Inclusion Constants Research Articles

Joint measurability of quantum effects and the matrix diamond

In this work, we investigate the joint measurability of quantum effects and connect it to the study of free spectrahedra. Free spectrahedra typically arise as matricial relaxations of linear matrix inequalities. An example of a free spectrahedron is the matrix diamond, which is a matricial relaxation of the ℓ1-ball. We find that joint measurability of binary positive operator valued measures is equivalent to the inclusion of the matrix diamond into the free spectrahedron defined by the effects under study. This connection allows us to use results about inclusion constants from free spectrahedra to quantify the degree of incompatibility of quantum measurements. In particular, we completely characterize the case in which the dimension is exponential in the number of measurements. Conversely, we use techniques from quantum information theory to obtain new results on spectrahedral inclusion for the matrix diamond.

Smart chiral magnetic nanoparticles for highly efficient enantioseparation of tryptophan enantiomers

Herein, we report a simple and facile strategy to prepare one kind of smart chiral magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@PDA@PNG-CD) with high enantioselectivity via combining mussel-inspired polydopamine (PDA) chemistry with surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization for effective enantioseparation of tryptophan enantiomers (dl-Trp). The PDA thin layer plays a pivotal role in fabricating high-density poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-glycidyl methacrylate)-β-cyclodextrin (PNG-CD) smart polymer brushes onto the Fe3O4 NPs. The grafted PNG-CD plays a significant role in greatly boosting the enantioselectivity of the Fe3O4@PDA@PNG-CD, which is composed of the poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (PNG) copolymer chains with numerous appended β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) units. The β-CD units serve as chiral selectors capable of selectively recognizing and binding l-tryptophan (l-Trp) into their cavities by forming stable host–guest inclusion complexes of β-CD/l-Trp, and the PNIPAM chains act as microenvironmental adjustors for the inclusion constants of β-CD/l-Trp complexes. Operating temperature and initial concentrations of dl-Trp are two important factors that significantly affect the separation efficiency of dl-Trp and the enantioselectivity of the Fe3O4@PDA@PNG-CD. Furthermore, the Fe3O4@PDA@PNG-CD also demonstrates satisfactory recycling and excellent magnetic separability from enantiomeric solution. Such smart chiral magnetic NPs with high enantioselectivity developed in this study show great potentials in direct enantioseparation of various chiral compounds.

Novel Smart Polymer-Brush-Modified Magnetic Graphene Oxide for Highly Efficient Chiral Recognition and Enantioseparation of Tryptophan Enantiomers.

Multifunctional graphene oxide nanocomposites simultaneously possessing high enantioselectivity, excellent thermosensitivity, and magnetism demonstrate great application potentials in direct enantioseparation. We herein report one novel smart graphene oxide nanocomposite (MGO@PNG-CD) with high enantioselectivity, excellent thermosensitivity, and magnetism for highly efficient chiral identification and enantioseparation of tryptophan enantiomers. The MGO@PNG-CD is composed of graphene oxide nanosheets with immobilized superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles and grafted PNG-CD smart polymer brushes. The PNG-CD is made up of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (PNG) chains with numerous appended β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) units, which play a significant role in effective chiral discrimination and resolution of DL-tryptophan (DL-Trp). The β-CD units serve as chiral selectors capable of selectively recognizing and binding L-tryptophan (L-Trp) into their cavities to form stable host-guest inclusion complexes of β-CD/L-Trp. The PNIPAM chains in PNG act as a microenvironmental adjustor for the inclusion constants of β-CD/L-Trp complexes. The resulted MGO@PNG-CD demonstrates high thermosensitive enantioselectivity toward L-Trp over D-Trp based on the chiral discrimination ability of β-CD toward L-Trp and the thermosensitive volume phase transition of PNIPAM chains. Operating temperature and initial concentrations of DL-Trp are two significant factors affecting the separation efficiency of DL-Trp enantiomers. Moreover, the MGO@PNG-CD also displays satisfactory recycling and convenient magnetic separability from enantiomeric solution. Such a multifunctional graphene oxide nanocomposite developed in this study can serve as a high-performance nanoselector for highly efficient chiral recognition and enantioseparation of various chiral compounds.

Characterization of inclusion complexation of various tetraalkylammonium chlorides with cucurbit[7]uril by external high-pressure studies

The inclusion constants of tetraalkylammonium salts (ASs) with cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) were determined at high-pressures using methylene blue as a chemical indicator. CB[7] formed 1:1 inclusion complexes with ASs. We found a characteristic dependence of the alkyl chain substituents in ASs on the inclusion equilibrium, which was responsible for the formation of clathrate hydrates of the AS in bulk. Furthermore, we examined the effects of external high pressures on the CB[7] inclusion complexations of ASs having different alkyl chain lengths. Pressure dependence experiments allowed us to calculate the reaction volume (ΔV) upon inclusion; i.e., the volume change (ΔVdesolv) accompanying desolvation around the guest molecules and the volume change (ΔVrepel) caused by the water molecules repelled from the CB[7] cavity. The volumetric study for the inclusion of ASs with CB[7] showed that in the tetraheptylammonium ion, one arm (alkyl chain) was encapsulated in the CB[7] cavity, while in other ASs, two arms were located in the cavity. NMR measurements of the complexes and pressure-dependent studies provided unique information on the structures of the inclusion complexes of ASs with CB[7].

Inclusion complexes of GA3 and the plant growth regulation activities

Gibberellic acid (GA3) is an important phytohormone that is applied in agriculture, nurseries, tissue culture, tea gardens, etc. However, it has some drawbacks such as potential hazardous effects on mammals and labile in the condition of a weak base or acid. In this study, the enhanced stability and bioavailability of GA3 were achieved by forming the inclusion complexes of GA3 with cyclodextrins (β- or γ-CD) and its derivative (HP-β-CD). In the preliminary plant growth regulation assay, GA3/CDs displays superior bioactivity compared to pure GA3 to help with the early seedling growth of cucumber and mung bean and the root growth of cucumber and mung bean, respectively. The results showed that there was a certain relationship between the inclusion ability, stability and bioactivity. The inclusion stability constants of gibberellin clathrate are consistent with the order of stabilities of the inclusion complex. Among these complexes, GA3/HP-β-CD possess highest inclusion constant, and the binding ability of the HP-β-CD not only enhances the stability of gibberellic acid in the stability test but also plays a slow release role in the bioactivity assay. Therefore, the complex of GA3 may be used as a promising plant growth regulator.

Development of QSAR model for predicting the inclusion constants of organic chemicals with α-cyclodextrin.

Solubility is a crucial limiting factor in pharmaceutical research and contaminated site remediation. Cyclodextrin, with its structure of hydrophilic exterior and hydrophobic cavity, has a potential ability to enhance the hydrophobic chemical's solubility through the formation of host-guest complex. The stability of host-guest complex is often quantified by the inclusion constant. In this study, the logarithm of 1:1 α-cyclodextrin inclusion constants (log Kα) for 195 organic chemicals was collected. With this parameter as the endpoint, a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model was developed using DRAGON descriptors and stepwise multiple linear regression analysis. The model statistics parameters indicated that the established model had a good determination coefficient of 0.857, a high cross-validation coefficient of 0.835, a low root mean square error of 0.380, together with the acceptable results of external validation, which indicate a satisfactory goodness-of-fit, robustness, and predictive ability of the model. Based on the screened eight descriptors, we propose an appropriate mechanism interpretation for the inclusion interaction. Additionally, the applicability domain of the current model was characterized by the Euclidean distance-based method and Williams plot, and results indicated that the model covered a large number of structurally diverse chemicals belonging to 13 different classes. Comparing with the previous reported models, this model has obvious advantages with a larger dataset, a higher value of correlation coefficient, and a wider application domain.

A comparative study on inclusion complexation of substituted anilinonaphthalene sulfonic acids with 1,6,20,25-tetraaza[6.1.6.1]-paracyclophane and β-cyclodextrin

The inclusion complexations of paracyclophane (CP44) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) with several anilinonaphthalene sulfonic acids (ANSs) have been characterized via the enhancement of fluorescence spectra upon inclusion. β-CD and CP44 formed 1:1 inclusion complexes with ANSs, and the high stability of inclusion complexes of the latter was demonstrated. The thermodynamic parameters observed from the temperature dependence of the inclusion constants (van’t Hoff analysis) showed that CP44 inclusion complexations with ANSs are enthalpy-driven. Furthermore, the structure of the inclusion complexes was discussed based on 1H- and 2D ROESY-NMR measurements. It was found that CP44 encapsulates the naphthalene moiety of ANSs. On the other hand, differences in the structures of the β-CD inclusion complexes were observed for the 4-OH-substituted ANS. The molecular recognition for the inclusion of β-CD was found to be sensitive compared with that of CP44. In addition, the local polarity inside the CP44 and β-CD cavities was evaluated using ANSs as the fluorescence probe. Based on these results, we have suggested that the local polarity of ANSs in the hydrophobic cavities of CP44 and β-CD plays an important role in quantum yield enhancement upon inclusion.

Spectroscopic methods for aqueous cyclodextrin inclusion complex binding measurement for 1,4-dioxane, chlorinated co-contaminants, and ozone

Recalcitrant organic contaminants, such as 1,4-dioxane, typically require advanced oxidation process (AOP) oxidants, such as ozone (O3), for their complete mineralization during water treatment. Unfortunately, the use of AOPs can be limited by these oxidants' relatively high reactivities and short half-lives. These drawbacks can be minimized by partial encapsulation of the oxidants within a cyclodextrin cavity to form inclusion complexes. We determined the inclusion complexes of O3 and three common co-contaminants (trichloroethene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and 1,4-dioxane) as guest compounds within hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. Both direct (ultraviolet or UV) and competitive (fluorescence changes with 6-p-toluidine-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid as the probe) methods were used, which gave comparable results for the inclusion constants of these species. Impacts of changing pH and NaCl concentrations were also assessed. Binding constants increased with pH and with ionic strength, which was attributed to variations in guest compound solubility. The results illustrate the versatility of cyclodextrins for inclusion complexation with various types of compounds, binding measurement methods are applicable to a wide range of applications, and have implications for both extraction of contaminants and delivery of reagents for treatment of contaminants in wastewater or contaminated groundwater.

Inclusion complexation abilities of cucurbit[6]uril for various aromatic amines in the presence of alkali metal cations

The inclusion complexation of aromatic amines with cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6]) capped with alkali metal cations was studied spectrophotometrically. We showed that CB[6] capped with alkali metal cations forms a 1:1 inclusion complex with the aromatic amine guests (neutral organic molecules), independent of the length of guest molecules. The effects of salts on the inclusion constants of CB[6] in the presence of different alkali salts were examined and it was found that the inclusion constants increased in the order of alkali cation Cs+ < Na+ < K+, suggesting the interaction of amine guests with the capped alkali metal cation. Further, the structures of the inclusion complexation of aromatic amines with CB[6] were characterized by 1H NMR measurements. Based on the results, the inclusion abilities of CB[6] capped with alkali metal cations are discussed.

The Deeply Understanding of the Self‐Healing Mechanism for Self‐Healing Behavior of Supramolecular Materials Based on Cyclodextrin–Guest Interactions

Cyclodextrin (CD)‐based host–guest interactions are one of the important supramolecular interactions and have been playing significant role in the design of self‐healing materials due to high selectivity and dynamic equilibrium. However, a deeper understanding of the self‐healing mechanism is still rare, although self‐healing materials based on CD–guest interactions have many advantages. This study provides a first step for the fundamental understanding of the influence factors on self‐healing behavior of materials containing CD–guest complexes. It is found that the healing motifs are CD–guest interactions. Sufficient polymer chains mobility, a small amount of water, and high inclusion constant (K) of host–guest interactions are also essential to the self‐healing process. The threshold of K value is around 102 M−1. image

Determination of Rhodamine B in Food Samples by Fe3O4@ Ionic Liquids-β-Cyclodextrin Cross Linked Polymer Solid Phase Extraction Coupled with Fluorescence Spectrophotometry.

Fe3O4@Ionic liquids β-cyclodextrin polymer(Fe3O4@ mono-6- deoxy-6- (1-ethyl- imidazolium)-β-cyclodextrin iodide polymer, ILs-β-CDCP) was prepared. A novel method based on Fe3O4@ILs-β-CDCP solid phase extraction coupled with fluorescence spectrophotometry for Rhodamine B (RhB) determination, was investigated. Results were shown that RhB was adsorbed on Fe3O4@ILs-β-CDCP and eluted with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (1.0%) rapidly. Different parameters, such as pH, adsorption time and volume, eluent volume and time were studied. This method introduced linearity for RhB between 0.01-9.00μg/mL-1 , the limit of detection was 5.2ng/mL-1 , correlation coefficient (R) was >0.9987 and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 3.1% (n=3, c=4.00μg/mL). The mechanism of adsorption of RhB on Fe3O4@ILs-β-CDCP was studied through the FTIR analysis and the inclusion constant of Fe3O4@ILs-β-CDCP-RhB. This method was applied successfully for determination of RhB in real samples with satisfactory results.

Modified β -CD-Cu ion complex and yam mucilage assisted batch foam fractionation for separating puerarin from Ge-gen ( Radix puerariae )

Abstract At present, the large scale application of batch foam fractionation is still in confrontation with many problems and difficulties, especially for the enrichment of non-surface-active materials. It is difficult to select a suitable surfactant as the collector when a non-surface-active material can only form a stable association with the expensive surfactants or has not any interactions with the commercially available surfactants. The objective of this work was to investigate the feasibility of batch foam fractionation for recovering such a non-surface-active material, puerarin. Yam mucilage, an abundant byproduct from the manufacture of yam starch, was used to generate a stable foam phase based on its good foamability. According to the properties of puerarin and yam mucilage, β -cyclodextrin ( β -CD) was selected as a basic material to establish an association between them. The results of fluorescence sensitization experiments indicated that puerarin could form an equimolar inclusion complex with β -CD and the inclusion constant was 405.8. Subsequently, β -CD was modified by introducing carbon disulfide and copper (Cu) ion. Then, puerarin could be adsorbed on the gas-liquid interface in the form of ternary complex with modified β -CD-Cu ion complex and glycoprotein molecules (see Fig. 7). Batch foam fractionation was carried out by using the crude extracting solution as the initial feeding solution, in which the concentration of puerarin was as high as 4.6 g/L. Under the suitable conditions of temperature 50 °C, pH 6.0, loading volume of feed solution 400 mL, the pore diameter of gas distributor 0.450 mm, additive volume of yam mucilage 30 mL and volumetric air flow rate 100 mL/min, the enrichment ratio and the percent recovery of puerarin were 4.3 and 82.3%, respectively. This strategy could be generalized to the separation of various non-surface-active materials due to the low cost and the diversiform cavity dimension of cyclodextrins.

Investigation of inclusion complexation of imidazolium and pyrrolidinium chlorides with water-soluble p-sulfonatocalix[6]arene: characteristic effects of external pressure, temperature, and substituents

Using the inclusion complexation of methylene blue as a chemical indicator, the inclusion constants of imidazolium and pyrrolidinium chlorides (ionic liquids (IL)) with p-sulfonatocalix[6]arene (Calix-S6) were determined in a water–methanol mixture. In the inclusion of imidazolium chlorides, we found the characteristic inclusion constants, dependent on the length of the alkyl side chain. From the temperature effect on the inclusion, the differences in the inclusion interactions of imidazolium and pyrrolidinium ring moiety with the sulfonate groups of the Calix-S6’s portal were observed. Further, from high-pressure studies on the inclusion complexation, the volume changes caused by the conformational changes of Calix-S6 and desolvation around the guest and host molecules upon inclusion were evaluated. Based on the results, we demonstrated that the volume change related to desolvation upon inclusion plays an important role in the reaction volume for the inclusion equilibrium of IL with Calix-S6. The structures of the inclusion complexes were established from 2D ROESY NMR measurements and a volumetric study of the inclusion complexation with p-sulfonated Calix-S6 having a flexible cavity was performed.

Ionic liquid-β-cyclodextrin polymer for the separation/analysis of lornoxicam

Ionic liquid-β-cyclodextrin polymer (ILs-β-CDCP) was firstly synthesised and characterised with FTIR, 13C CP/MAS NMR, X-ray powder diffraction, TGA and scanning electron microscope. A novel method of solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled with Ultraviolet–vis spectrophotometry for separation/analysis of lornoxicam was established. ILs-β-CDCP showed a higher adsorption capacity towards lornoxicam than β-CDCP. Adsorption mechanism of ILs-β-CDCP was elucidated by adsorption thermodynamics model, adsorption kinetic model, inclusion constants and FTIR analysis. ILs-β-CDCP exhibited favourable adsorption performance towards lornoxicam from serum and tablet samples. The experimental results herein suggested that ILs-β-CDCP could be successfully applied in the field of pharmic content especially in the treatment of serum.

Influence of Counter Anions on Inclusion Complexation of p-Sulfonatocalix[6]arene with 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Salts (Ionic Liquids)

Abstract Using the inclusion complexation of methylene blue with p-sulfonatocalix[6]arene (Calix-S6) as a chemical indicator, the association constants of inclusion complexes of Calix-S6 with visible-spectroscopically inert 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium salts (ionic liquids (IL): counter anions BF4 – , PF6 – , and Cl – ) were determined. It was found that the experimentally observed association constants of IL with Calix-S6 in a water-methanol mixture increased in the order of counter anion Cl – &lt; BF4 – &lt; PF6 – . The 19F NMR signals of counter anions BF4 – and PF6 – shift upfield upon addition of Calix-S6. From the 19F NMR chemical shifts, we suggested that Calix-S6 forms weak 1:1 complexes with the BF4 – and PF6 – anions. The binding constants and their thermodynamic parameters for the complexation of the BF4 – and PF6 – anions with Calix-S6 were evaluated in a water-methanol mixture (6:4 (V/V)) at 298 K: K A = 26.2 M –1 for BF4 – and 106 M –1 for PF6 – . Based on the results, the characteristics for the complexation of the counter anions with Calix-S6 were discussed and the inclusion constants of Calix-S6 with the cationic ring moiety of 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium salts were determined.

Effect of dendrimeric composition on the removal of pyrene from water.

Several closely related branched structures related to the well-established benzyl ether dendrimers were tested as hosts for the removal of pyrene from water. Fluorescence spectroscopy based complexation studies showed that the first generation benzyl ether dendrimers removed on average 94 % of pyrene from a saturated aqueous solution after 30 min. By contrast, branched systems containing modified benzyl ether or cyclohexane functional groups removed between 0 and 75 % of pyrene at the same time point while systems with benzyl amine resulted in a 77 % decrease in pyrene. This selectivity eroded over two days after which time all dendrimeric types removed pyrene to approximately the same extent. Inclusion constants of 109–1011 M−1 were calculated for the branched systems studied.

Preparative Enantioseparation of β-Substituted-2-Phenylpropionic Acids by Countercurrent Chromatography With Substituted β-Cyclodextrin as Chiral Selectors.

Preparative enantioseparation of four β-substituted-2-phenylpropionic acids was performed by countercurrent chromatography with substituted β-cyclodextrin as chiral selectors. The two-phase solvent system was composed of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-0.10 mol L-1 of phosphate buffer solution at pH 2.67 containing 0.10 mol L(-1) of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) or sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD). The influence factors, including the type of substituted β-cyclodextrin, composition of organic phase, concentration of chiral selector, pH value of the aqueous phase, and equilibrium temperature were optimized by enantioselective liquid-liquid extraction. Under the optimum separation conditions, 100 mg of 2-phenylbutyric acid, 100 mg of tropic acid, and 50 mg of 2,3-diphenylpropionic acid were successfully enantioseparated by high-speed countercurrent chromatography, and the recovery of the (±)-enantiomers was in the range of 90-91% for (±)-2-phenylbutyric acid, 91-92% for (±)-tropic acid, 85-87% for (±)-2,3-diphenylpropionic acid with purity of over 97%, 96%, and 98%, respectively. The formation of 1:1 stoichiometric inclusion complex of β-substituted-2-phenylpropionic acids with HP-β-CD was determined by UV spectrophotometry and the inclusion constants were calculated by a modified Benesi-Hildebrand equation. The results showed that different enantioselectivities among different racemates were mainly caused by different enantiorecognition between each enantiomer and HP-β-CD, while it might be partially caused by different inclusion capacity between racemic solutes and HP-β-CD.

Intercalation of 2-butyl-4-methylphenol to G–C rich region of DNA and the role of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin

The characteristics of binding of 2-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (TBMP), a synthetic phenolic antioxidant with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (Hp-βCD) and calf thymus DNA (ctDNA) were investigated by multi-spectroscopic techniques and molecular simulation. The results indicated that TBMP preferred to form a 1:1 inclusion complex with Hp-βCD, with an inclusion constant of determined to be 7.15×103Lmol−1. The intercalative mode of TBMP to ctDNA was supported by ctDNA melting temperature and relative viscosity studies, salt quenching effect, competitive binding with methylene blue and molecular modeling. The changes in Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) and circular dichroism (CD) spectra suggested that TBMP mainly bound to the G–C rich region with inducing a significant perturbation in B-like DNA structure. It was also found that Hp-βCD decreased the binding ability of TBMP with ctDNA, but did not affect the interactive mode between TBMP and ctDNA, and the formed inclusion complex of TBMP–Hp-βCD decomposed in the presence of ctDNA. This study may provide insights into the mechanism of binding of TBMP with ctDNA and the role of Hp-βCD in the TBMP–ctDNA interaction.

Molecular dynamics simulation and TDDFT study of the structures and UV–vis absorption spectra of MCT-β-CD and its inclusion complexes

In this research, the inclusion ratios and inclusion constants of MCT-β-CD/PERM and MCT-β-CD/CYPERM inclusion complexes were measured by UV–vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. The inclusion ratios are both 1:1, and the inclusion constants are 60 and 342.5 for MCT-β-CD/PERM and MCT-β-CD/CYPERM, respectively. The stabilities of inclusion complexes were investigated by MD simulation. MD shows that VDW energy plays a vital role in the stability of inclusion complex, and the destruction of inclusion complex is due to the increasing temperature. The UV–vis absorption spectra of MCT-β-CD and its inclusion complexes were studied by time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) method employing BLYP-D3, B3LYP-D3 and M06-2X-D3 functionals. BLYP-D3 well reproduces the UV–vis absorption spectrum and reveals that the absorption bands of MCT-β-CD mainly arise from n→π∗ and n→σ∗ transition, and those of inclusion complexes mainly arise from intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). ICT results in the shift of main absorption bands of MCT-β-CD.

Supramolecular interaction of 18-crown-6 ether with mesalazine and spectrofluorimetric determination of mesalazine in pharmaceutical formulations.

The supramolecular interaction of protonated mesalazine (MSZ) and 18-crown-6 ether (18C6) has been examined by Ultraviolet-visible, FT-IR and fluorescence spectroscopy. The formation of the inclusion complex has been confirmed based on the changes of the spectral properties. The MSZ-18C6 host-guest complex formed in (1:1) stoichiometry and the inclusion constant (K = 1.411 × 10(2) L mol(-1)) was ascertained by the typical double reciprocal plots. Furthermore, the thermodynamic parameters (ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS°) of (MSZ-18C6) were obtained. Based on the remarkable enhancement of the fluorescence intensity of MSZ produced through complex formation, a simple, accurate, rapid and highly sensitive spectrofluorometric method for the determination of MSZ in aqueous solution in the presence of 18C6 was developed. The measurement of relative fluorescence intensity was carried with excitation at 298 nm, emission 410 nm. All variables affecting the reactions were studied and optimized. Beer's law was obeyed in the concentration range of 0.1-0.9 µg/mL. The absorbance was found to increase linearly with increasing concentration of MSZ. The molar absorptivity, Sandell sensitivity, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were calculated. The validity of the described method was assessed, and the method was successfully applied to the determination of MSZ in its pharmaceutical formulation. In addition, a solid inclusion complex was synthesized by the coprecipitation method.