lt; 0.05) to the inclusion of different levels of SRU in sheep food. The maximum value for NB was 59.68% NI and it was obtained at 0.68% SRU. Thus, the inclusion of 0.6% to 0.8% slow release urea in sheep diets provides the lowest fecal and urinary nitrogen losses. In addition, these levels provide the best NB values, expressed as a percentage of NI.

Evaluation of sugarcane silages added with macaúba cake

This study evaluated the pH and contents of dry matter (DM) and lactic acid (AL) of sugarcane silages added with different levels of inclusion of macauba cake (TM) in different opening times (TA), in days. Laboratory silos used were opened at times 0; 3; 7; 12; 24; 36; 41 and 60 days after ensiling. The response surface methodology was used for statistical analysis. The DM content was influenced by both NI and TA. The inclusion of TM contributed to increase the DM content of sugarcane, as it absorbed moisture of the ensiled sugarcane. The pH values were influenced only by TA, which were lower than 3.8. The AL content was influenced by both NI and TA, that is, the inclusion of TM favored the increase of AL content over the 60 days evaluated. It can be concluded that the inclusion of TM in sugarcane silage can be used in all NI evaluated, and the silages should be stored for 60 days to ensure the adequate fermentation process inside the silos.

Effect of dietary supplementation of different levels of saccharomyces cerevisiae on growth performance and hematology in broiler

Present study was planned to highlight the effects of inclusion of different levels of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae (SC) in broiler feed, on growth performance, hematology and farm economics. One hundred and fifty, one day old broiler chicks (Hubbard) were divided into five groups; each group was subdivided into three replicates of 10 birds each. Starter (CP 20% and ME 2860 Kcal/Kg) and finisher (CP 18.75% and ME 3000 Kcal/Kg) diets were fortified with levels of SC at 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 g/Kg to prepare diets A, B, C, D and E respectively. Each dietary treatment was allotted to three replicates. Weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio improved significantly (p less than 0.05) as a result of feeding diet D containing 1.5 g/Kg SC in comparison to all other treatments. Dietary inclusion of SC significantly (P less tham 0.05) reduced the levels of blood glucose and cholesterol in the birds of all treated groups when compared to those of control group. Maximum reduction in glucose and cholesterol levels was observed in the birds of treatment group D using SC @ 1.5g/Kg diet as compared to those of other treatment groups. Values regarding hemoglobin, PCV and DLC of the birds remained unaffected by dietary inclusion of SC in all treatment groups. However, numerical values of Hb and PCV in the birds consuming diet supplemented with 1.5g/Kg SC were apparently higher than those of control group. The treatment group D using SC @ 1.5g/Kg proved to be cost effective and fetched more profit per kg live weight which positively affected the farm economics.

Responsible Management and Challenges of Inclusion in Multicultural School Environment in Slovenia

Abstract Education is a vital part of any social cohesion agenda because educational outcomes affect all dimensions of the social cohesion triangle (social inclusion – social capital – social mobility). In this paper, we are focusing on the integration of Roma and migrant children in schools and the activation of youth to help as volunteers. Although diversity is an opportunity to make schools more inclusive, creative and open-minded, inequality in education is highest among Roma and migrant children. Europe needs more efficient, but at the same time more inclusive and equitable education systems. In this respect, responsible school management has a key role in adapting learning environment to the specific mix of students and making it more inclusive. In the research part, we provide an evaluation of the seminars delivered in Slovenia (RoMigSc project). Almost three fourths of the respondents reported previous experience with specific methods of integrating Roma and migrant children into the learning environment. Most of the participants were teachers, school counsellors, social workers, public administrators and civil society activists /volunteers. Nearly half of them include volunteers in their activities. For the participants, the most valuable element of the seminars was the exchange of experience. They learned lessons which they liked the most, related to building social network with the inclusion of different levels of society and transfer of experience. As major suggestions for improvements of seminars, the participants listed more case studies and discussions.

Evaluation of feed flavor supplementation on the performance of lactating high-prolific sows in a tropical humid climate

Three hundred mixed parity sows of a high prolificacy genetic line were used to evaluate the impact of the supplementation of different levels of feed flavor during lactation on their productive and reproductive performance under tropical conditions. Sows were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design among 3 dietary treatments: control diet (T1) and other two diets with different levels of inclusion (T2 = 250 and T3 = 500 g/ton) of a feed flavor during 24 d lactation and WEI. The average minimum and maximum ambient temperatures and daily relative humidity measured during the experimental period were 17.4 and 34.7 °C, and 38.0% and 93.8%, respectively. The treatments influenced (P < 0.001) the sows voluntary feed intake, the T3 sows showed a higher intake than T2 and higher than T1 (6.60 vs. 6.02 vs. 5.08 kg/d, respectively). When compared among sows fed the feed flavor, the higher level of inclusion (T3) showed a +9.6% higher (P < 0.001) feed intake than T2 sows. The sows from T3 showed a higher (P = 0.039) number of weaned piglets when compared to T2 and higher than T1 (13.45 vs. 13.07 vs. 12.95, respectively). There was an effect of the treatment (P < 0.001) on litter daily gain where litters from T3 sows showed a higher daily gain when compared to T2 and T1 (3.37 vs. 2.75 vs. 2.58 kg/d, respectively). Average weaning weight was also higher (P < 0.001) for piglets from T3 sows when compared to T2 and T1 (7.00 vs. 6.16 vs. 5.86 kg, respectively). Average daily milk production was higher (P < 0.001) in the T3 sows when compared with the T2 and T1 fed sows (12.99 vs. 9.55 vs. 8.59 kg/d, respectively). The weaning-to-oestrus interval did not differ among treatments and averaged 4.3 d (P > 0.10). Respiratory frequency was influenced (P = 0.027) by treatments, whereas T3 sows showed on average a higher respiratory rate when compared with T2 and T1 (82.7 vs. 79.6 vs. 65.4 movements/min, respectively). The treatments influenced (P < 0.001) the rectal temperatures, where on average T1 sows showed lower values when compared to T2 and T3 fed sows (38.8 vs. 39.1 vs. 39.3 °C, respectively). In conclusion, this experiment has demonstrated that the strategic use of feed flavor to stimulate sows voluntary feed intake can benefit milk production and as a consequence improve litter performance all of which can help attenuate the negative effects of heat stress conditions on the nursing sow.

Efecto de la inclusión de tres niveles de contenido ruminal de bovinos por medio de la evaluación del ensilaje de maíz (Zea mays)

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue encontrar alternativas de alimentación de ganado bovino para la época seca, por medio de la inclusión de diferentes niveles de contenido ruminal de bovino en el ensilaje de maíz, se evaluó la calidad del ensilaje a través del análisis bromatológico químico proximal, determinación de pH, porcentaje de pérdidas para todos los ensilados. Se utilizaron 16 micro-silos, con un diseño estadístico completamente al azar, en cuatro tratamientos de cuatro repeticiones siendo un micro-silo la unidad experimental. El estudio tuvo una duración de 108 días, abriendo los micro-silos para su análisis en el laboratorio de bromatología, cuarenta días después de ser elaborados. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron: testigo 100 % de maíz picado y 0 % de contenido ruminal; tratamiento 1 95 % maíz picado y 5 % de contenido ruminal; tratamiento 2 90 % maíz picado y 10 % contenido ruminal y tratamiento 3 85 % maíz picado y 15 % contenido ruminal. Bajo las condiciones en las que se realizó la presente investigación, se puede mencionar que se encontraron diferencias en cuanto a la calidad nutricional del ensilaje de maíz con contenido ruminal en relación al porcentaje de materia seca, porcentaje de proteína cruda y pH, sin embargo, sí se encontraron diferencias con respecto al porcentaje de fibra neutro detergente, porcentaje de fibra ácido detergente, porcentaje de lignina y porcentaje total de nutrientes digestibles. Por lo que podemos recomendar utilizar un 10 % de contenido ruminal sobre la materia fresca del maíz para ensilar.

Energia digestí­­vel e inclusão da glicerina bruta em dietas para juvenis de curimbatá

O curimbatá é um importante recurso pesqueiro, porém pouco se sabe sobre suas exigências nutricionais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) e o efeito da inclusão da glicerina bruta (GB) em dietas para juvenis do curimbatá Prochilodus lineatus. Foram coletadas fezes de peixes alimentados com dieta-referência, baseada em ingredientes de origem vegetal, e com dieta-teste, tendo o marcador inerte óxido de cromo III (0,1%). No experimento de crescimento foram utilizados 750 juvenis (18,71±2,70 g) em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos (dietas contendo 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 e 20% GB) e cinco repetições, durante 64 dias. Para P. lineatus, a GB apresentou CDA de 0,76 para energia bruta e energia digestí­­vel de 2.850,99 kcal kg-1 da dieta. Os diferentes ní­­veis de inclusão afetaram o peso final (PFM), conversão alimentar (CAA), taxa de crescimento especí­­fico (TCE) e ganho de peso (GPM), assim como os ní­­veis sanguí­­neos de glicose e triglicerí­­deos. A análise de regressão mostrou efeito linear negativo das dietas sobre PFM, TCE e GPM e efeito linear positivo sobre CAA. A glicerina bruta pode ser utilizada como fonte de energia e sua inclusão em 4% da dieta promove melhor desempenho produtivo do curimbatá.

Investigating the scale of prehistoric social networks using culture, language, and point types in western North America

We examine the spatial scale of prehistoric social networks represented by point types documented in western North America through comparison with ethnohistorically documented Native American interactive networks at different levels of inclusion. The ethnohistorical data come from Joseph Jorgensen’s (1980) Western Indians, which maps tribal boundaries at European contact and the associated language lineage for each tribe. We assume that frequency of interaction follows language relationships. Proximity aside, people will share ideas more often if they possess a language, or part of a language, in common. We use tribal regions and different levels of language affiliation (families, large language groupings, and phyla) that represent increasingly broad spatial scales of social interaction. We compare these measures with the areas calculated for point types in the same general region to determine which level of social interaction recorded ethnohistorically best fits with the point type data. Our analyses show that point type areas most closely resemble the spatial extents of large language groupings and language phyla. The areas of point types are greater than individual tribal regions recorded in western North America at the time of European contact and language families. Based on these results, we suggest that the conflation of point types with prehistoric cultures commonly implied in archeology is not justified. Building on the fundamental ideas of the culture historians, we suggest that point type distributions are a consequence of extensive social interaction networks where combinations of functional and neutral point traits are shared and inherited over a large area.

Performance and nutritional parameters of lactating cows on pasture receiving castor bean meal

This study aimed to evaluate the inclusion of castor bean meal in the diet for lactating cows on Bracharia brizhanta pasture and its implications for nutritional and productive parameters. Eight crossbred cows were distributed in two 4 x 4 Latin squares, with four (0%; 3.33%; 6.66% and 10%) inclusion levels of castor bean meal in the total diet. The experiment consisted of four experimental periods of 21 days each. The digestibility and dry matter intake were estimated from fecal output, checked with the aid of external (chromium oxide) and internal (iNDF) indicators. Urine and milk were collected to determine the nitrogen balance and microbial protein production. The inclusion of different levels of castor bean meal in the diet for lactating cows did not affect the intake of dry matter and nutrients, and the same lack of effect was found for the digestibility of dry matter and total digestible nutrients, variation in body weight, milk production, chemical composition of milk, microbial production and nitrogen balance. The inclusion of up to 10% castor bean meal in the total diet did not influence productive parameters evaluated, and the use was conditioned to the price of castor bean meal.

Performance and nutritional parameters of lactating cows on pasture receiving castor bean meal

This study aimed to evaluate the inclusion of castor bean meal in the diet for lactating cows on Bracharia brizhanta pasture and its implications for nutritional and productive parameters. Eight crossbred cows were distributed in two 4 x 4 Latin squares, with four (0%; 3.33%; 6.66% and 10%) inclusion levels of castor bean meal in the total diet. The experiment consisted of four experimental periods of 21 days each. The digestibility and dry matter intake were estimated from fecal output, checked with the aid of external (chromium oxide) and internal (iNDF) indicators. Urine and milk were collected to determine the nitrogen balance and microbial protein production. The inclusion of different levels of castor bean meal in the diet for lactating cows did not affect the intake of dry matter and nutrients, and the same lack of effect was found for the digestibility of dry matter and total digestible nutrients, variation in body weight, milk production, chemical composition of milk, microbial production and nitrogen balance. The inclusion of up to 10% castor bean meal in the total diet did not influence productive parameters evaluated, and the use was conditioned to the price of castor bean meal.

Complexo enzimático na alimentação artificial de abelhas africanizadas

Este estudo objetivou identificar uma alimentação eficiente para as abelhas Apis mellifera L. utilizando um complexo enzimático para melhorar o desempenho dos enxames em períodos de escassez alimentar. Para isso, quadros de cria fechada foram retirados de duas colmeias, conduzidos até uma câmera climatizada e após a emergência, as abelhas foram mantidas em unidades experimentais para serem alimentadas. A dieta utilizada na pesquisa foi composta por 60% de mel, 30% de farinha de soja e 10% de farinha de milho, com diferentes níveis de inclusão (0,00%, 0,03%, 0,06%, 0,09%) do complexo enzimático em estudo. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: longevidade das abelhas, concentração de proteína total da hemolinfa e consumo de água e dieta. Não houve efeito toxicológico de acordo com análise de sobrevivência, verificou-se uma redução no consumo, conforme foi acrescentado o complexo enzimático na dieta e um aumento no teor de proteína na hemolinfa. O uso do complexo enzimático mostrou-se como uma ferramenta para manter os enxames em períodos de escassez de alimento, pois proporcionou melhor aproveitamento dos alimentos por menor consumo da dieta e o maior teor de proteína total na hemolinfa.