Including Plant Material Research Articles

Development and validation of a quantitative method for the analysis of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC), delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-8-THC), delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), and cannabidiol (CBD) in botanicals, edibles, liquids, oils, waxes, and bath products by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS).

A quantitative gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method was developed for delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC), delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-8-THC), tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), and cannabidiol (CBD) in matrices including plant material, liquids and oils, waxes, edibles, and bath and body products. Samples were prepared by homogenization, extraction of the cannabinoids into solvent, liquid/liquid extraction, and derivatization. The GC/MS method was validated from 0.15% to 5.00% (weight basis) to encompass the 0.3% legal distinction between hemp and marijuana. Validation was performed assessing imprecision/bias, calibration model, recovery, interferences, limit of detection, matrix matching, carryover, accuracy, and an assessment of CBD conversion to delta-9-THC. The calibration curves were quadratic weighted 1/x with r2 > 0.990. The method had a detection limit of 0.075% in plant material for each analyte. Analyte recovery was greater than 70% in plant material. Carryover was not observed up to concentrations equivalent to 100% analyte, and no forensically significant conversion of CBD to delta-9-THC was observed. One cannabinoid isomer, 9(R)-delta-7-tetrahydrocannabinol (9(R)-delta-7-THC), was determined to interfere with the quantitation of delta-9-THC, but could be differentiated based on mass spectrum. The method was determined to be suitable for quantitation of delta-9-THC, delta-8-THC, delta-9-THCA, and CBD and was able to differentiate hemp samples from marijuana samples.

Microsatellites reveal high levels of genetic admixture in the natural populations of Laurus azorica, Lauraceae

Laurus (Lauraceae) species are currently restricted to isolated refugia in the southern Black Sea, Mediterranean Basin, southern Morocco, and Macaronesian archipelagos. One to three species of Laurus has been recognized: the Azorean endemic Laurus azorica, L. nobilis from the Mediterranean, and L. novocanariensis from Madeira and the Canary Islands. This study aims to determine the population structure, genetic diversity, and associated patterns of gene flow within and between Azorean populations, using eight existing SSR markers. We also included plant material from L. nobilis populations found in the Azores, for comparison. Amplification was performed in 212 samples of L. azorica and in 30 samples of L. nobilis. For L. azorica, 78 alleles were amplified (average 9.75 alleles per loci). Bayesian analysis with STRUCTURE unveiled five genetic groups for the Azorean accessions, with high level of genetic admixture. Genetic diversity was generally high, with moderate levels of genetic differentiation among L. azorica populations. Moreover, high gene flow levels, likely mediated by past human translocations and naturally, by birds, might have contributed to the high level of genetic admixture observed possibly reflecting hybridization events between L. nobilis and L. azorica. Conservation measures should be applied to some populations of São Miguel, Santa Maria, and Flores Islands, based on the number of private alleles, and further, ad hoc translocation events should be avoided. Conservation in situ and the preservation of laurel forest remains are recommended. The study of this species’ taxonomy, genetics, and population dynamics in the Macaronesian region should be continued.

Extraction, Characterization and Suitability Examination of Tinospora Cordifolia (TC) Fibers for Their Applicability as Reinforcement in Composite Materials

The study focused on extracting and characterizing natural cellulose fibers from Tinospora Cordifolia (TC) for use as reinforcement in composite materials. The extraction process involved several steps including plant material selection, fiber separation, and purification. The resulting fibers were characterized using various techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. This research showed that the extracted cellulose fibers had high crystallinity and a uniform diameter, making them suitable for use as reinforcement in composites as experimented two samples with 22.6 and 25.7% of Hemicellulose, 41.26 and 41.96% of Cellulose and 23.66 and 22.7% of Lignin. The study concludes that TC is a promising source of natural cellulose fibers for composite reinforcement. The mechanical properties of the composites reinforced with TC cellulose fibers were evaluated and compared with those of conventional synthetic fibers. It was found that the composites reinforced with TC cellulose fibers exhibited superior mechanical properties, such as higher tensile strength and improved flexibility. This highlights the potential of natural cellulose fibers as a sustainable alternative to synthetic fibers in the composite industry. The extraction and characterization of natural cellulose fibers from TC demonstrate their potential as reinforcement in composite materials. The study provides valuable information for future research and development in the area of natural fibers for composite reinforcement. The utilization of TC cellulose fibers in composites not only improves their mechanical properties, but also provides a sustainable and eco-friendly solution to traditional synthetic fibers.

Image-Based Methods to Study Membrane Trafficking Events in Stomatal Lineage Cells.

In eukaryotic cells, membrane components, including proteins and lipids, are spatiotemporally transported to their destination within the endomembrane system. This includes the secretory transport of newly synthesized proteins to the cell surface or the outside of the cell, the endocytic transport of extracellular cargoes or plasma membrane components into the cell, and the recycling or shuttling transport of cargoes between the subcellular organelles, etc. Membrane trafficking events are crucial to the development, growth, and environmental adaptation of all eukaryotic cells and, thus, are under stringent regulation. Cell-surface receptor kinases, which perceive ligand signals from the extracellular space, undergo both secretory and endocytic transport. Commonly used approaches to study the membrane trafficking events using a plasma membrane-localized leucine-rich-repeat receptor kinase, ERL1, are described here. The approaches include plant material preparation, pharmacological treatment, and confocal imaging setup. To monitor the spatiotemporal regulation of ERL1, this study describes the co-localization analysis between ERL1 and a multi-vesicular body marker protein, RFP-Ara7, the time series analysis of these two proteins, and the z-stack analysis of ERL1-YFP treated with the membrane trafficking inhibitors brefeldin A and wortmannin.

Orchard Management and Incorporation of Biochemical and Molecular Strategies for Improving Drought Tolerance in Fruit Tree Crops.

Water scarcity is one of the greatest concerns for agronomy worldwide. In recent years, many water resources have been depleted due to multiple factors, especially mismanagement. Water resource shortages lead to cropland expansion, which likely influences climate change and affects global agriculture, especially horticultural crops. Fruit yield is the final aim in commercial orchards; however, drought can slow tree growth and/or decrease fruit yield and quality. It is therefore necessary to find approaches to solve this problem. The main objective of this review is to discuss the most recent horticultural, biochemical, and molecular strategies adopted to improve the response of temperate fruit crops to water stress. We also address the viability of cultivating fruit trees in dry areas and provide precise protection methods for planting fruit trees in arid lands. We review the main factors involved in planting fruit trees in dry areas, including plant material selection, regulated deficit irrigation (DI) strategies, rainwater harvesting (RWH), and anti-water stress materials. We also provide a detailed analysis of the molecular strategies developed to combat drought, such as Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR) through gene overexpression or gene silencing. Finally, we look at the molecular mechanisms associated with the contribution of the microbiome to improving plant responses to drought.

Length-weight relationship, sex ratio, and diet of three fish species (Actinopterygii: Teleostei) in streams of the Pomba River basin, Paraíba do Sul river drainage, Southeastern Brazil

This study aimed to estimate the parameters of length-weight relationship, sex ratio, and diet of three freshwater fish species that inhabit streams in the Pomba River basin (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Fishes were sampled with seine nets (2.0 × 1.20 m, 2 mm mesh size) and dip nets (0.46 × 0.33 m, 2 mm mesh size) from October to December 2018. Measurements were taken for total length (TL - 0.1 cm precision) and total weight (TW - 0.01 g precision). Growth model parameters were estimated. This study provides new length-weight relationship data for Deuterodon intermedius (Eigenmann, 1908), Australoheros paraibae Ottoni & Costa, 2008, and Hypostomus punctatus Valenciennes, 1840. All of them ingested a wide variety of food items, including plant material like algae, animal material such as terrestrial and aquatic insects, and undefined matter such as detritus or mud. The three species showed a higher number of females. Our study provides basic information for functional diversity studies, as well as for future investigations associated with the evaluation of anthropic impacts, either occasional or chronic, on the fish assemblage structure of the Pomba River basin.

MATERIALS INSERTION OF LOCAL PLANTS IN LEARNING OF BIOLOGY IN CLASS X TO IMPROVE ATTITUDE TO PRESERVE BIODIVERSITY

Biodiversity in the form of plants is a nation's wealth that needs to be maintained and developed by the government and the people of Indonesia. However, to keep it, the community must be introduced to the wealth of plants around it so that it fosters an attitude of caring, belonging, and nurturing. Meanwhile, the government makes rules so that the richness of plant biodiversity is not destroyed, destroyed, or transferred to other countries. One effective way to introduce the richness of plant biodiversity is through formal education, in this case, lessons at school. Schools are expected to convey the message of the importance of plant biodiversity, its types, and how to maintain it in learning materials. All notes can be inserted at any level of education, from kindergarten, elementary, junior high, high school to university. For materials in high school, some biology materials can be used to foster an attitude of maintaining biodiversity, one of which is plants' material world. For this reason, it is necessary to include plant material in learning so that students' love for plants becomes stronger around them, ultimately resulting in an attitude of caring for biodiversity.

Identification of the hazelnut cultivar in raw kernels and in semi-processed and processed products

The request for an efficient traceability system able to identify hazelnut cultivars along the entire processing chain is becoming a critical point for avoiding fraudulent practices and safeguarding the interests of growers, food processors and consumers. In this study, DNA was extracted from different hazelnut matrices, including plant material (leaf, kernel and kernel episperm), and processed foods (paste, grain, flour and different types of snacks containing hazelnuts). The efficiency of Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers was tested to identify the hazelnut cultivar ‘Tonda Gentile’ in all the supply chain. The analysis at 10 SSR loci was able to verify the presence/absence of the alleles of a declared cultivar contained in these matrices. The SSR analysis of DNA from raw episperm offers the possibility of identifying the mother cultivar and is suggested as an effective way to discover frauds since DNA analysis can be performed on individual kernels. For food matrices containing hazelnuts, the presence of the mother cultivar’s DNA can be assessed based on the identification of its alleles in the sample, although the presence of multiple alleles from the pollenizers makes the interpretation of results more difficult.

Wild collection of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) for commercial purposes in Poland - a system’s analysis

Summary Introduction: Poland is one of the main exporters of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) in Europe. A substantial part of this plant material is collected in the wild. So far, the system of wild collection (WC) of medicinal plants in Poland, its social and ecological aspects have not been studied comprehensively. Objective: The aim of the study was to analyse the organisation of WC system in Poland, including legislation, situation of protected species, and socio-ecological dimensions of the MAPs’ supply chains. Methods: Data from environmental agencies (RDOŚ) about protected MAPs was analysed. Stakeholders engaged in WC were interviewed. National legislation on WC was reviewed. Results: Although Poland is the second largest exporter of MAPs in Europe, legislation on wild collection in the country is sparse and incoherent. Monitoring does not apply to WC entirely. The structure of WC has a large degree of informality, lacks transparency, and does not take many sustainability criteria into account. Conclusions: The system needs major adjustments: a) to insure sustainability of WC, b) to accommodate market demands, including plant material quality.

Quality Control of Herbal Medicines: From Traditional Techniques to State-of-the-art Approaches.

Herbal medicines are important options for the treatment of several illnesses. Although their therapeutic applicability has been demonstrated throughout history, several concerns about their safety and efficacy are raised regularly. Quality control of articles of botanical origin, including plant materials, plant extracts, and herbal medicines, remains a challenge. Traditionally, qualitative (e.g., identification and chromatographic profile) and quantitative (e.g., content analyses) markers are applied for this purpose. The compound-oriented approach may stand alone in some cases (e.g., atropine in Atropa belladonna). However, for most plant materials, plant extracts, and herbal medicines, it is not possible to assure quality based only on the content or presence/absence of one (sometimes randomly selected) compound. In this sense, pattern-oriented approaches have been extensively studied, introducing the use of multivariate data analysis on chromatographic/spectroscopic fingerprints. The use of genetic methods for plant material/plant extract authentication has also been proposed. In this study, traditional approaches are reviewed, although the focus is on the applicability of fingerprints for quality control, highlighting the most used approaches, as well as demonstrating their usefulness. The literature review shows that a pattern-oriented approach may be successfully applied to the quality assessment of articles of botanical origin, while also providing directions for a compound-oriented approach and a rational marker selection. These observations indicate that it may be worth considering to include fingerprints and their data analysis in the regulatory framework for herbal medicines concerning quality control since this is the foundation of the holistic view that these complex products demand.

Contrasting patterns of food and macronutrient limitation in the field among co‐existing omnivorous carnivores

1. Carnivores are often food and/or macronutrient limited in their natural habitats, but whether they are limited mostly by protein or lipid is still a matter of controversy. As many predators and carnivorous scavengers also include plant material in their diet (omnivory), carbohydrate limitation is also possible.2. The authors used a recently described double‐test procedure to test for food and macronutrient limitation in five co‐existing species of predators and omnivorous scavengers from Uruguay (two crickets: Gryllus sp. and Miogryllus verticalis; two cockroaches: Blatta orientalis and Blaptica dubia and a harvestman: Acanthopachylus aculeatus).3. The authors found that the two crickets and one cockroach were food limited and one cockroach was non‐protein (lipid) limited in the field. The harvestman showed a dramatic change in food limitation between two dates separated by only 3 weeks, but was non‐protein (lipid) limited over both dates. From all species, the harvestman showed the highest self‐selected intake of carbohydrates (27%), indicating a high level of omnivory. In contrast, the two cockroaches selected a surprisingly low proportion of carbohydrates (13–14%), while the crickets were intermediate (14–19%). The authors hypothesize that these omnivores are more carnivorous in the wild than expected from studies of laboratory populations.4. Though individuals were collected from the same habitats and all species self‐selected macronutrient ratios characteristic of omnivorous carnivores, they showed different patterns of food and macronutrient limitation, reflecting species' niche segregation and individual differences in foraging success.

Polyphenols from food by-products: An alternative or complementary therapy to IBD conventional treatments

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are illnesses characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation and microbial dysbiosis that have emerged as a public health challenge worldwide. It comprises two main conditions: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Currently, conventional therapy to treat IBD are not free from side effects, such as liver and kidney toxicity, drug resistance, and allergic reactions. In view of this, there is growing research for alternative and complementary therapies that, in addition to acting in the prevention or the control of the disease, do not compromise the quality of life and health of individuals. In this sense, a growing body of evidence has confirmed the benefits of natural phenolic compounds in intestinal health. Phenolic compounds or polyphenols are molecules widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom (flowers, vegetables, leaves, and fruits), including plant materials remaining of the handling and food industrial processing, referred to in the scientific literature as by-products, food waste, or bagasse. Since by-products are low-cost, abundant, easily accessible, safe, and rich in bioactive compounds, it becomes an exciting option to extract, concentrate or isolate phenolic compounds to be posteriorly applied in the therapeutic approach of IBD. In this article, we have reviewed the main phenolic compounds present in various plants and by-products that have shown beneficial and/or promising effects in experimental pre-clinical, clinical, and in vitro research with IBD. In addition, we have mentioned and suggested several plants and by-products originated and produced in Latin America that could be part of future research as good sources of specific phenolic compounds to be applied in the prevention and development of alternative treatments for IBD. This review may offer a valuable reference for studies related to IBD administering phenolic compounds from natural, cheap, and easily accessible raw and undervalued materials.

Food web structure in exotic eucalyptus plantations in Southern China: Stable isotope (δ13C, δ15N) analyses reveal the importance of understory and landscape-level planning

Exotic eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) has been planted widely as a fast-growing tree species in numerous tropical and subtropical countries. The expansion of eucalyptus plantations has caused several issues affecting biodiversity, such as loss of species within communities as well as alterations to ecosystem function. Previous studies of biodiversity in eucalyptus plantations have focused on single biological groups or trophic levels. How the whole biological community and trophic interactions within these plantations are affected is still poorly known. We conducted a comprehensive collection of primary producers and consumers from 42 eucalyptus plantations planted between one and 25 years ago. Primary producers, including plant materials and soil organic matter, showed significant differences in both δ13C and δ15N values. Values of δ13C and δ15N of consumers from eucalyptus plantations varied from −30.2‰ to −18.6‰ and from −1.9‰ to 8.4‰, respectively. Both δ13C and δ15N values of consumers differed among five trophic groups that we identified in eucalyptus plantations. Trophic levels in eucalyptus plantations were estimated from 1.4 to 4.4. Stable isotope evidence showed that leaves of both exotic eucalyptus, understory and adjacent sugarcane, contributed to the consumer food webs. Our results suggested food webs associated with eucalyptus plantations had complete trophic structure and depended on a suite of food sources. Nutrient inputs were typically also derived from adjacent areas indicating that maintaining diversity at the landscape level is needed to augment biodiversity and functioning of foodwebs in eucalyptus plantations.

Screening for Cellulolytic Plant Enzymes Using Colorimetric and Fluorescence Methods.

Cellulolytic activity can be measured using a variety of methods, the choice of which depends on the raw material and goals. An inexpensive, rapid, and reliable method, suitable for plants and other sources alike, is based on digestion of the easily degradable soluble cellulose derivative carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). Direct detection of CMC digestion by cellulolytic activity is based on the "negative staining principle," where undigested CMC is stained with appropriate colorimetric or fluorescent stains, while CMC exposed to digestion by cellulase shows a reduction in staining intensity. The reduction is proportional to the enzyme activity and is not influenced by endogenous levels of glucose in the sample, making this method applicable for a wide variety of samples, including plant material.

A pre‐adaptive approach for tropical forest restoration during climate change using naturally occurring genetic variation in response to water limitation

Effective reforestation of degraded tropical forests depends on selecting planting material suited to the stressful environments typical at restoration sites that can be exacerbated by increased duration and intensity of dry spells expected with climate change. While reforestation efforts in nontropical systems are incorporating drought‐adapted genotypes into restoration programs to cope with drier conditions, such approaches have not been tested or implemented in tropical forests. As the first effort to examine genetic variation in plant response to drought in a tropical wet forest, we established a watering experiment using five replicated maternal lines (i.e. seedlings from different maternal trees) of five dipterocarp species native to Borneo. Apart from the expected species level variation in growth and herbivory (3‐fold variation in both cases), we also found intraspecific variation so that growth in some cases varied 2‐fold, and herbivory 3‐fold, among genetically different maternal lines. In two species we found that among‐maternal line variation in growth rate was negatively correlated with tolerance to water limitation, that is, the maternal lines that performed the best in the high water treatment lost proportionally more of their growth during water limitation. We argue that selection for tolerance to future drier conditions is not only likely to impact population genetics of entire forests, but likely extends from forest trees to the communities of canopy arthropods associated with these trees. In tropical reforestation efforts where increased drought is predicted from climate change, including plant material resilient to drier conditions may improve restoration effectiveness.

Conservation of Primula farinosa in Poland with respect to the genetic structure of populations

The bird’s-eye primrose (<em>Primula farinosa</em> L.) is an endangered species in Poland. The sole remaining, and critically endangered, population of approximately 300 flowering plants is located in the Beskid Sądecki Mountains (Jaworki, Poland). The genetic investigation was performed using highly variable microsatellite markers on a total of four populations: the Polish population and its three nearest known Slovak counterparts. We hypothesize that the Polish population is a relic of the previously much wider Central European mountain/lowland range and is thus genetically distinct from the rest of the Slovak stock. Clarification of this issue is needed before active protection interventions such as artificial supplementation can be carried out. Our results, particularly those from STRUCTURE Bayesian clustering, showed clear population structure within the dataset: all three Slovak populations were dominated by one genetic group, while the Polish population comprised mostly individuals dominated by the second genetic group. Only limited gene flow was observed between the Polish and Slovak populations. This demonstrates the distinct genetic makeup of the Jaworki population, which is probably the result of prolonged isolation from the rest of the <em>P. farinosa</em> range and admixture of genes from various lineages. Their origin could be determined by including plant material from the rest of the <em>P. farinosa</em> range, i.e., Scandinavian, Baltic, and Alpine/Carpathian locations, in a future study. The immediate practical application of our results is the recommendation that all supplementation interventions to the Jaworki population must be limited to plants produced from locally collected seeds.

Plant feeding promotes diversification in the Crustacea

About half of the world's animal species are arthropods associated with plants, and the ability to consume plant material has been proposed to be an important trait associated with the spectacular diversification of terrestrial insects. We review the phylogenetic distribution of plant feeding in the Crustacea, the other major group of arthropods that commonly consume plants, to estimate how often plant feeding has arisen and to test whether this dietary transition is associated with higher species numbers in extant clades. We present evidence that at least 31 lineages of marine, freshwater, and terrestrial crustaceans (including 64 families and 185 genera) have independently overcome the challenges of consuming plant material. These plant-feeding clades are, on average, 21-fold more speciose than their sister taxa, indicating that a shift in diet is associated with increased net rates of diversification. In contrast to herbivorous insects, most crustaceans have very broad diets, and the increased richness of taxa that include plants in their diet likely results from access to a novel resource base rather than host-associated divergence.

Siliciclastic input and sedimentation rate as controls on paleoecological distribution of Lower Miocene benthic carbonate producers in a fan–delta: Zagros foreland basin, Iran

This paper aimed to study Lower Miocene (Burdigalian) mixed carbonate–siliciclastic deposits within an Upper Cenozoic synorogenic conglomerate–dominated succession in north of Shalamzar in the Zagros foreland basin, Iran. The deposits are composed of nine facies: foraminiferal mudstone, silty mudstone, sandy mudstone, fossiliferous sandy mudstone, fossiliferous argillaceous mudstone, fossiliferous calclithite, coral limestone, calcareous claystone and hybrid sandstone. The facies represent a mixed carbonate– siliciclastic shelf–type fan–delta. The subenvironments of the fan–delta include muddy pro–delta, sandy delta– front, clastic proximal mouth bar and a subordinate delta plain. Siliciclastic input and sedimentation rate controlled the paleoecological distribution of different benthic carbonate–producing fauna in the fan–delta during its progradation into a shelf marine environment. Input of siliciclastic deposits and sedimentation rate limited the diversity and development of corals and controlled their colonization and growth morphologies in the sandy delta–front. Siliciclastic input (including plant materials and coal debris) and sedimentation rate controlled the trophic habitats of many gastropods and their abundance and distribution in the sandy delta– front and clastic proximal mouth bar. Also, increased siliciclastic input favored abundance of larger benthic foraminifera in most parts of the fan–delta with the exception of the muddy pro–delta.

InPursuitofVitaminDinPlants.

Vitamin D deficiency is a global concern. Much research has concentrated on the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D in human skin following exposure to ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B, 280–315 nm). In many regions of the world there is insufficient UV-B radiation during winter months for adequate vitamin D production, and even when there is sufficient UV-B radiation, lifestyles and concerns about the risks of sun exposure may lead to insufficient exposure and to vitamin D deficiency. In these situations, dietary intake of vitamin D from foods or supplements is important for maintaining optimal vitamin D status. Some foods, such as fatty fish and fish liver oils, certain meats, eggs, mushrooms, dairy, and fortified foods, can provide significant amounts of vitamin D when considered cumulatively across the diet. However, little research has focussed on assessing edible plant foods for potential vitamin D content. The biosynthesis of vitamin D in animals, fungi and yeasts is well established; it is less well known that vitamin D is also biosynthesised in plants. Research dates back to the early 1900s, beginning with in vivo experiments showing the anti-rachitic activity of plants consumed by animals with induced rickets, and in vitro experiments using analytical methods with limited sensitivity. The most sensitive, specific and reliable method for measuring vitamin D and its metabolites is by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). These assays have only recently been customised to allow measurement in foods, including plant materials. This commentary focuses on the current knowledge and research gaps around vitamin D in plants, and the potential of edible plants as an additional source of vitamin D for humans.

State Agency Programs for Bobwhite Quail Management on Private Lands

(Invited Paper) State programs to protect and improve wildlife habitat on private lands have characteristically provided indirect incentives including plant materials, signs, technical advice, and trespass control, Bobwhite quail have, no doubt, benefited from these programs although Wisconsin had the only project which specifically featured the species. The high level of participation in the Wisconsin endeavor suggested that certain cohorts of the private sector are willing to work cooperatively with land managers to improve wildlife resources. An interagency, comprehensive land management approach is needed. Wildlife habitat can be benefited by the improved management of soil, water, plant, and animal resources, Specific programs for quail habitat management on private lands will likely work best under a user-pays concept involving hunting recreation.